基于严格滑移线场理论临坡条形基础地基极限承载力分析

临坡地基极限承载力的计算是岩土工程中的常见问题,欲求得其精确解,必须同时满足静力平衡条件和机动许可条件。基于严格滑移线场理论,利用特征线方程和三类基本边值问题构造同时满足应力边界条件和速度边界条件的滑移线场,并提出临坡地基5种单侧破坏模式,最终求得相应的地基极限承载力。利用上述方法,分析了土体剪切强度、边坡几何形状以及基础与坡肩相对位置对临坡地基极限承载力和破坏机理的影响。研究结果表明:计算结果与已有模型试验结果较为吻合。同时,临坡地基极限承载力随土体剪切强度的增大而增大,但随边坡高度和坡角的增大而减小。当边坡高度达到临界高度时,地基极限承载力不再随之发生变化。此外,极限承载力随基础与坡肩相对距离的增大而增大,并最终达到稳定。当基础放置位置达到临界值时,边坡稳定性对极限承载力不再产生影响,此时临坡地基整体结构服从Prandtl地基承载力破坏。随着基础与坡肩相对距离的增加,临坡地基的破坏模式由坡面承载力破坏,逐渐过渡到坡面滑动破坏或深部滑动破坏,并最终达到Prandtl地基承载力破坏,在此过程中临界滑动范围不断增大直至服从平地地基破坏模式,从而导致了极限承载力先增大后保持不变的过程。     

加筋无黏性土斜坡地基承载力模型试验研究

 采用缩尺模型试验研究加筋斜坡地基坡高范围内,不同加筋层数、不同筋带埋深对其极限承载力及破坏形态的影响。通过对比分析试验成果可获得不同加筋层数下最优筋带埋深组合及各试验地基的变形破坏资料。研究表明,在最优筋带埋深组合下,加筋斜坡地基的首层加筋间距随加筋层数的增加有减小趋势,而极限承载力随加筋层数的增加有增加趋势。根据各试验地基的p-s曲线、筋材破坏情况及变形破坏特征,可将不同加筋条件下斜坡地基的破坏形态分为加筋带之上土体破坏、加筋带层间土体破坏、加筋带之下土体破坏3类,并由此获得对应破坏类型的破坏形态图。研究成果对加筋斜坡地基极限承载力变化特性、变形特征及破坏形态的探究具有一定理论参考价值。     

斜坡地基极限承载力下限解计算

为了研究斜坡地基的破坏机理，基于极限平衡法理论，建立了一个新的能考虑坡后土体坡度影响的斜坡地基承载力的计算模式，通过FORTRAN语言编制了斜坡地基坡后土体的发挥系数的计算程序，分析了斜坡地基内摩擦角、基础下侧土体坡度、基础上侧土体坡度、相对坡顶距及基础相对埋深等因素对斜坡地基极限承载力性能的影响，得出了不同地基情况下斜坡地基坡后土体的发挥系数。得到的斜坡地基的承载力系数和发挥系数可用于斜坡地基的理论分析和设计中。     

斜坡地基极限承载力上限解计算与分析

基于极限平衡法和极限分析法理论,建立了一个新的能考虑坡后土体坡度影响的斜坡地基承载力计算模式,推导出一个上限解公式,并与有限元方法和其他上限解计算结果进行了比较分析。分析结果表明,所得结果与斜坡地基极限承载力的真实解较为接近,能较好地反映实际的斜坡地基的承载力。此外,编制斜坡地基坡后土体发挥系数的计算程序,分析了斜坡地基内摩擦角、基础下侧土体坡度、基础上侧土体坡度、相对坡顶距及基础相对埋深等因素对斜坡地基极限承载力上限解的影响,得到了不同情况下斜坡地基的承载力系数和坡后土体的发挥系数。研究成果可用于斜坡地基的理论分析,为斜坡地基的设计提供依据。     

毛乌素沙漠风积砂地基承载力特性研究

毛乌素沙漠地区的风积砂具有颗粒细、级配差、结构松散,无黏性的特点,其工程力学性质方面的研究资料十分缺乏。为了研究风积砂地基的承载力变化规律和破坏特征,开展了受含水量和干密度影响的室内静荷载试验。结果表明,风积砂地基自开始加荷到地基完全破坏可分为压密变形、弹塑性变形和剪切破坏3个阶段;干密度一定,当含水率较低时,含水量越大,地基极限承载力越大;当含水量超过某个界限时,继续增大含水量,地基极限承载力趋于稳定不再增加;含水率对风积砂地基承载力影响有限;当含水量一定时,地基极限承载力随干密度的增大而增大,忽略含水率的影响,风积砂地基的极限承载力与干密度基本成指数规律增大;对比水坠法和水坠加振捣法两种地基处理方案,水坠加振捣法较水坠法处理效果更好,处理后的地基干密度达1.69g/cm~3,极限承载力可达780k Pa,且地基破坏前有较大的延性变形。研究结果可以为毛乌素沙漠地区的地基处理和检测提供技术指导。     

基于滑移线场理论斜坡条基极限承载力解析解

在工程建设领域,经常需要把基础设置在斜坡地基上,但在现行成果中,对斜坡地基极限承载力的确定并没有给出具体计算方法。为合理确定斜坡地基极限承载力,从而为斜坡地基上的基础设计提供理论依据,并有效降低基础工程的建设成本,本文基于滑移线场理论,建立了斜坡地基的滑移破坏模型,进而根据斜坡地基坡前、坡后土体的塑性边界条件,推导了无重土斜坡地基极限承载力解析公式。同时,提出了采用有限差分方法获取斜坡地基滑移线场及应力分布场的方法。实例计算表明,滑移线解小于极限平衡解及有限元解,主要误差来自于地基土自重的影响,但总体误差在10%以下,本文所述解析法可用于斜坡地基极限承载力的快速估算。     

不同长宽比矩形基础承载变形特性宏细观研究

采用基于数字化摄影测量技术的试验方法,对不同长宽比(L/B)矩形基础地基的承载特性、位移场、应变场发展规律及破坏模式进行深入研究。研究结果表明:矩形基础地基极限承载力随着基础长宽比的增大而减小,并逐渐趋于稳定;L/B较小矩形基础地基最大剪应变沿基础长度方向形成贯通的应变泡,基础正下方弹性变形区呈三角形,地基呈整体破坏模式;L/B较大矩形基础地基沿基础长度方向最大剪应变局限于板边附近,未能形成贯通的应变泡,基础正下方弹性变形区呈倒梯形,地基沿基础长度方向呈局部破坏模式;不同长宽比矩形基础下地基沿着基础宽度方向呈整体破坏模式。     

底部刚性层限制条件下条形基础地基承载力系数Nc与破坏模式

存在底部刚性层限制时，极限荷载作用下的条形基础地基破坏模式会变得异常复杂。此时，应用极限分析、滑移线或数值分析等方法求解地基极限承载力，难以获取明确的定量破坏形态。为此，本文应用刚体平动运动单元上限有限元，通过多次网格更新方式进行系统地分析研究，重点揭示与黏聚力相关的地基极限承载力系数N_c的上限解曲线及其滑移线网破坏模式，探讨地基土层厚度、土体内摩擦角和基础与地基界面有限摩擦等关联因素的影响规律。研究结果表明：当刚性层上方地基土较厚时，N_c和刚性层影响的修正因子K_c随土体内摩擦角和土层厚度的变化不明显；而当土层厚度变薄时，N_c和K_c伴随土体内摩擦角增大和土层厚度变小而急剧增长；土层厚度较小时，基础与地基土接触面摩擦条件对地基破坏模式影响显著，表现为接触面粗糙程度的下降使得N_c大幅减小，与无底部刚性层限制时的规律差异显著。最后，应用运动单元上限有限元分析，验证了底部刚性层限制条件下地基极限承载力系数N_c与N_q之间的...     

不同宽高比混凝土扩展基础承载性能模型试验研究

对宽高比分别为2、2.5、3、4的混凝土扩展基础进行了室内模型试验研究,主要探讨了常规宽高比与宽高比大于2.5的混凝土扩展基础在不同荷载模式作用下的承载特性,阐述了试验基本现象、主要破坏模式与底板变形特征,并将基础极限承载力试验值与参考现行国家标准《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB50007—2011)得出的计算值进行对比。试验结果表明:基础破坏模式主要为弯曲破坏、弯冲破坏、冲切破坏;对轴压试件而言,在地基土均为砂土的情况下,模型基础的极限承载力试验值随宽高比的变化几乎无太大变化;对偏压试件而言,在地基土性质与偏心率均相同的情况下,模型基础的极限承载力试验值随宽高比的增大呈现变大趋势。本文结果可为宽高比大于2.5的混凝土扩展基础后续相关研究提供参考。     

增量加载有限元法在地基承载力分析中的应用

基于增量加载有限元方法,通过数值载荷试验分析,研究了水平地基和斜坡地基承载力特性及载荷板尺寸效应对地基承载力的影响,研究结果表明规范中针对载荷试验拟定的载荷板尺寸是合适的,对于斜坡地基,坡边距、坡度变化对承载力较为敏感,分析表明:当坡边距大于基础宽度的3.5倍时,地基承载力损失较小;当坡边距一定时,斜坡坡度小于35°时承载力损失较小,坡度大于45°时承载力损失较大。研究成果为斜坡地基承载力确定提供参考。     

Effects of Footing Size and Aspect Ratio on the Bearing Capacity of Sand Subjected to Eccentric Loading

The current practice of estimating bearing capacity usually employs the conventional bearing capacity formula originally developed for strip footings under vertical central loading. In order to account for the effect of footing shape and eccentricity and inclination of loads, correction factors are introduced in the formula, which are derived based on a number of small-scale model test observations.This paper describes research on the bearing capacity of rectangular footings on sand subjected to vertical eccentric loading. Two aspects, namely the effects of footing size and of footing shape on the bearing capacity and deformation characteristics, are focused on. A series of loading tests was conducted in a centrifuge on rectangular footings with aspect ratios from 1 to 5, at two different centrifugal accelerations. In addition, finite element analyses were performed in which factors influencing the angle of shear resistance including stress level dependency, anisotropy and coefficient of intermediate principal stress, were taken into account.It was found that the shape factor of footing apparently increased with increasing footing width. This indicates that the shape factor used in the current practice underestimates bearing capacity of footings. This was also the case for failure locus in the M/B-V (moment-vertical) load plane. Normalized failure locus for wider footings with a smaller aspect ratio is considerably larger than that reported in the literature. The stress level dependency of the angle of shear resistance appeared to be responsible for the scale effects of footings on the failure locus.     

Effect of aspect ratio of footing on behavior of two closely-spaced footings on geogrid-reinforced sand

This paper presents the results of laboratory model tests carried out on two closely-spaced interfering footings resting on the surface of geogrid-reinforced and unreinforced sand bed. The effect of aspect ratio (or shape) of the footing on interference behavior is studied by adopting three pairs of model footings of different sizes. The length (L) to width (B) ratio (i.e., aspect ratio) of the footings is varied from 1.0 to 2.0. The effects of single layer of geogrid on footing interference and bearing capacity improvement are investigated. The optimum depth of the geogrid layer for both interfering and isolated footings is found to be one-third of the footing width and it is not dependent on the aspect ratio of the footing. The optimum spacing between the interfering footings is found to be 1.5 times the width of the footing. Lower efficiency factor is observed for interfering footings resting on the reinforced sand compared to the unreinforced sand. Higher bearing capacity ratio (BCR) is observed for isolated footing than that of interfering footings when BCR is measured based on ultimate bearing capacity values of reinforced and unreinforced cases and BCR value increases as the aspect ratio of the footing increases.     

Bearing capacity of surface circular footings on granular material under low gravity fields

Low gravity fields have been simulated through magnetic acceleration to conduct experimental study on bearing capacity of circular footings on a type of crushable planetary regolith simulant,which has comparable density and particle size distribution of lunar soil.The load-settlement responses of surface spread footings are obtained by investigating the relative density,footing size and gravity effects.Applying the hyperbolic asymptote method,normalised foundation stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity are obtained by curve fitting and predicted by power functions using multivariate nonlinear regression.The results show that the nonlinear gravity effect is not negligible,related to stress condition,soil dilatancy and mobilised friction angle.A cone penetration test(CPT)-based method for prediction of bearing capacity is proposed with correlations between ultimate bearing capacity of footings and shallow penetration stiffness of CPTs,avoiding the uncertainties of soil property estimations.Analyses of allowable bearing capacity and footing influence zone in consideration of footing size and gravity effects could therefore improve the design of shallow foundations on the Moon and Mars,and provide new understandings and potential implications to the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on crushable granular material in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial geotechnical engineering.     

The ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip footings using slip-line method

Based on the limit equilibrium theory, an accurate approach is proposed to solve the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip footings under general conditions. The foundation soil is considered to be an ideal elastic-plastic material, which obeys the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, and is assumed to be an ideal continuous medium which is isotropic, homogeneous and incompressible or non-expansive. Through analyzing the relative motion and interaction between the footing and soil, the problem of the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip footings is divided into two categories. A minimum model with the total vertical ultimate bearing capacity as its objective function is established to solve the ultimate bearing capacity using the slip-line method with no need to make any assumptions on the plastic zone and non-plastic wedge in advance. A convenient and practical simplified method is also proposed for practical engineering purposes. Furthermore, the first category of the problem in the case of the same uniform surcharges on both sides of footings is the focus of the study: the applicable conditions of Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity equation as well as the theoretical exact solutions to its three bearing capacity factors are derived, and a new bearing capacity equation is put forward as a replacement for Terzaghi’s equation. The geometric and mechanical similarity principle is proposed by a dimensionless analysis. The results show that for perfectly smooth footings, the total vertical ultimate bearing capacity obtained by the present method is in good agreement with those by existing methods, whereas the existing methods underestimate the ultimate bearing capacity in the case of perfectly rough footings. The classic Prandtl mechanism is not the plastic failure mechanism of the ultimate bearing capacity problem of perfectly smooth footings on weightless soil.     

浅基础承载力离心模型试验研究

笔者利用容量为10gt的离心机对砂基上的浅基础进行了较为系统的试验,用以研究基础的尺寸、形状、埋深和砂土相对密度对浅基础承载力、承载力因数（Nr,Nq）、形状因数（ζr,ζq）及破坏型式的影响。笔者提出一种利用浅基础离心模拟试验资料确定浅基础的承载力因数和形状因数的方法。利用此方法确定的44T-4砂的承载力因数,形状因数与已有的各种理论解和试验解进行了对比。研究工作得出了一些有意义的结论。     

Load-settlement response of shallow square footings on geogrid-reinforced sand under cyclic loading

To study the settlement and dynamic response characteristics of shallow square footings on geogrid-reinforced sand under cyclic loading, 7 sets of large scale laboratory tests are performed on a 0.5?m wide square footing resting on unreinforced and geogrid reinforced sand contained in a 3?m?×?1.6?m?×?2?m (length?×?width?×?height) steel tank. Different reinforcing schemes are considered in the tests: one layer of reinforcement at the depth of 0.3B, 0.6B and 0.9B, where B is the width of the footing; two and three layers of reinforcement at the depth and spacing both at 0.3B. In one of the two double layered reinforcing systems, the reinforcements are wrapped around at the ends. The footings are loaded to 160?kPa under static loading before applying cyclic loading. The cyclic loadings are applied at 40?kPa amplitude increments. Each loading stage lasts for 10?min at the frequency of 2?Hz, or until failure, whichever occurs first. The settlement of the footing, strain in the reinforcement and acceleration rate in the soil have been monitored during the tests. The results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of the footings was affected by the number and layout of the reinforcements, and the increment of bearing capacity does not always increase with the number of reinforcement layers. The layout of the reinforcement layers affected the failure mechanisms of the footings. Including more layers of reinforcement could greatly reduce the dynamic response of the foundations under cyclic loading. In terms of bearing capacity improvement, including one layer of reinforcement at the depth of 0.6B was the optimum based on the test results. It is found that fracture of geogrid could occur under cyclic loading if the reinforcement is too shallow, i.e. for the cases with the first layer of reinforcement at 0.3B depth.     

Bearing capacity of square footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand

The results from laboratory model tests and numerical simulations on square footings resting on sand are presented. Bearing capacity of footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand is evaluated and the effect of various reinforcement parameters like the type and tensile strength of geosynthetic material, amount of reinforcement, layout and configuration of geosynthetic layers below the footing on the bearing capacity improvement of the footings is studied through systematic model studies. A steel tank of size 900 × 900 × 600 mm is used for conducting model tests. Four types of grids, namely strong biaxial geogrid, weak biaxial geogrid, uniaxial geogrid and a geonet, each with different tensile strength, are used in the tests. Geosynthetic reinforcement is provided in the form of planar layers, varying the depth of reinforced zone below the footing, number of geosynthetic layers within the reinforced zone and the width of geosynthetic layers in different tests. Influence of all these parameters on the bearing capacity improvement of square footing and its settlement is studied by comparing with the test on unreinforced sand. Results show that the effective depth of reinforcement is twice the width of the footing and optimum spacing of geosynthetic layers is half the width of the footing. It is observed that the layout and configuration of reinforcement play a vital role in bearing capacity improvement rather than the tensile strength of the geosynthetic material. Experimental observations are supported by the findings from numerical analyses.     

Effect of footing shape and load eccentricity on behavior of geosynthetic reinforced sand bed

This paper presents the results from a laboratory modeling tests and numerical studies carried out on circular and square footings assuming the same plan area that rests on geosynthetic reinforced sand bed. The effects of the depth of the first and second layers of reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers on bearing capacity of the footings in central and eccentral loadings are investigated. The results indicated that in unreinforced condition, the ultimate bearing capacity is almost equal for both of the footings; but with reinforcing and increasing the number of reinforcement layers the ultimate bearing capacity of circular footing increased in a higher rate compared to square footing in both central and eccentrial loadings. The beneficial effect of a geosynthetic inclusion is largely dependent on the shape of footings. Also, by increasing the number of reinforcement layers, the tilt of circular footing decreased more than square footing. The SR (settlement reduction) of the reinforced condition shows that settlement at ultimate bearing capacity is heavily dependent on load eccentricity and is not significantly different from that for the unreinforced one. Also, close match between the experimental and numerical load-settlement curves and trend lines shown that the modeling approach utilized in this study can be reasonably adapted for reinforced soil applications.     

Model testing and numerical investigation of interference effect of closely spaced ring and circular footings on reinforced sand

Due to heavy loads and the non-availability of suitable construction sites, engineers are often required to place footings at close spacing. These footings influence each other, including effects on load-settlement and bearing capacity behavior. In this research the bearing capacity of closely located ring and circular footings on reinforced sand has been investigated numerically and experimentally. The goal of this study is to evaluate the interference effect on the bearing capacity of adjacent circular and ring footings. Footings on reinforced and unreinforced sand have been investigated. In this research, interference effect of footings, shape effects, effect of spacing between footings and also the effect of reinforcement layer on the bearing capacity are studied. To achieve these objectives laboratory circular and ring footing models and also numerical models were used. Finite element computer code PLAXIS 3D Foundation was used for numerical modeling. Experimental and numerical analysis results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of two closely spaced circular and ring footings is greatest when they stand exactly beside each other and decreases with increase in the spacing to footing diameter ratio (Δ/D). It is found that for Δ/D > 4, the bearing capacity of each adjacent footing is almost the same as that for single footing. This means that for a center-to-center spacing greater than 4D, no significant interference effect was observed and each footing acted more or less independently, similar to a single footing.