建筑施工企业环境责任行为形成机理研究

作为项目建设主体，建筑施工企业履行环境责任对减少建筑生产活动带来的环境破坏、促进建筑业可持续发展具有重要作用。基于计划行为理论构建建筑施工企业环境责任行为分析模型。通过问卷调研收到197份有效数据，使用偏最小二乘法（PLS-SEM）分析数据。结果表明，建筑施工企业环境责任行为受到行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制的显著影响，其中主观规范是最重要的因素。研究结果对引导建筑施工企业履行环境责任具有重要参考价值。     

Effects of interpersonal relations on public sector construction contracts in Vietnam

Public owners and private contractors and consultants are expected to maintain arm’s length relationships with each other to avoid any accusation of corruption. In the context of public construction projects in Vietnam, this study examines: the relational contracting (RC) related behavioural patterns that lead to better interpersonal relations during the construction stage and at the end of the project among public project owners, and private contractors and consultants; and the extent to which better interpersonal relations affect project performance. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected from public owners and private contractors and consultants in Vietnam. Correlation analysis shows that there exist several behavioural patterns that significantly affect interpersonal relations among project team members during the construction stage and at the end of the project, and the general harmony during the construction stage. It was also found that cost performance is significantly correlated with project harmony level. Schedule performance is significantly correlated with interpersonal relations between project team members during the construction stage, and at the end of the project. The findings indicate the important role that interpersonal relations play in project outcomes and vice versa. The behavioural patterns that are found to be significantly correlated with harmony during the construction stage and/or relationships among project team members suggest that concrete actions may be taken by owners, consultants and contractors to improve relationships, and thereby improve cost and schedule outcomes. It is recommended that owners, consultants and contractors adopt some of the behavioural patterns identified.     

Construction sector concentration: evidence from Britain

For the first time, empirical estimates of concentration in the British construction sector are provided. The research adds value to published DETR/DTI data on the structure of British construction by applying a novel technique for estimating the concentration ratio proposed by McCloughan and Abounoori (MA) (2003). The MA method is applied because the data are grouped and simple summing of the largest market shares is not possible in this case. Results are provided on the trends in aggregate concentration (1971–99), concentration by main trades (1980–98) and concentration by specialist trades (1980–99). The first main finding is that aggregate concentration is low in British construction. This confirms the popular view, namely that construction is a fragmented sector, with the vast majority of private contractors operating at a small scale. The second main result is that concentration among main trades is also low. However, the same cannot be said of concentration among specialist trades – the third main result. The analysis shows that certain specialist trades (scaffolding specialists, asphalt and tar sprayers, constructional engineers, insulation specialists and demolition specialists) are relatively concentrated, even in the context of a national geographic market. These specialist trades experienced sharp rises in concentration in the latter half of the 1990s. The results suggest that the British construction sector is dynamic and comprises many diverse markets in terms of their levels and trends in concentration.     

Mitigating the health and safety influence of subcontracting in construction: The approach of main contractors

Subcontracting is noted for its adverse health and safety (H&S) influence in construction. Using interviews with five of the top 20 UK contractors and one medium-sized contractor, this study explored how main contractors manage the H&S influence of subcontracting with a focus on their in-house measures. Some in-house measures found are: restricting the layers of subcontractors on projects; working with a regular chain of subcontractors; implementing a H&S reward scheme for subcontractors; and insisting on non-working subcontractor foremen who have direct responsibility for the safety of workers in their trade. These measures appear to be influenced by clients, industry peer groups, and the moral justification for occupational H&S, and they offer inter-organisational learning opportunities for contractors in devising measures to mitigate the H&S influence of subcontracting. These findings should also allay concerns that removing some of the legislative hurdles in connection with on-going red tape debate will result in poorer H&S.     

Organization and governance in construction

Transaction cost analysis provides a viable theoretical perspective for the study of organization and governance in construction. The trilateral governance of a client, engineering consultant, and contractors commonly observed in industrial construction projects is detailed. The implications of a professional relationship between the client and the consultant and a clan-type relationship between the consultant and the contractors are discussed within the context of large construction projects.     

A framework for contractors to reach strategically correct bid/no bid and mark-up size decisions

In an effort to uncover the main factors that characterize the two distinct but sequential stages of bidding decisions, namely bid/no bid and mark-up size decisions, this study identifies the key determining factors and their importance weights by presenting survey findings of 80 contracting organizations from Northern Cyprus and Turkish construction markets regarding this issue. The framework presented in this study will serve as a basis for a knowledge-based system model which will guide the contracting organizations in reaching ‘strategically correct’ bid/no bid and mark-up size decisions. The proposed framework used a reasoning model, which went deeply into the heart of the decision-making process and helped to clarify the complex picture regarding the two sequential decisions. The results revealed that there is a distinct and significant difference in the importance assigned to the same key factors for the two separate decision processes. Furthermore, the study confirmed the fact that the factors related to ‘strategic considerations’ have a significant role in both of these decision processes. One of the most striking findings of this research was the distinct difference in approach of varying sizes of contractors to the overall issue. Hence, these results suggest that any model regarding bidding and mark-up size decisions should definitely differentiate among different sizes of contractors to reflect the approaches of the related contractors in a better manner. Furthermore, it was interesting to find out that the correlation between different sizes of contractors’ approaches was higher in the mark-up decision process compared to the bidding decision process. In spite of the fact that this study was based on input provided by certain types of contractors in Northern Cyprus and Turkish construction markets only, we believe that the overall approach, reasoning and findings of the proposed framework are of good value to contracting organizations in different construction markets throughout the world as well.     

A comparative study of top British and Chinese international contractors in the global market

While British contractors have one of the longest history and experience in the international construction market, Chinese contractors are relative newcomers where the global market is concerned. This study compares the performance of top British and Chinese contractors based on the OLI+S model, which incorporates the ownership (O), locational(L), internalization (I) and specialty (S) factors. The study suggests that the international involvement of top British contractors has declined from a peak in 1996, while that of the top Chinese contractors has grown steadily since the 1980s. All the OLI+S advantages of top British construction firms were higher than those of their Chinese counterparts even though the number of Chinese construction firms ranked in the top 225 international contractors by the US-based Engineering News Record was higher than that of the British firms. This study further recommends that the internalization and specialty advantages of top British firms and some of the ownership advantages of top Chinese firms may provide them with opportunities to work together in many areas.     

西北建筑业形势与展望

西北建筑业发展水平与该地区社会和经济发展水平基本适应.产业主要经济指标均低于全国建筑业平均水平,并且获利水平与其规模和生产能力之间存在较大差异,主要由产业内部细分行业结构缺陷导致.为适应"十一五"期间巨额固定资产投资所形成的西北建筑市场需求,西北建筑业应着力改进和完善内部细分行业结构,培育强势总承包企业,在不具备独立承包能力的先进项目上与区外企业开展联合承包,在优势领域拓展区外市场,改善建筑业行业和企业管理.     

The effects of shared vision on value co-creation in megaprojects: A multigroup analysis between clients and main contractors

Value co-creation is a new and important organisational strategy for addressing complex and fragmented practices in megaprojects. However, the existing literature rarely explores the influences of shared vision on value co-creation in megaprojects. Hence, this study aims to explore the relationship between shared vision and value co-creation, and the main factors that moderate it from the perspectives of clients and main contractors. The results reveal that shared vision can improve value co-creation and that its influence is moderated by requirements risk and dysfunctional competition, which serve as environmental and institutional factors. Specifically, for main contractors, requirements risk strengthens the positive effect of shared vision and value co-creation, whereas dysfunctional competition mitigates it. For clients, dysfunctional competition attenuates this relationship, while requirements risk exerts no significant moderating effect. This research contributes to the knowledge advancement and managerial implications of value co-creation for both clients and main contractors in megaprojects.     

工业化建筑产业链主体知识共享研究

为探究工业化建筑产业链上PC构件制造商和承包商的知识共享策略,运用演化博弈理论并结合系统动力学仿真分析相关因素变化对主体知识共享策略选择的影响。研究结果表明:产业链上企业进行知识共享的概率与激励系数和惩罚系数正相关,但过度的激励机制会带来不良的影响;与共享成本负相关,存在仅单方企业降低共享成本的系统最优解;与原始成本正相关,当一方企业为高原始成本另一方为低原始成本时系统趋于知识共享。该研究旨在协调产业链上PC构件制造商和承包商的知识协作,为促进工业化建筑产业链主体的知识共享提供新的理论指导。     

基于 EPC 总承包商视角的国际电建项目SWS-HE 管理体系研究

针对国际 EPC 电建工程模式下总承包商对项目 HSE 管理盲目和不系统的问题,基于总承包商视角分析了国际 EPC电建项目 HSE 管理的特点,界定了总承包商 HSE 管理的概念,解释了其内涵,并以我国安全生产标准化管理体系为核心,结合国际 HSE 管理的要求,建立了国际 EPC 模式下总承包商视角的 SWS-HE 管理体系,确定了在项目全周期过程中影响HSE 管理的 15 个一级指标和 110 个二级指标。同时,基于系统安全工程的思想,对戴明模型和霍尔三维机构模型进行整合,将管理过程、管理要素和管理参与者融入其中,构建了 SWS-HE 管理体系运行机制模型,实现了国际 EPC 模式下总承包商对项目 HSE 的全面、全过程、全员的动态提升管理和对危险有害因素的有效控制。并以工程实例说明了通过 SWS-HE 指标体系和运行机制的指导,能实现 EPC 总承包商对工程具体 HSE 管理工作的全面掌控。     

A hybrid life cycle assessment method for construction

Recent publicity shows a shift in the attitude of main contractors to subcontract procurement in the UK. However, a survey of the specialist contractors' sector shows that this impression should be approached with caution: the typical contractor - subcontractor relationship is still traditional, cost-driven, and potentially adversarial. Nevertheless, the co-existence of the two approaches is consistent with the institutional theory of organizational strategy.     

论建设单位在工程建设中的作用

随着我国工程建设市场的不断成熟和完善,法律法规的不断健全,在工程建设领域形成了以建设单位（项目业主）、设计、监理、施工承包等为主体的建设市场体系,而建设单位（项目法人）在工程建设全过程中起主导、决策作用,其素质直接关系到工程项目的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益,专业化的项目管理机构将应运而生。     

A comparative study on adopting human resource practices for safety management on construction projects in the United States and Singapore

Good project management outcomes include completing projects to an acceptable level of quality, within budget and on time. As construction accidents may cause project delays, safety management plays an important role in a project's timely completion. This study aims to undertake a comparative study of HR practices adopted for safety management on construction projects in the United States (US) and Singapore and to investigate the relationship between HR practices and construction safety management outcomes (severity and frequency of accidents). The research method included exploratory interviews and industry surveys of contractors in the US and Singapore by email and post. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Compared to Singapore contractors, the results show that US contractors' project management practices place significantly more emphasis on highlighting organizational safety values to new workers and taking working experience into account during the selection process. On the other hand, Singapore contractors place more emphasis on providing appropriate rest areas for workers. Many HR practices are significantly correlated with safety management outcomes. These include: taking age into consideration during selection process and giving feedback to workers about their unsafe behaviour. It is recommended that project managers adopt relevant HR practices that lead to more effective safety management on construction projects.     

建筑施工合同谈判技巧研究

指出建筑施工合同谈判的成效关系到工程能否顺利完成,关系到承包人的经济利益,就承包人在建筑施工合同签订过程中的谈判原则和技巧做了详细阐述,为建筑施工企业在签订建筑施工合同方面提供了参考。     

Factors influencing development of construction enterprises in Singapore

The literature stresses the importance of improvements in the effectiveness and efficiency of contractors if the construction industry is to fulfil its tasks in a cost-effective, timely and safe manner. Various factors are considered to be instrumental in the development of contractors. If the most important influencing factors in any country can be identified, measures can be taken to apply them in order to upgrade the contractors. The results of a study on the factors which have been important in the development of construction enterprises in Singapore are presented. A mailed questionnaire survey provided the basis for the study. The targeted respondents were local contractors, foreign contractors, and clients and consultants. It was found that the key factors could be grouped into four main categories: contractors' role; government's and institutions' help; practitioners' help and financial support; and clients' help. Recommendations are offered on measures which can improve the performance of contractors.     

建筑市场交易过程分析

完善建筑市场的交易功能是促进建筑业健康发展的中心议题.建筑市场交易包括主交易和从交易两种行为,主交易是实物交易,从交易是信息交易.建筑市场交易具有延时性和一次性的特点,为此具有独特的交易程序.建筑市场交易包括交易选择、交易确定和交易实施三个阶段,在各阶段业主和承包商面临不同的主要任务、问题和对策.完善建筑市场功能,上策是建立承包商自我约束机制,中策是建立可靠的建筑市场信号系统,下策是加强市场行为监督.     

Specialist contractors' approach to quality management in Sweden

The term 'specialist contractor' in Sweden refers to all contractors who are involved in the construction process, apart from the general contractor. About 12 organizations from eight groups or trades were selected for interviews and the results of those interested and complying with ISO 9000 was varied with the most common problems for the specialist contractors easily identified.     

Impact of crude oil market behaviour on unit bid prices: the evidence from the highway construction sector

It is well known that the cost of highway construction is affected by the cost of crude oil. While this relationship is highly visible for construction items such as asphalt cement (a by‐product in the process of refining oil), the effects of the crude oil prices on the cost of other construction items, such as concrete cement or construction operations are less direct, but equally important. For unit‐based contracts without price adjustment clauses, this relationship is of a particular significance. In fact, an increase in price of fuel could result in substantial losses, as contractors are not protected. Hence, to hedge against this risk, contractors are likely to incorporate a premium in bid prices to manage project risks. The objective of this paper is to investigate the evidence of this behaviour. New evidence shows that the expected change in oil prices (the difference between future and spot price) and the implied volatility in the oil market affect the price of bid items for contracts without price adjustment clauses. Such results allow for more effective implementation of risk management on project‐ and programme‐level basis.     

Systems analysis of project cash flow management strategies

Cash flow management is one of the most important determinants of the success of construction project management. Overdraft, retainage, financing, payment and billing policies constitute the most significant financial issues that contractors must plan, control and manage for the successful completion of construction jobs. Particularly, in an attempt to reduce project costs, contractors must balance cost savings of material discounts due to early payments and extra interest expenses because of additional overdraft. Through identifying feedback loops in project cash flows, a system dynamics model is developed for project cash flow management. The model is flexible to incorporate typical front‐end and back‐end loading cash flow management strategies and provides an interactive predication of project cash flows. A warehouse project is discussed to demonstrate how various cash flow strategies improve overdraft financing requirements and profitability. Especially, the analysis shows an 11% reduction on overdraft requirements while using an overbilling strategy, and 30% reduction if the trade credit strategy is implemented.