N,N'-二(三硝基乙基)-5,6-二氨基呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪(DNFP)的合成与性能

以5,6-二羟基呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪(DHFP)为原料,经氯代、胺化、N-羟甲基化反应、缩合得到N,N'-二(三硝基乙基)-5,6-二氨基呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪(DNFP),产率为31%。采用IR、1H NMR、13C NMR、元素分析对其结构进行了表征。探讨了DNFP的合成反应机理及反应条件。采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)方法计算了DNFP的生成焓。同时利用Kamlet-Jacobs公式预测其爆热,爆速,爆压分别为:6714 J·g-1,8.91 km·s-1,36 GPa。     

4-氨基-1,2,3-三氮唑[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6-氧化物的合成及性能

以自制的5,6-二氯呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪(DCFP)为原料,经取代、硝化-环化、中和、N-氨化等反应设计合成了新型N-氨基化合物——4-氨基-1,2,3-三氮唑[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6-氧化物(ATFPO),采用红外光谱、核磁共振(~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR)及元素分析等手段确定了中间体及目标物的结构;获得了关键中间体——1,2,3-三氮唑[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6-氧化物四乙基铵盐(TTFPO)的单晶并进行了结构解析,TTFPO晶体为单斜晶系,空间群为P2(1)/c,晶胞参数为:a=9.237(2) A,b=22.1 62(5)A,c=7.3506(1 7) A,α=90°,β=98.378(4)°,γ=90°,V=1 488.6(6) A~3,Z=4,μ=0.1 00 mm~(-1),F(000)=656;采用差示扫描量热(DSC)方法研究了ATFPO的热性能,结果表明,其熔点为208.77℃,3个热分解峰温度分别为247.1 3、293.68℃和378.29℃;采用Gaussian 09程序中CBS-4M方法和Kamlet-Jacobs爆轰方程预估了目标物的爆轰性能,其生成热为705.4 kK·mol~(-1),爆速为8743 m·s~(-1),爆压为34.6 GPa,爆热为5970 kJ·kg~(-1);采用BAM落锤法测试了ATFPO机械感度,其撞击感度为35 J。研究结果表明,ATFPO是一种热稳定性好、钝感、爆轰性能优良的高能量密度化合物。     

两种呋咱并[3,4-b]四唑并[1,2-d]吡嗪化合物的合成、晶体结构及热性能

以5,6-二氯呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪为原料,经叠氮化、胺化两步反应分别制得7-叠氮基呋咱并[3,4-b]四唑并[1,2-d]吡嗪(AzF TP)和7-氨基呋咱并[3,4-b]四唑并[1,2-d]吡嗪(AmF TP),并首次培养了AmF TP的单晶。X射线单晶衍射分析结果表明:AmF TP晶体属于正交晶系,P212121空间群,a=0.7117(18)nm,b=0.8088(2)nm,c=1.1871(8)nm,V=0.6833(3)nm3,Z=4,D-3c=1.732 g·cm,μ=0.138 mm-1,F(000)=360,R1=0.0376,wR2=0.0988;采用差示扫描量热(DSC)、热重(TG)分析考察了目标化合物的热性能,热分解峰温分别为149.9,186.0℃,表明AmF TP比AzF TP具有更好的热稳定性。     

双呋咱并吡嗪衍生物的合成、表征及性能

以4 H,8 H-双呋咱并[3,4-b:3',4'-e]吡嗪(DFP)为原料,经成盐、取代、加成、硝化、氯化、叠氮化等反应合成了六种双呋咱并吡嗪衍生物(Ⅰ~Ⅵ);利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等鉴定了其结构。对氮氧含量较高的含有硝基呋咱、硝酸酯、叠氮官能团衍生物Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ采用差示扫描量热(DSC)、热重(TG)考察了其热性能,三者的分解峰温分别为318.3,197.5,250.5℃,热稳定性较好。并用Gaussian 09和VLW程序计算了其物化及爆轰性能,Ⅳ的密度为2.00 g·cm-3,爆速9067 m·s-1,爆压43 GPa,其爆速与HMX相近,密度和爆压均大于HMX。     

3-硝氨基-4-偕二硝基甲基呋咱二肼盐:合成、结构及性能

以3-氨基-4-偕氯肟呋咱为原料,通过五步反应制备得到3-硝氨基-4-偕二硝基甲基呋咱二肼盐(化合物6)。采用核磁(氢谱、碳谱),红外,元素分析和X射线单晶衍射表征确定了其结构。结果表明,其晶体属于单斜晶系,P21/n空间群,晶胞参数为a=3.7236(4)?;b=14.3867(18)?;c=20.386(2)?;β=92.432(5)°;V=1091.1(2)?3;Z=4;Dc=1.815 g·cm~(-3)。晶体中,阳离子与阴离子之间存在的大量氢键作用,这有利于分子稳定性的提高。水合肼的加入导致了N,N'-亚甲基联3-硝氨基-4-偕二硝基甲基呋咱(化合物5)中C—N键的断裂和化合物6的生成。依据Gaussian 09计算得到化合物6的生成焓为291.7 kJ·mol~(-1),采用经验公式计算得其室温下(298 K)晶体密度为1.782 g·cm~(-3)。使用EXPLO 5计算得到化合物6的爆速(D)与爆压(p)分别为9032 m·s~(-1),35.9 GPa,优于黑索今(D=8848 m·s~(-1),p=34.8 GPa)。通过BAM标准方法测得化合物6的撞击感度为4 J,摩擦感度为76 N。     

5-酮-3-(5'-氨基-3'-偶氮异呋咱)-异呋咱和5,5'-二酮-3,3'-偶氮异呋咱的晶体结构和热稳定性

以二氰胺钠为原料,经环化、偶联、硝化三步反应分别合成了5?酮?3?(5′?氨基?3′?偶氮异呋咱)?异呋咱(BAKIF)和5,5′?二酮?3,3′?偶氮异呋咱(BDKIF)。采用溶剂挥发法从甲醇中得到了BAKIF·2H_2O和BDKIF的单晶。利用X?射线单晶衍射技术对它们的单晶结构进行了表征。用DSC?TG研究了它们的热稳定性。采用EXPLO5预测了它们的的爆轰性能。结果表明,BAKIF·2H_2O分子在173 K下晶体密度为1.645 g·cm~(-3),该晶体属于正交晶系,P2_12_12_1空间群,晶胞参数为a=4.6661(4)?,b=13.5836(10)?,c=14.8537(10)?,V=941.46(12)?~3,Z=4,μ=0.149 mm-1,F(000)=480。BDKIF分子在173 K下晶体密度为1.708 g·cm~(-3),该晶体属于三方晶系,R?3空间群,晶胞参数为a=20.4183(12)?,b=20.4183(12)?,c=4.8017(7)?,V=1733.7(3)?~3,Z=9,μ=0.153 mm~(-1),F(000)=900。5℃·min~(-1)时,BAKIF和BDKIF的放热峰温度分别为290.01℃和149.75℃。BAKIF的理论爆速和理论爆压分别为7292 m·s~(-1)和21.5 GPa,BDKIF的理论爆速和理论爆压分别为7363 m·s~(-1)和20.7 GPa,均优于TNT,认为它们是潜在的钝感含能材料。     

新型含能化合物3,3'-偶氮双(3-氨基三呋咱)合成及性能

以3,4-双(3'-氨基呋咱-4'-基)呋咱(BATF)为原料,经氧化反应合成了未见文献报道的含能化合物双3,3'-偶氮双(3-氨基三呋咱)(ABATF),收率82%;采用红外、核磁、质谱以及元素分析等对目标化合物进行了表征;确定了氧化反应的最佳条件为加料时间20~30 min,BATF和KMn O4摩尔比1∶1,反应温度50℃;采用差示扫描量热法和热重-微商热重研究了ABATF的热行为,其最大放热峰温为295.5℃。通过Gaussian 09程序和VLW状态方程计算了ABATF的物化和爆轰性能,其密度为1.765 g·cm-3、爆速8250 m·s-1、生成焓1626.6 k J·mol-1、爆压为29.4 GPa、爆热为6350 J·g-1,综合性能优于BATF。     

1-羟基-1,2,3-三唑并[4,5-e]-5,7-二氧化-1,2,3,4-四嗪合成、晶体结构及性能

以3?氨基?4(?叔丁基?NNO?氧化偶氮基)呋咱(ABAo F)为原料,经重氮化开环、肟化、氧化、氨化和硝化环化五步反应得到目标化合物1?羟基?1,2,3?三唑并[4,5?e]?5,7?二氧化?1,2,3,4?四嗪(HTTDO),总收率24.1%,采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析对中间体及产物的结构进行了表征;探讨了氨化及硝化环化的反应机理;培养了HTTDO·4.5H2O的单晶,X射线衍射分析表明,其为正斜方晶系,空间群为Pna2(1),晶体密度为1.659 g·cm~(-3);利用Gaussian 09程序和Kamlet?Jacobs方程计算HTTDO理论密度为1.88 g·cm~(-3),爆速为9393 m·s-1,爆压为41.9 GPa,爆热为8010 J·g~(-1);采用差示扫描量热(DSC)研究了HTTDO的热性能:其在热分解过程中,放热剧烈,峰温最高达194.5℃。     

4,6-二硝基-7-氧-苯并氧化呋咱钾一水合物(KDNP·H_2O)的合成、晶体结构与性能

2,4,6-三硝基间苯二酚铅(LTNR)的主要缺点是静电感度过高以及含铅对人体、环境造成危害。为了寻找LTNR的替代物,采用两步法合成了4,6-二硝基-7-氧-苯并氧化呋咱钾一水合物(KDNP·H_2O)。利用溶剂蒸发法获得了该化合物的单晶。利用元素分析、红外光谱法、核磁共振氢/碳谱法和单晶X-衍射对其结构进行了表征。按国军标GJB-5891测试了其感度,计算了爆热。根据Kamlet-Jacobs方程计算了该化合物的爆轰参数。结果表明,该晶体为三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,有一个结晶水。该起爆药撞击感度为21.3 cm,静电感度为0.69 J,摩擦感度为56%,火焰感度为为24.7 cm,爆热为3.50 kJ·kg~(-1),爆速为6.77 km·s~(-1)、爆压为21.25 GPa,显示KDNP·H_2O是一种无铅安全环保的起爆药。     

双呋咱并[3,4-b:3',4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯及衍生物的合成和表征

以3,4-双(4'-硝基呋咱-3'-基)氧化呋咱(BNFF)为原料,合成9种不同取代基的双呋咱并[3,4-b:3',4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯(a~i),探究了成环反应的SN2机理,并采用核磁、红外、质谱等对其进行了表征。将7-(2-氨基-1-乙基)-双呋咱并[3,4-b':4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯(c)与2,4-二硝基氯苯、2,4,6-三硝基-3-氨基氯苯反应合成出两种未见文献报道的化合物,N-(2',4'-二硝基苯基)-和N-(3'-氨基-2',4',6'-三硝基苯基)-7-(2-氨基-1-乙基)-双呋咱并[3,4-b':4'-f]氧化呋咱并[3″,4″-d]氮杂环庚三烯(j和k),通过差示扫描量热法研究这两种物质的热性能,结果表明,化合物j的第1、2阶段热分解放热峰分别为258.03℃和329.92℃,化合物k的第1、2阶段放热峰分别为275.35℃和360.24℃,表明多硝基苯基的引入可提高含能化合物的热稳定性。理论预测了其爆轰性能:j的理论密度、爆速、爆压分别为1.68 g·cm-3、6945 m·s-1、21 GPa,k为1.74 g·cm-3、6438 m·s-1、18 GPa。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.