关于招标活动中关键点控制的思考

文章从建设单位（即招标人）的角度,以房屋建筑工程总承包招标投标为主,阐述了甲方在招标活动组织、资格预审组织、评标办法制定与选择、评标委员会甲方代表的确定等关键环节的管理控制措施,以期在确保招投标活动的公开、公平、公正基础上,最大限度维护甲方（建设单位）的利益。     

投标报价中材料定额消耗量异常变动的处理

施工招标中少数投标人违规变动材料定额消耗量,给评标、施工合同签署、合同履行与计价结算造成障碍。本文基于案例分析,探讨如何正确认识与恰当处理投标报价中材料定额消耗量的异常变动。《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》（GB50500—2008）中规定,“除本规范强制性规定外,投标价由投标人自主确定,但不得低于成本”。同时,明确规定,《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》,国家或省级、行业建设主管部门颁发的计价办法,企业定额、国家或省级、行业建设主管部门颁发的计价定额等是编制投标报价的依据。     

评标策略在南京地铁招投标博弈中的应用研究

招标过程是招标人和投标人的博弈过程,市场变化因素是导致投标人竞争关系变化的主要原因。南京地铁针对招标过程中投标人的竞争关系,采用了包括调整技术经济标的分值比例、制定投标限价、制定最优报价原则、两阶段开标评标法在内的不同评标策略,调整评审参数,对投标人起到一定的引导和限制作用。     

Scoring rules and abnormally low bids criteria in construction tenders: a taxonomic review

In the global construction context, the best value or most economically advantageous tender is becoming a widespread approach for contractor selection, as an alternative to other traditional awarding criteria such as the lowest price. In these multi-attribute tenders, the owner or auctioneer solicits proposals containing both a price bid and additional technical features. Once the proposals are received, each bidder’s price bid is given an economic score according to a scoring rule, generally called an economic scoring formula (ESF) and a technical score according to pre-specified criteria. Eventually, the contract is awarded to the bidder with the highest weighted overall score (economic + technical). However, economic scoring formula selection by auctioneers is invariably and paradoxically a highly intuitive process in practice, involving few theoretical or empirical considerations, despite having been considered traditionally and mistakenly as objective, due to its mathematical nature. This paper provides a taxonomic classification of a wide variety of ESFs and abnormally low bids criteria (ALBC) gathered in several countries with different tendering approaches. Practical implications concern the optimal design of price scoring rules in construction contract tenders, as well as future analyses of the effects of the ESF and ALBC on competitive bidding behaviour.     

谈投标过程中的一些技巧及策略

鉴于建筑行业入门门槛比较低，行业招投标市场中，往往是采用低价中标原则，导致利润极低的问题，就如何做到每一项投标在投入大量的人力、物力后，确保投标单位的投标有效率及其应注意的问题进行了探讨。     

建筑工程投标报价的策略及调整

结合招标投标在建筑工程中的广泛应用,就招投标形式不同时、承包方式不同时、投标目的不同时、建筑物的功用不同时和多种情况同时出现时的投标报价的策略及调整进行了深入探讨,从而达到中标的目的,并合理规避风险,尽可能获得最大的利润。     

工程施工投标技巧浅谈

施工投标是一项系统的、复杂的工作,涉及标段的选择、投标书的编制和投标最终报价的确定。本文主要介绍了投标过程每个环节应注意的事项,针对复合标和低价标这两种标的报价该如何确定作了详细的描述。     

加入WTO后我国工程招/投标承包市场的竞争形势

我国加入世贸组织后，工程投标承包竞争日趋激烈，国际咨询工程师联合会（FIDIC）已制写了《土木工程施工招标程序》及其应用指南等文件，可帮助业主和监理工程师评标，承包商投标时应重视工程承包风险因素的评估，中标后履行合同过程中，应对各种风险进行监测并采取措施加以避免。     

建设工程合同成立程序研究

通过招标投标形式订立建设工程合同,是建设工程合同成立的主要形式。招标投标过程要经过招标、投标、开标、评标、定标和签订合同等几个阶段。建设工程招标的法律性质是要约邀请。招标不同于一般的要约邀请之处在于招标具有一定的法律约束力,但这又不同于要约的法律约束力。承认招标具有一定程度的约束力,并不会因此否认招标的要约邀请性质。投标的法律性质是投标人向招标人发出的要约,招标人的中标通知书是对投标人要约的承诺,中标通知书在发出时生效,建设工程合同成立。     

建筑工程施工评标常用方法存在问题研究

对建筑工程施工评标中,评标单位采用合理低价法评商务标时存在"过多重视投标总价,忽视价格构成"的不合理现象,提出商务标评审也划分为两阶段评标;在综合评估法中对评标指标权重的确定忽视了潜在的多种不确定性,笔者运用集对分析法的同异反理论对这一问题进行了探讨,并且从本质上将评委专家对各指标相对重要性的认识量化为同一度和差异度两部分,探讨了指标权重的确切值以及合理区间范围,从而可考虑到招标方的招标意图和客户的购买需求。     

广州市广园东路工程项目招标方法探索与实践

探索“广园”模式的市政工程项目的招标方式方法 ,通过分析、归纳广园东路工程项目招标操作实务及其条件限制 ,一是建立了评标方法中的综合评估法的数学模型 ,二是阐释了业主自主招标的目标———为工程建设服务。规范化、程序化的招标方式 ,可体现招标人对所有投标人的“公开、公平、公正和诚实信用” ;而技术化、知识化的招标方法 ,则可实现招标人的招标目标     

工程招标的投标担保和评标方法研究

在招标投标的整个程序中,最能有效杜绝不正当竞争行为的2个重要环节就是投标单位资格审查和评标。笔者认为,建立工程担保制度．选择投标单位;实行工程量清单招标;适当延长评标时间;采用专家匿名评审与投标答辩相结合的方式综合评标和成立招投标管制机构,可达到招标择优的目的。     

AHP层次分析法在总包招标评标中的应用

介绍了层次分析法是一种定性与定量相结合的决策分析方法,探讨了层次分析法的基本原理与步骤,就层次分析法在总包评标中的应用进行了论述,经过分析与综合评估,最终确定了中标单位。     

Comparison of tendering procedures and contractual arrangements

An investigation of the performance of a multistage industrial development contract has shown that where stages were traditionally procured, time overruns and cost increases were excessive, and where stages were procured by ‘package deal’, the time overruns and cost increases were minor. Time overruns and cost increases for all stages of the contract were calculated in order to measure the effect of method of building delivery on contract performance; this was carried out by reference to the construction period and tender price set down in the contract and to the general standard of performance set by the industry. Identical competitive tendering procedures were used together with very similar forms of contract. The marked difference in contract performance between the stages appears to result from the only really differing element, namely, the identity of the party to the contract who bears the risk.     

Construction project risks: further considerations for constructors' pricing in Hong Kong

Construction project risks affect contractors' tender price. A host of factors influencing tender prices were identified and the importance of these factors evaluated by making use of the data collected in a postal questionnaire survey conducted to the ‘Buildings’ contractors in Hong Kong. Out of 60 factors identified, the availability of required cash, uncertainty in costs estimates, urgent need for work, past experience in similar projects and contract size are considered most important. The need for work and the amount of experience are similar to those factors affecting bidding decisions of top UK contractors. The findings suggest that in the upward adjustment of tender prices, the large‐size contractors are more concerned with the uncertainty in costs estimates while the medium‐ and small‐size contractors care more about no past experience. In the downward adjustment of prices, the large size of the contract is the main factor affecting the pricing of the large‐ and medium‐size contractors while the urgent need for work is the main drive for the small‐size ones. There are significant differences between the contractors' perceptions of the importance of the risk factors. This is consistent with differing attitudes towards bid mark‐up decisions of the large‐ and medium‐size contractors in Singapore.     

基于主成分分析和熵权的建设工程评标决策研究

工程评标是招投标过程的核心工作之一,需保证评标方法的公平公正、科学合理。针对现有评标方法指标间信息重叠的问题,建立了基于主成分分析和熵权法的综合评标模型,借助主成分分析法简化重构评标指标体系,解决指标间信息重叠性问题;利用熵权法客观赋权,求得工程评标综合评价结果并排序。实例应用表明:该模型解决了指标间信息重叠导致的赋权重复问题,并将定性与定量的评价相结合,使评标结果更为科学可靠,可为招标单位选择最优的投标单位提供决策依据。     

重庆市高速公路交通组成分析

根据重庆高速公路典型路段的实测交通数据、历史交通数据，对重庆市现有高速公路的交通组成进行了分析，根据分析结果得出：重庆市高速公路的交通量分布明显不均，重载比例比较大；重庆市高速公路的超载率较大，最大超载率达500％以上；同一条高速公路连续两年内交通量组成变化不大。     

效益视角下的医院基建招标规范化管理研究

面对医院改建、扩建或新建工程逐步增加的新常态,规范医院基建招标管理流程对推进医院基建工作高效开展非常重要和必要。在阐述招标效益内涵基础上,基于医院基建招标效益视角对医院基建招标管理现状予以了梳理及分析。以保障医院基建招标效益为目标,构建了医院基建招标管理架构,明确了以基建管理部门为核心的基建招标管理流程,并分析了招标准备阶段、招标实施阶段、定标签约阶段的管控要点。在招标工作推进过程中,建议从团队组织、评标体系、供应商库、制度建设4 个方面予以保障措施,进而不断推进医院基建管理效益达成。     

工程项目中违约对执行方式的影响研究:资产专用性的调节作用

根据合约本质将违约分为条款违约和精神违约，并基于对工程实践的细致观察，考虑被违约方合约执行和声誉执行两种违约回应方式，旨在探究违约对执行决策的影响以及资产专用性的调节作用。通过分析来自中国建筑行业的问卷数据，研究发现条款违约会引发更加严厉的合约执行，而精神违约引发更加严厉的声誉执行。此外，资产专用性增加精神违约所引发的声誉执行，但其对违约到合约执行的调节作用没有得到证实。研究结果强调违约的本质，对工程行业中不同的违约处理方式进行区分，并为工程实践中的违约处理决策提供启示和解读。     

Assessing contractor selection criteria weights with fuzzy AHP method application in group decision environment

A tender procedure should facilitate selection of a reliable contractor with consideration to many criteria. Polish public procurement law, harmonized with EU guidelines on the subject, describes selection procedures in detail. Similar procedures are adopted by private sector clients as there exist no private sector specific procurement codes of practice. In the case of public procurement, the bid selection criteria have to refer to the object of procurement and not to the proprieties of a bidder. The client, in order to assure adequate quality of works (i.e. selection of a reliable and capable contractor) can, within the limits enforced by law, set conditions the bidders have to fulfill if they are to participate in a tender or negotiation procedure. The assessment based on criteria related with a bidder's technical and economic capability can be made also at the prequalification stage in restricted tendering procedures. The authors suggest the application of an extended fuzzy AHP method to the process of group decision making. This approach facilitates defining criteria weights by aggregation of decision makers' judgments. The paper presents an example that illustrates this approach to determining criteria weights for bidder assessment. The results show that the proposed fuzzy AHP method is superior to the traditional AHP in terms of improved quality of criteria prioritization.