Management framework for technology clusters implementation

Much of the construction industry improvement agenda has been focused on achieving integration of the design and construction processes. However, the current approaches do not create an organizational framework to deal with the full integration of the supply chains for component based construction. The real construction supply chain of clients, designers, specialist designers, specialist manufacturers, constructors and assemblers is not integrated into one group with a common purpose. A major and ongoing challenge is to manage the essential grouping of contributors and participants, many of whom are involved for varying times on a relatively short‐term basis. Grouping, by using technology clusters, addresses many of these challenges as it creates a commonly shared sub‐organization and culture that aids the removal of barriers to efficient and quality production. A technology cluster approach is a management philosophy and its principles can be applied whatever the procurement approach, although managed forms of procurement provide a better framework. Our studies of projects that have adopted a clustering approach have provided an understanding of the implementation issues of technology clusters and established the consequent changes in organizational design and management necessary to achieve full integration of the supply chain.     

我国地铁施工事故统计分析与研究

城市化进程的快速推进,促进一些城市地铁的建设发展,建设过程中由于各种因素,导致我国地铁施工安全事故居高不下。通过文献查阅、施工单位访问、网络搜索、专家访问等方式,对我国内地 2003~2017 年近 15 年间地铁施工过程中发生的 322 起事故,按照不同事故类型进行数据统计与分析,结合地理环境、历年天气等因素,揭示数据反映出的事故规律;比较不同省市死亡人数占伤亡人数比重,分析其与地铁施工安全管理水平之间的关系。从数据中分析当前地铁施工过程中存在的普遍性特征及其内在规律,并结合福州某工区的地铁施工建设,提出相应的对策与建议。     

基于全生命周期与复杂系统脆性理论的高层建筑铝模板坍塌事故安全评价

为解决高层建筑施工中频发的铝模板坍塌事故,根据相关规范及全生命周期理论将铝模板坍塌过程定义为设计及方案编制、原材料采购、施工及管理、运营维护、拆除5个阶段,由事故调查统计总结出22个发生频率较高的铝模板坍塌事故致因因素;运用事故树分析方法（FTA）对以上因素进行梳理,结合改进层次分析法得出各级因素的权重,再基于复杂系统脆性理论进行权重分析,并采用模糊综合评价法（FCE）对铝模板的安全程度进行定量评价。结果表明,该评价模型适用于一般的铝模板工程,对找出工程中的潜在坍塌风险从而减少坍塌事故具有一定的理论指导和实践意义。     

Neural network analysis of construction safety management systems: a case study in Singapore

A neural network analysis was conducted on a quantitative occupational safety and health management system (OSHMS) audit with accident data obtained from the Singapore construction industry. The analysis is meant to investigate, through a case study, how neural network methodology can be used to understand the relationship between OSHMS elements and safety performance, and identify the critical OSHMS elements that have significant influence on the occurrence and severity of accidents in Singapore. Based on the analysis, the model may be used to predict the severity of accidents with adequate accuracy. More importantly, it was identified that the three most significant OSHMS elements in the case study are: incident investigation and analysis, emergency preparedness, and group meetings. The findings imply that learning from incidents, having well-prepared consequence mitigation strategies and open communication can reduce the severity and likelihood of accidents on construction worksites in Singapore. It was also demonstrated that a neural network approach is feasible for analysing empirical OSHMS data to derive meaningful insights on how to improve safety performance.     

基于案例推理的钢结构事故案例模糊检索与知识索引

为了把钢结构事故情况与相关经验更有效的展示给工程设计人员和施工人员,本文从工程条件入手,首次提出基于案例推理及模糊检索方法原理的钢结构事故案例检索的知识索引模型。该模型将大量的事故经验知识进行多组织的分化调整,并通过关键词把总结的经验知识与事故案例结合起来,通过钢结构事故信息平台实现相似案例经验知识的合理提取,便于事故经验的工程运用,减少类似事故的重复发生。     

Analyses of systems theory for construction accident prevention with specific reference to OSHA accident reports

To enhance workplace safety in the construction industry it is important to understand interrelationships among safety risk factors associated with construction accidents. This study incorporates the systems theory into Heinrich's domino theory to explore the interrelationships of risks and break the chain of accident causation. Through both empirical and statistical analyses of 9358 accidents which occurred in the U.S. construction industry between 2002 and 2011, the study investigates relationships between accidents and injury elements (e.g., injury type, part of body, injury severity) and the nature of construction injuries by accident type. The study then discusses relationships between accidents and risks, including worker behavior, injury source, and environmental condition, and identifies key risk factors and risk combinations causing accidents. The research outcomes will assist safety managers to prioritize risks according to the likelihood of accident occurrence and injury characteristics, and pay more attention to balancing significant risk relationships to prevent accidents and achieve safer working environments.     

建筑工程质量事故影响因素的ISM 建模与分析

工程质量是建设项目的生命,是项目成败的关键。对工程质量事故形成因素进行识别与分析,是控制和预防事故发生、提高工程质量的前提。以111 项典型工程质量事故案例为基础,提炼出13 项建筑工程质量事故影响因素,通过文献梳理、专家访谈对因素进行补充,最终确定16 项造成建筑工程质量事故的关键因素;构建建筑工程质量事故的ISM 模型,将 16 项质量事故影响因素划分为6 个层次,用有向图表示因素之间的相互关系;根据ISM 的结果,对建筑工程质量事故因素进行分析。     

Developing a Risk Assessment Model for construction safety

Problems on occupational health and safety are commonly occurred in the construction industry, including falling of materials or person from height, stepping on objects and injured by hand tools. Key of dealing with project safety and risk assessment in construction industry is important, thus, way on doing assessment and liability of assessment are necessary for all professionals. However, it is found that those professionals prone to heavily rely on their own experiences and knowledge on decision making on risk assessment, which lack of a systematic approach and lack of ways to check the reliability of the decisions. This paper investigates the need for people involved in construction to take systematic and effective risk assessments for different trades. 14 common types of trades, accidents, and accident causes are explored, in addition to suitable risk assessment methods and criteria. A Risk Assessment Model (RAM) is then developed for assessing risk levels as various project stages with various work trades. A case study is used to prove the workability and reliability of the developed RAM in the practical industry. The developed RAM is found to be benefit for predicting high-risk construction activities and thus preventing accidents occurred based on a set of historical accident data.     

基于ISM的建筑项目高处坠落事故致因分析

高处坠落作为建筑工程事故统计中发生频率极高的一类事故,带来的不仅是人员伤亡,还有经济损失.通过分析60例典型案例,查阅大量参考文献,筛选出20个具有代表性的影响因素进行分析.构建5级建筑施工高处坠落事故影响因素ISM模型,分析各影响因素间的相互关系.并利用层次分析法和熵权法确定各影响因素的综合权重,结果表明安全投入不足...     

Social identity,safety climate and self-reported accidents among construction workers

The construction industry has one of the highest frequencies of work-related accidents. We examined whether construction workers predominantly identify themselves in terms of their workgroup or in terms of the construction site. In addition, we examined the associations between social identity and safety climate, and how these constructs are associated with work-related accidents. The analyses were based on questionnaire responses from 478 construction workers from two large construction sites, and the methods involved structural equation modeling. Results showed that the workers identified themselves primarily with their workgroup, and to a lesser degree with the construction site. Social identity and safety climate were related both at the workgroup and construction site levels, meaning that social identity may be an antecedent for safety climate. The association between social identity and safety climate was stronger at the workgroup level than at the construction site level. Finally, safety climate at both levels was inversely associated with self-reported accidents, with the strongest association at the workgroup level. A focus on improving safety climate, particularly by integrating initiatives at both the workgroup and management level, may have the potential to improve safety performance and thus decrease the risk of accidents and injuries on construction sites.     

A social network system for sharing construction safety and health knowledge

Construction is one of the largest contributors to national economies and also one of the most accident-prone industries worldwide. Construction site accidents often result in serious injuries or death, cause serious project delays and cost overruns. Prior studies focused on cause and effect relationships of construction accidents, design for construction safety, effectiveness of worker safety programs and government policies. The focus in those studies has been on generation and utilization of safety-related data and information, and not on how to share safety data efficiently among all stakeholders in the construction industry. This paper proposes a Social Network System for Sharing Construction Safety & Health Knowledge (SNSS), which utilizes semantic wiki web and ontology approach for better communication and representation for construction safety information. SNSS was developed on the basis of a safety semantic wiki template (SSWT), which consists of three components: 1) Safety information module (SIM) which uploads common accident and hazard information for sharing; 2) Safety knowledge module (SKM) where the safety information is refined, confirmed and transferred to a repository of safety knowledge; 3) Safety dissemination module (SDM) which allows users to monitor, manage and retrieve safety information and knowledge. SNSS has been tested in a fall accident case study. The study confirms the applicability and benefits of a social network system for enhancing safety communications among all stakeholders of construction projects and organizations behind the construction business.     

建筑施工现场安全管理探讨

对建筑施工现场常见的事故类别进行了分析,阐述了各类事故产生的原因,并根据建筑施工现场常见的事故类型提出了一些安全管理对策,为建筑施工安全管理人员提供了一定指导。     

Application of 4D visualization technology for safety management in metro construction

Safety accidents occur frequently in underground metro construction due to its complexity. These accidents cause huge losses because most metro construction is located in the center of very congested cities. Therefore, safety management is a priority in the metro construction industry. This paper proposes an approach for safety management using visualization technology. Safety is integrated with the construction management process throughout the project life cycle. Information from the design phase about construction components and scheduling has been gathered to formulate a 4 dimensional (4D) model. Before construction begins, a rule-based tool analyzes this combined information, automatically detects potentially unsafe activities and conditions and provides instructions for correction. More importantly, actual site monitoring data are continuously compared to the 4D model during the construction process. Therefore, the safety status of related components can be continuously visualized in the system as conditions change and potential safety risks evolve. This paper presents a prototype which was developed and verified with a case study of a real project. The results show that the proposed approach can be a tool of collaboration, virtual analysis and prediction for designers, site project managers, safety engineers and other participants. With real-time safety status visualized, it can detect safety risks before and during the construction process and then provide preventive measures. Thus, timely decisions can be made to avoid accidents. This contributes to the success of safety management in the metro construction industry.     

基于ISM 的建筑火灾事故致因分析

通过对70 例建筑火灾事故调查报告的整理,利用关键词抽取致因要素,并结合频率统计得出施工阶段事故中人的因素最为关键,使用阶段事故中物的因素最为关键。利用ISM 方法,从“人-物-管理-环境-其他”角度出发,建立建筑火灾事故致因要素解释结构模型,对各要素层级之间的逻辑关系进行分析,得出各层次的事故原因,为建筑火灾事故防范提供依据。     

Construction accident causality: learning from different countries and differing consequences

Fundamental questions remain about the practical value and generalizability of accident causation frameworks for explaining construction accidents. Relevant causality literature is reviewed; three research projects compared and implications of accident causation theories for accident investigation and analysis discussed, particularly for accidents with differing consequences and in different national contexts. The effectiveness of the UK accident causality framework ConAC (Construction Accident Causality) in identifying occupational accident causes in different industry contexts (Australia and the USA) is evaluated; and the implications of the choice of theoretical framework in the analysis of construction accident causation considered. The ConAC framework was developed from a real-time analysis of 100 relatively minor construction accidents. The Australian study used this framework to analyse the National Coroners reports of 258 construction fatalities and the USA study used it to develop research instruments for interviews regarding 27 construction accidents of varying consequences. The results suggest that the ConAC framework is helpful for the analysis of the causes of accidents with outcomes of differing severity. The studies also suggest that it has international applicability despite differing occupational health and safety legislative contexts and industrial arrangements. Furthermore, significant learning can be obtained from considering underlying causes of accidents.     

Towards an autonomous real-time tracking system of near-miss accidents on construction sites

It has been widely accepted that reported accidents on construction sites are just the tip of the iceberg representing the safety challenge because a very large number of near-miss accidents exist and constitute the portion of under-water surface. Undoubtedly, near-miss accidents provide insights into possible accidents and provide a great opportunity to further improve safety margins. It is possible to significantly improve the safety performance by learning from previous near-miss accidents and tracking near-miss accidents in real time leading to taking appropriate action before a potential up-coming accident. However, little research has been done in both autonomous data requirement analysis of near-miss accidents and technological solutions to track near-miss accidents based on real-time information on construction sites. The objective of this paper is to analyze and verify the autonomous information requirement of near-miss accidents and investigate the feasibility and performance of using a Zigbee RFID sensor network to fulfil these requirements. First, the autonomous data requirement of near-miss accidents is systematically analyzed based on typical historical accident cases. Then, considering the features of construction sites and characteristics of near-miss accidents, an autonomous real-time tracking system of near-miss accidents (ARTTS-NMA) on construction sites is proposed, which employs ultrasonic for outdoor and indoor real-time location tracking, adopts sensors for environment surveillance, RFID for access control as well as storage of safety information about workers, equipment and materials, and wireless sensor networks for data transmission. All system components are integrated into a Zigbee RFID sensor network architecture that features a relatively low cost and fast implementation with a pure wireless network backbone. The demonstration system based on the hybrid RFID sensor network architecture is fully working in a laboratory environment and for safety reasons we have chosen to evaluate it in a warehouse, which is considered as the main scenario of a construction site containing both multi-storey structure and open area, to evaluate the complexity of implementation.     

施工安全事故致因机理与案例数据统计

当前我国工程建设行业安全生产事故发生仍然较多,施工安全生产管理仍存在较多不足。为强化施工安全管理,降低事故发生率,以系统思想和事故致因理论为基础,分析施工安全事故致因机理并结合案例数据进行统计分析。从组织管理、技术管理、资源保障、教育培训和应急救援 5 个方面,对施工安全事故致因进行归纳和分类。通过收集 2005~2016 年间我国571 起施工安全事故案例报告和相关资料,分析各起事故发生的原因,统计各项事故致因出现的频数和频率,划分关键、次关键和一般事故致因。揭示了组织管理、技术管理存在缺陷最多,违规作业最易诱发事故等规律。并针对关键致因提出了相应对策,可为改进施工安全管理提供参考。     

多风险因素耦合的地铁施工安全系统脆弱性分析

为研究地铁施工风险耦合机理和地铁施工系统的脆弱性,提高地铁施工系统的安全性。结合脆弱性理论,归纳地铁施工安全风险因素,构建系统脆弱性模型;并对国内2008-2020年的地铁施工事故进行搜集整理,选取风险致因因素完整的130起事故,运用N-K模型计算不同耦合方式下的风险发生概率以及风险耦合值,获得影响系统脆弱性的关键风险耦合方式。结果表明：系统中的风险因素越多,事故发生的概率越大;人员因素、管理因素与环境因素完全耦合时,地铁施工安全系统脆弱性较大。研究明确系统中脆弱性的关键耦合风险,为地铁施工安全控制方面提供了参考价值。     

论建筑施工事故特点与安全管理

本文研究分析建筑工程安全事故的类型及其产生的诱因,探索保证安全投入、加强安全管理的相应解决措施,对降低建筑业事故发生率具有重要意义。     

我国地铁建设事故规律分析与安全管理启示

近年来我国各类地铁建设安全事故频发,造成了重大的工程经济损失和严重的社会负面后果。为提升我国的地铁建设安全、揭示地铁建设事故发生的特征与规律,基于统计学的视角,对我国2001—2020年期间发生的336起事故,从时间、地域、事故类型、事故工程性质、事故严重程度等维度进行了系统全面的统计分析。研究发现:地铁建设事故总体呈现上升态势且事故分布呈现显著的时空分异特征;事故类型以坍塌为主但逐渐多元化;不同于海因里希法则的事故三角形,我国地铁建设事故总体呈沙漏型分布。最后围绕上述统计发现,给出了相应的安全管理启示,如在事故高发时段加强常态化监督检查工作、确定重点防控的事故类型、根据事故类型风险等级进行精细化的预案管理,以及构建全国地铁建设事故案例库以加强事故的检测与预防等。