基于半动态淋滤试验的水泥固化铅污染黏土溶出特性研究

通过半动态淋滤试验,研究淋滤液pH分别为2,4,7时水泥固化铅污染土的溶出特性,以定量评价水泥固化铅污染土的环境安全特性。结果表明,当淋滤液初始pH为2时,试样中累积铅溶出质量约为pH为4和7时的47～106倍；而pH为4和7时累积铅溶出质量差别不明显。试样水泥掺量由12%提高到18%时,试样累积铅溶出质量降低了28%～68%,表明增大水泥掺量有利于铅的固定。通过对试验结果的理论分析,求算得出了铅扩散系数D_e；淋滤液初始pH=4,7时D_e很接近；而淋滤液初始pH=2时,D_e比pH=4或7时的D_e高约3,4个数量级；当水泥掺量由12%提高到18%时,试样D_e降低了约17%～99%。上述研究结果表明,强酸性淋滤液和水泥掺量明显影响固化污染土中铅溶出量和扩散系数。     

不同渗透压下固化铅污染土渗透性分析

采用水泥、粉煤灰与脱硫石膏混合形成的固化剂(CFG)对铅污染土进行固化处理,基于正交试验的方法进行渗透试验,研究铅离子浓度、养护龄期与不同渗透压对土体渗透特性的影响规律。结果表明:固化土的抗渗性都随铅离子浓度的增加而降低,随着渗透压的增加,试样的渗透系数在增加;极差分析得出,在养护龄期为14 d,渗透压为0.1MPa与0.2 MPa时,铅离子浓度是主要因素,与养护龄期为28 d时,对于土体渗透性则相反。     

淋滤条件下水泥固化铅污染高岭土的强度及 微观特性的研究

通过半动态淋滤试验,研究淋滤液初始pH=2,4,7时水泥固化铅污染土的强度、微观和钙溶出特性。无侧限抗压强度试验及钙溶出率（CFR_Ca）结果表明：半动态淋滤试验使试样无侧限抗压强度（q_u）较标准养护39 d试样降低了1%～42%；淋滤液初始pH=2时,CFR_Ca为pH=4或7时的2～7倍,而pH=4与7时q_u及CFR_Ca差别均不明显；水泥掺量由12%提高到18%时,q_u增大了35%～98%,CFR_Ca降低了40%～58%；固化铅污染土较固化未污染土,其q_u小50%～68%,而CFR_Ca大29%～175%。试样无侧限抗压强度比q_r（淋滤后试样q_u/标准养护39 d试样q_u）与CFR_Ca在双对数坐标下呈现良好线性关系：随CFR_Ca增大,q_r减小,说明钙的溶出是控制固化污染土/未污染土强度的主要因素之一。X射线衍射、扫描电镜及压汞试验结果表明,高浓度铅抑制水泥水化/火山灰反应,固化铅污染土与固化未污染土孔隙分布分别呈单峰和双峰特征,固化铅污染土中铅形成Si-O-Pb结合体、PbAl₂O₄、CaPbO₃等沉淀是铅固化稳定化的主要机理之一。     

水泥固化重金属铅污染土的强度特性研究

污染场地中开挖出来的污染土利用水泥固化处理（S/S法）后,其污染物质的淋滤特性和土体的强度得到改善,可用于场地的回填和堤坝的填筑等。针对该项技术,对水泥固化稳定后的重金属铅污染土的强度特性进行了研究。试验所用的铅污染土通过将硝酸铅溶液加入干土中人工制备而成,并考虑了不同铅离子含量和水泥掺量对水泥固化污染土强度特性的影响。试验结果表明：水泥固化污染土的无侧限抗压强度随着水泥掺量以及龄期的增长而提高;与常规水泥土（不含重金属污染物）强度相比,污染土中铅离子含量较低时,强度略有提高,铅离子含量较高时,强度显著降低;不同铅含量水泥土试样的应力应变关系均表现为强度越高,破坏应变越小;试样28 d龄期的变形模量与强度呈较好的线性对应关系。     

碱激发水泥固化稳定重金属污染土的强度和浸出特性试验研究

以固化重金属工业污染土为研究对象,采用两种碱激发水泥固化剂(A、B)对重金属污染土进行固化稳定处理。选用pH值、无侧限抗压强度试验、浸出和形态提取试验分别研究固化剂掺量和养护龄期对固化土强度、浸出及赋存形态的影响规律。强度和浸出试验结果表明:由火碱、偏高龄土或由消石灰、泡花碱组成的两种碱激发剂与普通硅酸盐水泥构成的固化剂(A、B)均可以改善污染土的强度特性,降低重金属Cd、Pb、As、Zn的溶出,随着固化剂掺量和养护龄期的增加,固化土A和B的强度、浸出及赋存形态均明显改善。但相同掺量和养护龄期条件下,固化土A的强度、溶出均好于固化土B。赋存形态试验结果表明:固化土A中Cd、Pb、As、Zn形态稳定性明显优于固化土B中的同类重金属,固化剂A可将污染土中的Cd、Pb、As、Zn从弱酸态向可氧化态和残渣态转化,而固化剂B可将污染土中的Cd、Pb、As、Zn从弱酸态向可还原态转化。固稳机制不同是固化土A、B的强度、浸出及赋存形态差异的根本原因。     

碳化作用对水泥固化/稳定化铅污染土渗透特性的影响

采用人工配制铅污染土的方法制备不同水泥掺量和不同铅浓度的土样,开展碳化前后水泥固化/稳定化铅污染土的渗透试验,并分析试样的宏观渗透系数和微观孔隙结构之间的内在联系。研究结果表明,水泥掺量增加会降低试样的渗透系数;水泥掺量为7.5%时,碳化作用下渗透系数提高;水泥掺量为15%时,碳化作用下渗透系数降低。铅浓度越高,试样的渗透系数越高,而碳化作用又会增大试样的渗透系数。水泥掺量增加会显著降低试样的孔隙率;碳化作用使得试样中孔径小于0.1μm的孔隙增多,大于0.1μm的孔隙减少。     

考虑压实度、掺灰量及养护龄期的石灰土强度经验预估公式

为探讨压实度、掺灰量及养护龄期和含水率对石灰土强度的影响,配制5%石灰的宿迁粘土,制样并在标准养护室养护7 d后进行无侧限抗压强度试验,分析了孔隙率、掺灰量及龄期、含水率对无侧限抗压强度的影响,并讨论了石灰土无侧限抗压强度的影响因素。试验结果表明,石灰土无侧限抗压强度随着压实度的增加而线性增加,随着掺灰量的增加近似线性地增加,随着固化时间的推移不同掺灰量的石灰土样呈不同幅度的增长,而含水率的变化并未对石灰土的无侧限抗压强度产生明显的影响。提出了一个能够综合反映压实度、石灰掺入量及养护龄期等因素对石灰土强度影响规律的综合表征参数,具有一定的工程意义。     

不同胶凝材料用量下自密实混凝土力学性能与氯离子扩散系数研究

文中针对不同粉煤灰用量及不同龄期下自密实混凝土抗压强度及氯离子扩散系数进行研究。结果表明,自密实混凝土抗压强度与养护龄期呈现正相关关系,氯离子扩散系数与养护龄期呈现负相关关系;3 d养护龄期和7 d养护龄期自密实混凝土抗压强度与粉煤灰掺量呈现负相关关系,氯离子扩散系数与粉煤灰掺量呈现正相关关系;28 d养护龄期自密实混凝土抗压强度与粉煤灰掺量呈现先上升后下降的相关关系,氯离子扩散系数与粉煤灰掺量呈现先降低后上升的相关关系,当粉煤灰掺量达到15%时,自密实混凝土抗压强度最高,氯离子扩散系数最低。由此可知,自密实混凝土龄期影响因子随粉煤灰掺量的增加呈现先提升后稳定的趋势,随养护龄期增加而降低。     

重金属Pb~(2+)污染土的渗透性能研究

通过对不同渗透压差下的Pb~(2+)污染土进行室内柔性壁渗透试验,研究不同Pb~(2+)污染浓度、养护龄期及渗透时间对重塑黄土渗透性能的影响。结果表明:当Pb~(2+)与土体反应时间较短时,污染浓度对渗透系数的影响较小,试样龄期为3d时,随着Pb~(2+)污染浓度的增加,渗透系数在低、中、高渗透压下变化规律不同,渗透压差对渗透系数的测定影响较大;在相同铅污染含量下,随着养护龄期加长,铅污染土的渗透系数先减小、后增大。     

酸雨入渗对水泥固化铅污染土淋滤特性的影响研究

以水泥固化铅污染土（Pb-CHMS）为研究对象，通过Batch淋滤试验和柔性壁土柱酸雨入渗试验，对Pb-CHMS在酸雨作用下的淋滤特性进行了研究。Batch试验结果表明，当酸雨pH=2.5时，滤出液pH显著降低，钙（Ca）浓度显著增加；铅（Pb）浓度则随pH降低而减小。柔性壁土柱酸雨入渗试验结果表明，Pb-CHMS渗透系数随渗透量和时间增加而降低，酸雨入渗导致渗透系数降低速率减缓；pH、Ca和Pb溶出量随渗透量降低；并建立了Pb-CHMS室内土柱酸雨入渗时间与所模拟的固化污染土体酸雨入渗时间的关系。     

水泥固化锌污染高岭土的淋滤试验研究

采用水泥作为固化剂对锌污染高岭土进行固化/稳定处理,采用TCLP淋滤试验对固化后养护7和28天的人工锌污染土的化学淋滤特性进行了研究。结果表明,当初始Zn2+浓度达到某一临界值之前,浸出液pH保持在10-12之间,超过临界浓度后,浸出液pH迅速下降至8以下;EC值随初始Zn2+浓度变化同样存在临界值,超过这一临界值后,浸出液的EC值迅速上升至7.8mS/cm以上;浸出液pH值随初始Zn2+浓度不同分布在6.7-11.6的范围内;在这一范围内,Ca2+和Zn2+浓度随pH值升高而降低;浸出液中,由水泥固化土中淋滤出的Ca2+与Zn2+为淋滤液中的主要离子成分。     

酸溶液淋溶作用下重金属污染土固化体浸出特性及机理

采用KH_2PO_4—水泥复合材料对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理,为了研究酸雨淋溶对铅污染土固化体浸出特性的影响规律及其机理,开展了不同KH_2PO_4添加量、浸出时间和淋溶液pH对Pb浸出行为的影响规律试验研究。探讨了铅污染土固化体浸出机理。结果表明,KH_2PO_4对铅污染土有良好的稳定作用。酸溶液淋溶作用下固化体中Pb的释放行为与pH直接相关,强酸作用下Pb的溶出量大。固化体中Pb的浸出也与浸出液pH相关,强碱性有利于Pb的迁移。浸出液pH与固化体中的碱性水化产物释放量有关。对于pH=2和5溶液,Pb的累积浸出率随时间呈线性变化,而对于pH=3溶液,Pb的累积浸出率随时间呈两阶段线性变化。固化体在pH=2溶液浸泡下,Pb的释放机理为溶解控制;对于pH=3溶液浸泡,机理则为先溶解控制再表面冲刷;而对于pH=5溶液浸泡,Pb的释放机理为扩散控制。     

Comparative value of phosphate sources on the immobilization of lead, and leaching of lead and phosphorus in lead contaminated soils

The mobility and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in soils can be mitigated by its immobilization using both soluble and insoluble phosphate (P) compounds. The effectiveness of insoluble P sources on Pb immobilization depends on their rate of dissolution which can be enhanced by phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). In this study, the effect of soluble (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) and insoluble (rock phosphate in the presence and absence of PSB) P compounds on the immobilization of Pb, and leaching of Pb and P was examined using both naturally contaminated (SR soil: NH₄NO₃ extractable Pb: 28.7 mg/kg, pH: 5.88, organic matter: 0.7%) and Pb spiked (AH soil: NH₄NO₃ extractable Pb: 42.7 mg/kg, pH: 5.23, organic matter: 10.9%) soils. Phosphate compounds were added at the rate of 200 mg P/kg and 800 mg P/kg for SR and AH soils, respectively. Soluble P treatment immobilized 80% and 57% of Pb in SR and AH soils, respectively. Insoluble rock phosphate immobilized 40% and 9% of Pb without PSB, and 60% and 17% with PSB in SR and AH soils, respectively. Lead leaching was the lowest when soils were amended with rock phosphate in the presence of PSB, which reduced Pb leaching by 36% for SR soil and 18% for AH soil compared to the control. The leaching of Pb increased when the soils were amended with soluble P because soluble P treatment increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of soil, thereby increasing Pb mobility. Soluble P treatment significantly increased P leaching and 9% of total added P was leached from low P retaining AH soil. The optimum level of P amendment is a critical issue when soluble P is used as a Pb immobilizing agent because of eutrophication resulting from excessive P leaching to surface and ground water. While the soluble P compound was effective in the immobilization of Pb, it resulted in P leaching which increased with increasing levels of P addition. However, rock phosphate amendment with PSB achieved the immobilization of Pb with a minimum effect on both Pb and P leaching.     

Abiotic properties of landfill leachate controlling arsenic release from drinking water adsorbents

In this study, As leaching from five arsenic bearing solid residuals (ABSRs) comprised of the iron hydroxide adsorbent Bayoxide E33 used in long-term operations was evaluated in leaching trials using California Waste Extraction Test (CalWET) and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Protocol (TCLP) leachate solutions, a landfill leachate (LL), and synthetic leachate (SL). The initial As loading of the media, which reflects the influence of source water chemistry and varying treatment conditions at the point of removal, strongly influenced the magnitude of As release. The chemical composition of the leachate also influenced As release and demonstrated the relative importance of different release mechanisms, namely media dissolution, pH-dependent sorption/desorption, and ion exchange. The CalWET solution, which partially dissolved the iron-based media, resulted in 100 times more As release than did the TCLP solution, which did not dissolve the media. The LL had a higher pH than the TCLP solution, and even though its organic carbon content was lower it tended to release more As. Tests with the SL were conducted to determine the influence of variations in leachate pH, phosphate, bicarbonate, sulfate, silicate, and natural organic matter (NOM). Release increased at high pH, in the presence of high concentrations of phosphate and bicarbonate, and in the presence of high NOM concentrations. For pH, this reflects the pH-dependence of sorption reactions, whereas for the anions and NOM, direct competition appeared important. Similar to the CalWET solution, excess NOM dissolved portions of the media thereby facilitating As release. In general, our results suggest that estimating As release into landfills will remain a challenge as it depends upon As loading, which reflects site-specific properties, and the composition of the leachate, which varies from landfill to landfill.     

盐度对浒苔渗沥液和城市污水联合处理效果影响

盐度是浒苔渗沥液和生活污水联合处理的主要限制因素.试验中采用SBR生物处理工艺对浒苔渗沥液和生活污水进行联合处理,并考察了浒苔渗沥液与生活污水混合比例对处理效果的影响.随着浒苔渗沥液投加比例的增加,盐度含量递增,结果表明：①当盐度低于3.2 g/L时,COD处理效果未受显著影响,当盐度高于3.2 g/L时,COD处理效...     

水泥固化重金属污染土的淋滤特性试验研究

固化稳定法是目前处理重金属污染土场地的常用方法之一。经过处理后的污染土,不仅在强度上有所提高,而且重金属污染离子亦能被有效固化稳定下来。目前,这方面的研究成果主要集中在固化污染土的工程性质变化方面,而对固化土中的重金属离子的滤出特性研究较少。通过系统的室内试验,以经水泥固化后的铅和锌污染土为研究对象,着重研究固化污染土中重金属离子的淋滤特性。试验结果表明:水泥固化重金属污染土后,随着固化剂掺量和养护龄期的增加,重金属的滤出率显著降低,并最终趋于稳定。在污染物掺量较低时,水泥对Pb2+的固化效果好于对Zn2+的固化效果;随着污染物掺量的增加,滤出液中Pb2+浓度的增幅要大于Zn2+浓度增幅。在污染物掺量较高时,水泥对Zn2+的固化效果好于对Pb2+的固化效果。     

Heavy metal stabilization in contaminated road-derived sediments

There is increasing interest in the stabilization of heavy metals in road-derived sediments (RDS), to enable environmentally responsible reuse applications and circumvent the need for costly landfill disposal. To reduce the mobility of heavy metals (i.e. Cu, Pb and Zn) the effectiveness of amendments using phosphate, compost and fly ash addition were investigated using batch leaching experiments. In general, phosphate amendments of RDS were found to be ineffective at stabilizing heavy metals, despite being used successfully in soils. Phosphate amendment resulted in enhanced concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which increased the solubilisation of heavy metals via complexation. Amendment with humified organic matter (compost) successfully stabilized Cu and Pb in high DOC leaching RDS with an optimum loading of 15-20% (w/w). Compost, however, was ineffective at stabilizing Zn. Increasing the pH by amending RDS/compost blends with 2.5-15% (w/w) coal fly ash resulted in the stabilization of Zn, Cu and Pb. However, above a pH of ∼ 7.5 and 8 enhanced leaching of organic matter resulted in an increase in leached Cu and Pb, respectively. Accordingly, the optimum level of fly ash amendment for the RDS/compost blends was estimated to be ca. 10%. Boosted regression trees analysis (BRT) of the data revealed that DOC accounted for 56% and 65% of the Cu and Pb leaching, respectively, whereas pH only accounted for ca. 18% of Cu and Pb leaching. RDS sample characteristics (i.e. metal concentrations, size fractionation and organic matter content) were more important at reconciling the leaching concentrations of copper Cu (27%) than Pb (16%). The most important parameter explaining Zn leaching was pH. Overall, the choice of a suitable stabilization agent/s depends on the composition of RDS with respect to the amount of organic matter present, and the sorption chemistry of the heavy metal of interest.