虚拟施工的BIM应用:三大高校合作项目

越来越多的设施业主要求项目组移交竣工BIM模型,以便用于建筑的运营和维护。根据项目要求的不同,业主可能将竣工模型建立与移交的责任指派给总承包商。因此,施工队伍的各成员不但越来越需要熟悉BIM建模软件的应用,还需熟悉利用可靠的设施信息支持完整BIM的必要业务流程。竣TBIM模型的创建,要求承包商首先要基于建筑师、工程师和顾问等设计师所提供的图纸和信息的基础上,创建建筑,结构和设备模型。这要求承包商的组织机构内要有一名人员具备各与专业设计模型相关的技能和知识。一旦设计模型被创建(或重新创建),承包商可将这些模型用于开发施工用的BIM模型。一个完整的施工模型通常包括:成本估算,施工进度计划、冲突检测与分析以及现场物流。业主对设施管理用竣工模型提出新增要求,包括添加运营和维护用的具体数据。本文所述项目旨在为了更好地了解,在为业主实施BIM的项目上,承包商对项目所起作用的复杂性。为实现此目标,三所大学合作建立了数个校际团队,从每所学校各抽调一名学生分配至三个团队的一个,充当BIM商业建筑项目BIM应用里的承包商角色。本文从两个方面汇报项目的挑战和细节:导师——项目组织、学习目标和策略,学生——项目组织、团队合作过程以及策略。     

基于ECM-Theil 方法的BT 项目承包商选择研究

随着我国新型城镇化建设的不断推进,BT 项目管理模式在工程项目建设中所占的比重逐渐增大,科学合理地选择 BT 项目承包商至关重要。在业主方研究视角下,结合BT 项目工程特点,选取12 个评价指标,构建BT 项目承包商选择评价指标体系。在功效系数优化方法（ECM）的基础上,引入Theil 指数方法确定评价指标权重,结合工程实例,利用ECM-Theil 项目承包商选择模型计算BT 项目承包商的总功效系数,并对承包商进行优劣排序,选择最优BT 项目承包商,该研究可为 BT 项目承包商的选择提供参考和科学依据     

建立业主的信任:总部与项目部的互动

通过案例研究的方法，探究业主总部和业主项目部对承包商信任的建立过程。研究结果表明，业主项目部对承包商的信任是在施工过程中逐渐建立的，需要承包商具备良好的工作能力、工作态度以及诚实守信的品质和良好的协作精神；业主项目部工作汇报中关于承包商的积极内容是业主总部建立对承包商信任的主要途径。此外，业主项目部对承包商的信任程度对业主总部的影响较大，而业主总部对承包商的信任程度对业主项目部的影响较小。研究结果为明晰多层级的业主信任的建立过程提供了方向，同时也为承包商深入了解业主信任的建立过程提供了指导。     

承包商的公平感知与初始信任对合作绩效的影响

为改善工程项目中承包商与业主之间的合作绩效,探讨了承包商对业主的公平感知与初始信任影响合作绩效的过程,构建以业主特征、负责人特征、承包商信任倾向为前因变量,承包商公平感知与其初始信任对合作绩效的影响模型。对承包商开展调研,依照实证数据,对概念模型进行验证与完善。结果表明:正向的业主特征与负责人特征均对公平感知和初始信任产生作用;信任倾向明显作用于公平感知,但对初始信任作用不显著;公平感知对初始信任产生作用;公平感知与初始信任对合作绩效具有重要作用,但公平感知的作用更大。     

工程总承包模式及其在煤炭建设项目中的应用分析

在分析国内外相关理论研究和实践成果的基础上,指出工程总承包的根本目的在于确立工程建设的单一责任,在实现途径上依赖于竞争性招标、业主方的施工管理、可建造性技术和快速路径技术,在具体实施中有多种组织结构和实施程序方面的变异类型。最后,结合煤炭建设的具体特点,指出了工程总承包模式在煤炭项目建设上有着其他项目承发包方式不可比拟的优势,探讨了煤炭建设项目使用工程总承包模式所面临的社会认知、法律法规、业主角色和承包商能力的阻碍,并针对这些阻碍提出了相应的解决对策。     

Editorial

Although the owner may have a legitimate claim against a contractor for breach of contract, calculation and proof of damages incurred by the owner is often a difficult task. Owners should be aware of the types of damages which may be recovered from contractors for delayed project completion, defective work, or abandonment of the project, and how t o prove these damages. When a contractor has a legitimate construction claim against an owner, he must be aware of the wide variety of damages which he may have suffered in order to assure himself chance of maximum monetary recovery. A claim may arise on account of a delay, disruption, or termination of the contractor's performance, and recoverable costs can be analysed under these three categories. In addition, the contractor must be careful t o choose the best method of proving damages if he is t o successfully prosecute his claim. Although the legal principles discussed in this article are drawn from the public and private sectors o f the United States construction industry, they may be applied in arbitrations both in the United States and abroad.     

Assessing contractor quality performance

This paper proposes a radical change in industry practice that will improve the quality of the construction process and the levels of customer satisfaction derived from it by evaluating the quality performance of the contractor. An alternative theory is developed of what constitutes quality, client satisfaction, performance, and their interrelationships in the context of the construction industry. It should be noted here that the term construction client includes both the owner (i.e. the agency or organization funding the project) and the end-user of the construction (i.e. the general public). A comprehensive view of construction quality is proposed that deals with both the service (as received by the owner) and product (as received by the end-user) aspects of the construction project as well as the corporate quality culture. Such a dissection of construction activity facilitates developing strategies to define, operationalize, measure and improve construction quality. A frame4 work for the assessment of a contractor's quality performance is established. This involves gathering a list of contractor quality performance (CQP) indicators that are derived from various quality-related practices of the contractor at the corporate and project level. Finally, a contractor quality performance (CQP) evaluation model is introduced that can be used in a contractor prequalification and/or selection system. The CQP indicators are operationalized within the theoretical framework of the CQP evaluation model.     

合约控制功能对承包商合作行为影响研究:业主权力的调节作用

现有研究中关于合约治理对组织间合作的影响仍存在一定分歧,合约治理与权力机制如何共同影响组织间合作有待进一步研究。基于交易成本理论检验了合约控制功能对承包商角色内行为和角色外行为的影响,探究合约控制功能与业主权力对承包商合作行为的共同影响;采用问卷调查方式收回有效数据181份进行实证研究。研究结果表明:合约控制功能对承包商角色内行为有显著的正向影响,但对承包商角色外行为没有显著影响;业主的专业权力和强制权力对合约控制功能与承包商角色内行为之间的关系有正向的调节作用。研究结果强调了合约与权力的重要作用,有助于缓解现有研究中存在的分歧,为工程实践中业主如何设计合同及管理承包商提供了启示和指导。     

A decision model proposal for construction contractor selection in Turkey

This study proposes a multi-criteria decision model for construction contractor selection in the Turkish public sector. Current selection methods are reviewed and three main concepts are generated for selection: cost, time, and quality. The proposed selection model uses evaluation criteria related to these concepts and has a process with two main stages: contractor prequalification and the choice of the eligible (compromised) bidder among prequalified contractors. This model can be used as a decision support system by project owners in order to identify an eligible contractor to be awarded the contract.     

Final contractor selection using the analytical hierarchy process

Some contractor selection methods currently in existence are criticized as incomplete and biased, and lacking consideration in terms of the contractor's ability to achieve simultaneously, time, cost, quality and safety standards. This research examines an alternative contractor selection model called the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), which will help construction clients to identify contractors with the best potential to deliver satisfactory outcomes in a final contractor selection process which is not based simply on the lowest bid. The AHP comprises three parts: hierarchic structure, prioritization procedure, and calculation of results. This model is tested by a hypothetical scenario where three contractor candidates are evaluated. The criteria used for contractor selection in the model have been identified, and the significance of each criterion has been arrived at by conducting a questionnaire survey in public organizations in Hong Kong. Comparisons are made by ranking the aggregate scores of each candidate with regard to their performance against each of the criteria, and the candidate associated with the highest scores is the best contractor on this occasion.     

海外房建项目大总包模式成功要素研究

探讨大总包模式的内涵,建立项目管理模式选择模型和项目管理模式成功要素体系,并以马来西亚某房地产项目为例,从业主的视角出发,研究中国房地产企业在海外项目中应用大总包模式进行项目管理的成功要素。结果表明,业主应选择具有有较强管理能力和丰富大总包经验的总包单位和总包项目经理;通过明确合同要求,合理进行合约分判和引入激励机制来优化合同设计;与总承包商和顾问建立基于信任的长期合作伙伴关系,以共同应对项目内部变化和外部风险。     

Analysis of pre‐qualification criteria in contractor selection and their impacts on project success

While construction industry practices are reasonably well developed, construction projects still witness widespread failures of many contractors due to varied reasons such as financial problems, poor management, over‐commitment and or conflicts and disputes associated with construction activities. Pre‐qualification of contractors is a common practice across projects, yet the investigation on the ability of the selected contractors in successful delivery of projects is not widespread. In an attempt to understand these pre‐emptive qualification criteria and their links in contractors’ performance in projects, a total of 43 influencing technical attributes were identified through a systematic research approach. The relative significance and impacts of the attributes have been determined based on a structured questionnaire survey in selected construction projects. By performing the factor analysis, a total of seven factors significant to contractors’ performance were extracted, namely (1) soundness of business and workforce; (2) planning and control; (3) quality management; (4) past performance; (5) risk management; (6) organizational capability; and (7) commitment and dedication. Multiple linear regression models reveal that technical expertise, past success, time in business, work methods and working capital significantly impact on contractors’ performance across time, cost and quality success. With a clear understanding of a contractor’s performance, these findings could potentially contribute to development of a company’s procedures or enhance existing knowledge in relation to the pre‐qualification practices in contractor selection in projects.     

合同付款条件对国际工程项目承包商财务状况的影响

合同付款条件对国际工程项目承包商财务具有重要影响。尽管承包商能够定性识别合同付款条件是否对本方有利,但并不能仅凭定性判断而获知其对资金压力和盈利水平的具体影响。为帮助承包商在合同谈判中能正确决策合同付款条件,在分析国际工程项目合同付款条件内容与性质的基础上,提出了定量分析合同付款条件对承包商现金流和财务影响的模型。以非洲某EPC 道路工程为案例,假设了不同进度付款方式和预付款比例所构成的6 种合同付款条件组合,分析了合同付款条件对现金流入、现金支出、垫资成本和盈利水平的影响,识别了不可接受的合同付款条件,为承包商正确决策提供了支持。     

Structural equation model for investigating factors affecting delay in Indian construction projects

The rapid growth of the Indian construction sector over the last few decades and recurring failure in on-time delivery highlight the need for a systematic analysis of the factors influencing delay. A theoretical structural equation model representing the influence of four key latent variables on project delays in the Indian construction industry has been developed. Data collected from a questionnaire survey and personal interviews, with 77 valid responses from clients, contractors and designers or architects, were used to further formulate and analyse the model. The results of the structural equation model suggest that client’s influence is one of the most significant factors affecting time performance on Indian projects. Client’s influence is also found to be one of the key contributing factors resulting in lack of commitment and contractor’s inefficiency in the project. Lack of efficient construction planning plays the second key role in adverse time performance. While the effect of lack of commitment on contractor’s inefficiency is highly significant, neither of these two factors has any direct impact on time delay in projects. Contrary to the notion that the contractor is the only party responsible for delay in construction projects, the results clearly highlight the importance of the role of clients and technical expertise in planning in achieving satisfactory time performance on Indian projects. It is hoped that these research findings will contribute significantly to the Indian construction industry’s efforts in addressing the root causes of delay and enhancing the time performance on projects.     

基于关系合同的重大工程隧道行为治理模型

目前,我国重大工程建设管理过程中,仍然存在道德风险、资产专用或敲竹杠以及逆向选择等隧道行为,极易引发进度延迟、成本上升、质量下降等风险,甚至导致工程失败。在分析承包商隧道行为的基础上提出业主-承包商合同治理模式,构建委托代理模型,探讨显性合同与关系合同下的激励机制。研究发现,引入关系合同与激励机制能有效防范承包商隧道行为,且能有效促进业主与承包商长期合作;政府作为重大工程管理者,应该引导工程行业建立信息公开平台与承包商筛选机制,从而提升整体行业水平,规范行业企业行为。     

Analysing dispute mediation cases of infrastructure projects through project life cycle

Regardless of their pattern, construction disputes create additional costs in terms of money and time for both owner and contractor. The Taiwanese Government promulgated the Government Procurement Act (GPA) on 27 May 1998. This Act established a Dispute Mediation System (DMS) to mediate construction disputes involving contractors and the administration and attempted to reduce associated litigation. The DMS resembles the Dispute Review Board (DRB) that was established in the mid 1970s. The DRB is set up at the start of a construction project, and meets regularly at the job site to resolve any disputes as they occur. However, the DMS system does not become active in mediating construction disputes until a specific request is submitted by the contractor. The present study not only introduces this DMS, but also analyses previous dispute mediation cases involving Taiwanese infrastructure projects including dispute patterns, succinct case explanations, and mediation suggestions.     

承包方信任度对投标报价的影响研究

从承包商的视角构建了以承包方信任为自变量、投标报价为因变量、承包商的公平感知为调节变量的理论模型。通过对 173 份承包商的有效问卷进行实证分析,得出结论:善意信任、能力信任与风险费报价和管理费报价均负相关,且承包商的公平感知可以加强善意信任、能力信任与风险费报价之间的负相关关系。不仅丰富了投标报价领域和招投标阶段有关信任方面的研究,而且可以指导承包商的投标工作,促进业主和承包商在以后的项目建设过程中更加注重己方的诚信建设。     

Challenges for capturing and assessing initial embodied energy: a contractor’s perspective

Initial embodied energy includes energy use during material, transportation, and construction life cycle phases up to project practical completion. Contractors have an important role to play in reducing initial embodied energy levels due to their significant involvement in preconstruction and onsite construction activities. Following an extensive literature review a comprehensive framework was designed to highlight the significance of initial embodied energy levels relative to specific construction packages, activities and subcontractors. This framework was then applied to a new UK industrial warehouse project using a case study approach. Capturing information from a live project during the entire construction phase helped highlight the practical challenges inherent when capturing and assessing initial embodied energy levels. A series of contractor current practices was reviewed to determine their compliance with the framework requirements. The findings revealed that the ground and upper floor, external slab and frame were the most significant construction packages in terms of embodied impacts. Many challenges embedded within the contractor’s current practices in terms of data detail, legibility, and terminology were also revealed. The framework provides a practical approach for initial embodied energy assessment which can readily be adopted by contractors to help highlight opportunities to increase efficiency.     

BT模式在旧城改造安置房建设工程中的应用

BT模式主要是指业主全权委托工程总承包企业建设某项工程,建设期的资金由工程总承包企业筹措,建设期的风险由工程总承包企业承担。在项目建成后工程总承包企业向业主收款并转让项目的工程建设方式。本文通过某区旧城改造安置房建设工程实例来分析项目采用BT模式的优势。