我国建筑业开展工程总承包的基本理论研究

本文从我国建筑业现状出发,运用西方经济学的理论,论证了大力开展工程总承包将形成建筑业新的经济增长点与增长力;从产业组织理论角度论证了大力开展工程总承包能在一定程度上改变我国建筑市场的过度竞争现状,优化产业资源配置;运用交易成本理论分析可知,大力开展工程总承包,能减少交易费用和提升建筑企业的竞争力.     

Governing the project process: a conceptual framework

There has been considerable development in a process approach in construction management research in recent years. However, such work begs the question of how those processes are governed. Processes, be they flows of information or materials, need to be channelled in the desired direction as they are handed from team to team. This paper aims to present a conceptual framework for understanding the governance of construction project processes, drawing on transaction cost economics. Earlier attempts to apply this theoretical framework in construction management research have been partial, in that they have focused on only one type of transaction, typically that between client and principal contractor. This paper aims to be comprehensive in covering all the different transactions throughout the project lifecycle within one conceptual framework, and thereby it is hoped that more incisive empirical research can be developed and executed.     

Owners managing the commercial interface on complex projects: A pluralistic theoretical perspective

Research on the commercial interface in inter-organisational projects has developed in recent years but still has weaknesses, principally due to its theoretical reliance on transaction cost economics (TCE). We address those weaknesses by providing an innovative intervention-based research (IBR) study of owner commercial strategy development for a complex project that goes beyond TCE to provide a pluralistic perspective. We show how this pluralistic perspective, which we dub the four forces model, provides the principles for the development of commercial strategy for managing the commercial interface by project owners. We then show how the owner's commercial strategy evolved in the face of capability constraints as it moved through the project lifecycle. We thereby contribute to theory and practice in project organising research first by situating the commercial interface between the owner and the supplier domains of project organising as a central concern in project organising research; second, by providing an empirical basis for the strategic management of the commercial interface by project owners; third by developing a pluralistic perspective on managing the commercial interface from a project owner point of view that moves beyond the current reliance on TCE theory; and fourth by introducing IBR as a novel research method.     

Framework procurement for highways maintenance in the UK: can it offer value for money for public-sector clients?

Framework agreements are emerging as a construction management tool used by public authorities to achieve value for money (VFM) services. This research aims to assess whether use of framework agreements for highways maintenance projects can result in significant improvement for performance outcomes and production and transaction costs during the construction phase. A single-case study was conducted to investigate outcomes set within the context of a major county council. Independent-samples t-tests of 164 framework and traditional discrete projects proved that there were significant improvements in performance outcomes in time (finish on time), cost (payment accuracy) and quality (defects and health and safety) resulted from the framework agreements. The independent-samples t-tests also identified significant improvements in total cost for engagement and performance monitoring but without significant changes in tender prices. Conclusions from this study support the use of framework procurement for local authority public-sector clients in highways maintenance, leading to significant improvements of performance outcomes and cost savings and hence VFM services to achieve optimal use of resources. Based on the case-study findings, an informed policy decision has been made between the county council and adjacent local authorities to implement an expanded framework agreement to cover a South East region.     

基于制度经济学的工程造价计价模式变迁分析

随着经济体制的变迁,我国的工程造价模式也处于不断完善的变迁过程中,为提高我国工程造价计价模式的质量,使之更好地适应和促进经济的发展,加强工程造价计价模式的理论研究是非常必要的.本文尝试在借鉴制度经济学相关理论的基础上,结合工程造价计价模式的变迁轨迹,从制度经济学的角度对我国的工程造价计价模式变迁进行了简要的分析.     

交易费用与工程交易机制系统化设计

建设工程交易过程一般可分为交易合同签订前和签订后两个阶段,相应地,建设工程交易机制主要包括工程招标机制和合同激励机制,鉴于不同子项机制之间存在内在联系,有必要从整体角度对建设工程交易机制进行系统化设计。以交易费用为分析工具和纽带,基于系统视角,将建设工程交易过程中的招标机制和激励机制纳入同一研究框架,构建了建设工程交易机制设计框架模型,并探讨了有待解决的难点问题,为丰富和发展建设工程交易理论和交易机制设计方法提供参考。     

Project organizing as a problem in information

One of the most influential perspectives in business and management has been the Carnegie School, represented by such luminaries as James March, Hebert Simon, Oliver Williamson and Zur Shapira. The perspective underpins much of contemporary organization theory and organizational economics. Yet there have only been limited attempts to apply it to the domain of construction economics and management. An important exception to this statement is the application of Williamson’s transaction cost economics to the governance of inter-firm relations in construction, but the opportunity is presently being missed for a more thorough-going application. The aim, therefore, is to suggest what such an application might look like and why it might be useful in stimulating new lines of research enquiry. The principal tenets of the Carnegie School are examined, as well as the central role of uncertainty and bounded rationality in those tenets. The contributions to organization theory of the Carnegie School are drawn upon to conceptualize project organizing as a problem in information, and suggest a new perspective on the microfoundations for that theory.     

The U.S. non-wood,non-metal primary building materials sector in flux: A sectoral analysis and a proposed materials development and innovation framework

An examination of the building materials sector raised two critical questions: Why do more firms in the building materials sector not attempt to directly gauge end-users' preferences? And, why do many materials producers employ self-limiting definitions of building materials? The sector was analyzed using transaction cost economics and network theory. A framework was then developed for materials development and innovation. The role of a key actor in the framework, the researcher, was illustrated through a materials study performed in a developing country. In concluding, it is suggested the framework could be used to expand the study, expand markets for the producer and strengthen producer–researcher links.     

Graham Ive and the methodology of construction economics

Graham Ive’s central contribution to our methodological debate was his insistence on the firm as the analytical unit. Ive argues we should reject theories if the aspect of construction we are examining does not satisfy the assumptions of a particular theoretical model. We see this in his rejection of neoclassical economic theories in the two topics discussed in this paper: the adoption of innovations in construction; and microeconomic analysis as it relates to price determination in the market for construction. The former requires studying not just participants in the building process, but also participants in the innovation process, and the latter uses post-Keynesian pricing theory where prices are set according to mark-up procedures and vary with costs, but not directly with demand. This is in contrast to the general equilibrium, perfectly competitive price setting of neoclassical economics. Ive and his collaborators show a way towards better research in their emphasis on theory and the insistence that for construction economics the analytical units are the industry and the firm, not the project. Ive’s concern is that the processes involved in organizing the production of buildings should be seen as a distinctive and defining element of our analysis of the industry.     

考虑交易费用的工程招标机制设计

针对我国建设市场的现状,从交易角度出发,研究考虑工程交易成本的招标机制设计.首先结合交易费用理论和工程交易的特点将工程交易费用分为合同前交易费用和合同后交易费用;然后根据合同后交易费用的大小对工程进行了分类;最后对不同类型工程设计不同的招标机制,即零交易费用的工程招标采用最低价中标机制,考虑交易费用的工程招标采用综合招标机制.考虑交易费用的招标机制设计可有效提高我国招标交易的效率,进一步完善招投标制度.     

Fuzzy Monte Carlo Simulation and Risk Assessment in Construction

Abstract: Monte Carlo simulation has been used extensively for addressing probabilistic uncertainty in range estimating for construction projects. However, subjective and linguistically expressed information results in added non‐probabilistic uncertainty in construction management. Fuzzy logic has been used successfully for representing such uncertainties in construction projects. In practice, an approach that can handle both random and fuzzy uncertainties in a risk assessment model is necessary. This article discusses the deficiencies of the available methods and proposes a Fuzzy Monte Carlo Simulation (FMCS) framework for risk analysis of construction projects. In this framework, we construct a fuzzy cumulative distribution function as a novel way to represent uncertainty. To verify the feasibility of the FMCS framework and demonstrate its main features, the authors have developed a special purpose simulation template for cost range estimating. This template is employed to estimate the cost of a highway overpass project.     

Deconstructing dynamic capabilities: the role of cognitive and organizational routines in the innovation process

A better understanding of innovation processes might lead to productivity improvements. By focusing on a specific, economically relevant sector (construction) and on a specific type of firm (small to medium-sized enterprises, SMEs), the dynamic capabilities framework is extended by clarifying the roles of cognitive and organizational routines in organizational innovation processes. Insights generated from an in-depth case study of a medium-sized construction firm reveal that dynamic capabilities might diminish the relevance of an explicit innovation focus, because such capabilities have the potential to trigger emergent, incremental innovations. Accordingly, for construction SMEs, a development, rather than research, mode of innovation appears relatively more critical, as manifested in conscious cognitive routines and functional/integrative organizational routines.     

A Meta-frontier method of decomposing long-term construction productivity components and technological gaps at the firm level: evidence from Malaysia

There is a need for a better approach to measure construction productivity rigorously, multilaterally, longitudinally and decomposed into its components. In response, this paper offers a robust approach to analysing construction productivity at the firm level that has been lacking in the industry to date, by measuring the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of 37 public-listed Malaysian construction firms over 14 years (2003–2016), based on the Färe-Primont index. In comparing different groups of building, civil and specialist construction firms, this is the first application of a meta-frontier framework to capture the technological gaps involved. Based on the construction firms’ financial data, it is found that TFP improvement generally occurs due to Technical Efficiency (TE) and Scale-Mix Efficiency (SME) (largely scope economies), and significant technological gaps exist among different groups. Moreover, the industry suffered a decline in technologically related production environment over the period – prompting the conclusion that long-term policy engagement should focus on technological improvements. The paper provides a robust approach to analysing construction productivity at the firm level that also can be used for accessing productivity components and technological gaps in construction and other industries.     

Bidding strategy to support decision-making by integrating fuzzy AHP and regression-based simulation

This study proposes a new bidding strategy to support decision-making that is based on a combined framework of the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and regression-based simulation. First, the FAHP method integrates the AHP with fuzzy set theory to determine the weights of factors that influence the cost of a project. Second, the integration of the cumulative distribution functions that are generated by the Monte Carlo simulation with a regression model yields bid amounts that correspond to various confidence levels. The proposed approach is used to analyze data on bridge construction projects that are taken from a database of the Taiwan Public Construction Commission. The systematic bid assessment model and the cost-probability curve can be used as strategic tools for quantifying project risks and calculating bids for construction projects.     

建筑企业的纵向一体化战略研究

研究国内建筑企业纵向一体化战略实施的理论依据和条件,在界定纵向一体化内涵的基础上,全面分析国内建筑企业生存所面对的市场环境及其所在行业特征,探讨建筑企业实施纵向一体化战略的必要性和可行性。并以中铁二局纵向一体化战略的实践为例,阐述了实施纵向一体化战略给国内建筑企业带来的收益。     

An industrial organization economic supply chain approach for the construction industry: a review

Understanding industries in terms of the concepts of chains, clusters and networks is becoming increasingly important in economies around the world. Supply chain management for an individual organization is an emerging field of research in the construction management discipline, but less attention has been devoted to investigating the nature of the construction supply chains and their industrial organizational economic environment. This selected review of construction and mainstream management supply chain literature is organized around four themes; distribution, production, strategic procurement management and industrial organization economics, and highlights the need to develop an industrial organization economic supply chain framework for construction. The merging of the supply chain concept with the industrial organization model as a methodology for understanding firm conduct and industry structure and performance is an important contribution to both construction supply chain and construction economic theory. Much of the industrial organization supply chain literature has tended to focus upon manufacturing industries, where typically firms are permanent organizations. This raises issues as to the differences between industries founded upon temporary compared with permanent organizations. There is potential for the development of an industrial organization methodology applicable to the project based industry. Ultimately industrial organization research seeks to have direct implications for industry performance and government policies.     

客户关系管理在建筑施工企业中的应用研究

建筑市场竞争的加剧使施工企业的利润减少,越来越多的企业开始把利润放在客户资源开发和客户关系的整合上。从建筑施工企业的角度界定了施工企业的客户、客户关系、客户关系生命周期和客户关系管理的相关概念,从交易成本理论和差异化战略两个角度分析施工企业实施客户关系管理的必要性,根据客户关系的生命周期建立了施工企业客户关系管理的过程模型。该模型旨在帮助施工企业在各个阶段更好的满足客户需求,规避客户风险,提高客户满意度。     

建设工程不同交易方式总成本比较研究

针对国内对建设工程不同交易方式的比较研究相对缺乏的现状,从交易费用理论出发,将建设工程总成本分为合同前交易费用、生产费用和合同后交易费用三个组成部分,建立建设工程交易方式总成本比较分析框架,并应用此框架对水利部太湖流域管理局第一个DB试验项目和相应等效的传统交易方式DBB进行实证分析。结果表明,该框架可为业主方选择恰当的工程交易方式提供科学的依据。     

“规模-绩效之谜”初探——谁动了建筑业的奶酪

从建筑业的特殊性入手,对"规模-绩效之谜",也就是我国建筑业的结构、行为与绩效之间的关系有悖于产业组织理论的现象进行了探索。构建了面向双重对象的分析框架,提出了基于绩效链的分析思路。分析结果表明,企业与项目之间关系不顺,体制、治理和管理之间的脱节,以及建设交易体制对国情的不适应,是造成我国建筑业规模不经济的主要原因。产业结构调整有必要尝试采用新的思路。     

建设项目评标中存在问题的技术解决方法

针对目前工程量清单招标中存在低于成本价竞标的问题,从技术与经济相结合的角度出发,基于资源优化配置理论和劳动定额制定原则,提出了施工资源评定法和劳动生产率评定法,以提高评标办法对报价合理性和可行性的评判,从而降低低于成本价竞标者中标的可能性,维护正常的招标投标秩序.