基于信息技术与校企协同的应用型土木类专业综合改革与实践

传统土木类专业人才培养模式存在企业参与度低,课程内容滞后于行业技术发展,理论与实践教学结合不紧密,管理方式落后等诸多不足。通过深入调查研究,提出理论学习—实践成长—理论梳理的"3+0.5+0.5"人才培养新模式,构筑校企联动人才培养的长效机制;融合现代工程智造技术,重构专业课程体系,依托全国BIM技能大赛平台,实施项目驱动式教学,培养学生工程智造能力;利用信息化技术改革传统教学与管理方式,实施无边界教学与实习管理,构建实践教学质量评价量化体系。土木类专业综合改革获得行业企业的认可,人才培养质量与就业质量稳步提升。     

A critical review of the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry

3-D printing, which is an automated production process with layer-by-layer control, has been gaining rapid development in recent years. The technology has been adopted in the manufacturing industry for decades and has recently been introduced in the construction industry to print houses and villas. The technology can bring significant benefits to the construction industry in terms of increased customization, reduced construction time, reduced manpower, and construction cost. A few isolated products and projects have been preliminarily tested using the 3-D printing technology. However, it should be noted that such tests and developments on the use of 3-D printing in the construction industry are very fragmented at the time of the study. It is therefore necessary for the building and construction industry to understand the technology, its historical applications and challenges for better utilization in the future. A systematic review shows that 3-D printing technology, after years of evolution, can be used to print large-scale architectural models and buildings. However, the potential of the technology is limited by the lack of large-scale implementation, the development of building information modeling, the requirements of mass customization, and the life cycle cost of the printed projects. It is therefore expected that future studies should be conducted on these areas to consolidate the stability and expand the applicability of 3-D printing in the construction industry.     

基于数字化技术的建筑设计教学方式改革探讨

传统建筑教学中的设计工作室形式因其教学方式单一且师生互动频率较低、教学评价标准单一且倾向结果评价等问题,不断受到建筑教育界内部专家的批评。数字技术给传统建筑设计带来了巨大冲击,也对建筑设计教学影响深远,其对学生的影响主要体现在建筑认知、思维方式和表达方法三方面。对此,构建建筑设计"双线工作室"教学模式和相应的评价体系可以充分利用数字技术带来的优势,为学生和教师及学生之间的互动交流提供多种可能,创建一个适应环境发展、需求变化的教学体系,促进我国建筑教育的发展。     

促进我国森林消防装备制造业高质量发展的政策体系构建研究

森林草原火灾近年来呈现来势猛、扑救难、伤亡重等特点,亟须提高森林消防装备的供给水平,提高灭火效率,降低灾害损失。发展森林消防装备制造业是增强森林草原安全防范与应急救援处置能力的必然要求,也是保护森林资源、促进森林固碳、减缓气候变化的重要保障。但是,我国森林消防装备制造业仍存在自主创新乏力、供需适配性较差、复合型人才不足等问题。在统筹发展和安全的新形势下,需从创新、供需、人才等方面构建森林消防装备制造业政策体系,推进森林消防装备制造业高质量发展。     

浅析重质碳酸钙产业发展及其粉体装备技术升级

重质碳酸钙粉体加工装备与技术向节能、环保、大型化升级,带来了国内重质碳酸钙产业的整合升级,促进了国内重质碳酸钙产能与产品升级.节能环保、大型化装备与优化工艺技术的组合应用将是实现未来重质碳酸钙产业规模化和产品精细化发展升级的关键动力之一.     

Improving workflow and resource usage in construction schedules through location-based management system (LBMS)

Critical Path Method (CPM), a planning and controlling technique, is widely used in the construction industry. However, CPM is criticized for its lack of workflow and inability to schedule continuous resource usage. Location-Based Management System (LBMS) fill these gaps and has been implemented in many construction projects. We propose that LBMS will improve schedules and project performance, addressing CPM’s main shortcomings. This study is composed of three case studies. CPM schedules were analyzed and were improved using LBMS tools. The resulting schedules show improved workflows, crew balancing, resource usage and had fewer interruptions, without affecting project duration. Furthermore, LBMS schedules were optimized with only a few scheduling operations and fewer planning elements. The computational benefit of LBMS increases with the number of locations and tasks in a schedule. Project managers will benefit from a simpler scheduling process and better resource flow.     

Market structure of the construction industry in Hong Kong

This study examines the market structure of four different sectors within the construction industry in Hong Kong. Market concentrations, expressed in terms of Herfindahl-Hershamann indices (HHIs) and number equivalents (HNEs), are calibrated for the top five contractors and compared with those of the local property industry. The study reveals the following ascending order of market concentrations: private building, public building, property development, and civil engineering. Our explanation is that technological and capital requirements have imposed a strong barrier to entry into the civil engineering sector, resulting in a concentrated market. Conversely, the lack of technological demand and supply in the private building sector has led to easy market entry and exit. Building contractors thus compete intensely on cost reduction rather than technology improvement, leading to poor construction safety and product quality. The paper concludes that the Government, being a major client of construction works and regulator of the industry, can assume a more active role in promoting the overall competitiveness of indigenous local contractors in Hong Kong.     

Integrating product and process design in construction

Product modularity namely the notion that products can be decomposed into parts (or modules) has been widely applied in manufacturing but not in construction, precluding this industry to also benefit from it. The narrow definition of a module, which is often simplistically equated to a sub-assembly produced off-site, and the lack of integration between product and process design, which is typical in construction, are argued to be two root causes of such problem. This paper starts by discussing the operational implications of misaligned decisions in these two domains in an empirical study addressing a high-rise apartments building project. Seven guidelines are then devised using a Design Science Research (DSR) approach for integrating product (product modularity and modules) and process (work structure and work packages) design. The results indicate that product modularity can be applied for improving operations regardless of the construction method(s) used. Yet, a revised understanding of modules (as a material, a component, a non-volumetric or a volumetric sub-assembly) is needed in addition to a coordinated product and process design, particularly for traditional construction.     

清水混凝土施工质量控制

探讨了清水混凝土的常见质量缺陷及监控对策，就如何通过控制所用原材料和配合比设计、施工过程的模板选用、浇筑、振捣养护方法和做好产品保护措施来保证清水混凝土的施工质量进行了探讨，以完善清水混凝土施工工艺。     

Measuring the product innovation process

The pressure on industry to develop better quality products faster is greater today than it has ever been in the past. Progressively over the past decade the rate of new product launches has increased as companies and nations jostle for superiority. Product development time has become a major source of competitive advantage. At the organisational level the number of new product launches a company achieves is very visible, easy to measure and widely understood. However, measures suitable for quantifying parts of the process are less obvious and clear. This article introduces some of the problems and pitfalls that are there to be found and offers a structured top-down approach to designing a measurement system     

浅谈钢结构件全过程保护方法

随着钢结构行业竞争日趋激烈,钢结构件全过程保护必然成为制造企业提高产品质量、降低生产成本、取得竞争优势的有效途径。通过剖析传统钢结构加工工艺中存在的问题,结合作者的工作实践,针对各个易发生构件磨损、破坏的工序,创新研究出组装平台保护法、钢管吊装方法、钢构件翻转方法、钢结构转运方法、法兰面钢柱吊装方法和钢梁吊装方法,并对其成果效益进行对比分析,为改善施工工艺、提升钢构件质量、缩短加工周期、创造经济效益、提高行业竞争力起到了积极的作用。     

造纸用滑石的功能特性及其产品的研发方向

概述了造纸用滑石的主要功能特性和用途。滑石在未来造纸市场的经济技术定位,主要体现在它特有的功能特性方面,高品质滑石主要用于造纸粘性物控制剂和涂料级产品,低档滑石及其复配产品主要用于造纸填料。黑滑石储量丰富,具有潜在的市场前景,开发与此相关的生产制造技术和装备以及相应的应用技术是今后的主要发展方向。     

卧式等离子固相外部双向沉积工艺研究

等离子固相外部沉积（PSOD）工艺自20世纪90年代从法国引进以来，虽经几次工艺研发改进，但单向熔制工艺始终未变，而单向熔制工艺在现阶段熔制产品微观质量均匀性及综合成本方面存在劣势。本文采用双下料系统配合双下料管的方式，成功实现往复双向熔制工艺，不仅在原料消耗比、沉积速率、动力消耗等综合成本方面有明显降低，同时也从熔制产品微观结构方面引入了双螺旋交织网状结构，使产品均匀性和稳定性得到提升，对后续应用，如拉管精度质量的改善、拉丝应用强度的改善，有重要意义。     

Developments in the Thermal Drying of Sewage Sludge

The application of heat to dried sewage sludge has been practised by the water industry for many years. Early technologies were effective but their utilization of energy was not so efficient. Other industries have faced up to this problem and, as a result, have developed thermal-drying techniques which are more efficient and therefore more cost effective. In recent years, the transfer of this technology to sewage-sludge drying has been taking place, and some companies have designed dryers specifically for this purpose. Commercial and legal pressures have also focused attention on the final product and its use in agriculture, horticulture, land reclamation, landfill, incineration, and as a substitute for fuel.
This paper reviews the work which has been undertaken to determine the changes which occur as sewage sludge is dried, and discusses the technology which is available at present. Factors influencing capital and operating costs and product choice are also included.     

智能建造产业链的核心产业筛选

智能建造是我国传统建筑业转型升级的必由之路,然而在企业转型实践过程中,部分企业对自身的发展定位不够明晰,企业转型难以取得突破性进展。其中一个重要原因在于国家层面缺少引领产业系统性发展的规划文件,企业本身也缺少对智能建造产业体系的深刻认识。因此,现阶段构建层次分明的智能建造产业体系就显得尤为重要。基于智能建造产业链,针对建筑业转型升级过程中存在的技术缺位,从225个智能建造相关产业中筛选出45个推动智能建造快速发展的核心产业,以期为构建智能建造产业体系、制定产业发展政策提供基础性建议。     

Improving sachet water quality – does Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points apply?

Sachet water is growing in importance as a source of drinking water for many people in Nigeria. In recent years, doubts over the quality of sachet water have grown. Commentators often cite poor distribution and storage practice for contamination of sachets. However, the integrity of the production process has been shown to be a weakness but has not received attention from the regulator or producers because of a lack of proper regulation of the industry. This study implemented the hazards analysis and critical control points (HACCP) framework in eight sachet water factories in Ibadan, Nigeria. The objective was to test HACCP's viability as a proactive management tool for improving sachet water quality. The findings show that HACCP can be adopted within the sachet water industry. However, the implementation of HACCP requires both technical and behavioural changes within the production process.     

Factors influencing the implementation of the raised floor system in Australian office buildings

Raised floor systems (RFS) were initially developed for computer room applications. As an alternative for general office space fitout, they have not been widely accepted, particularly in Australia. Despite the potential exhibited, such as improved ventilation and air quality when used with underfloor sub‐systems, and the flexibility for office space reconfiguration, RFS implementation had encountered problems, ranging from the excessive costs perceived by owners and developers, to the lack of technical expertise among builders and contractors on the installation of RFS and specialized components. In the research work reported in this article, these problems were identified together with the highlighting of 44 Significant Influence Factors (SIFs). This was achieved through RFS product study, questionnaire survey, interviews and site observations. These SIFs and problems were then amplified in the research by industry focus groups and life cycle cost comparison between RFS and ceiling based fitout methods. The resulting 36 Project Level Critical Factors (PLCFs) pertaining to fitout design, construction, operation and maintenance were then considered in a constructability study, which established an integrated constructability framework for RFS fitout implementation, the most appropriate contracting strategy, and a process‐based model for RFS product selection under local conditions. A set of guidelines that recommend main activities and subsidiary tasks through five stages of RFS project implementation was also presented. These findings will contribute to improved awareness, adoption rate and implementation efficiency of RFS fitout in the Australian office building industry.     

房建工程剪力墙结构施工技术要点分析

伴随社会经济的持续发展,我国建筑行业也在逐步壮大,这对施工技术和工艺的要求也越来越高。剪力墙结构得到了广泛的应用,其具良好的抗震性能,且结构稳定、质量可靠。文章主要从剪力墙结构的重要性出发,分析了其施工技术的要点。     

Achieving the unlikely: innovating in the loosely coupled construction system

Previous research suggests that a characteristic of the construction industry is a lack of technological innovation. Since this is seen as a problem, much theoretical development within construction management focuses on explaining the lack of innovation. Less effort has been expended on using such explanatory theories for investigating those rare exceptions in which construction firms succeed in the unlikely: successfully developing a new technology. This article makes use of the recently suggested framework by Dubois and Gadde. They describe the construction industry as a ‘loosely coupled system’ with four types of couplings, discuss why the particular mix of couplings in the construction system leads to a lack of innovation, and suggest types of couplings that construction firms should experiment with and change in order to boost innovation. A case study of a contractor developing a new technology is presented in terms of Dubois and Gadde's concepts and implications. The findings partly support and partly contradict their hypotheses. It seems that innovation is possible even if only a few of the existing couplings are changed. The most important changes relate to the tightening of intrafirm sequential inter‐project couplings enabling learning from project to project, and contract‐related couplings especially the design‐construction interface.