新疆石河子、伊犁产区酿酒葡萄果实矿质元素特征分析

为揭示新疆石河子和伊犁产区赤霞珠、美乐、西拉及马瑟兰酿酒葡萄果实矿质元素含量情况以及品种对于酿酒葡萄果实中矿质元素含量的影响,采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法（ICP-MS）法测定新疆石河子和伊犁产区的赤霞珠、美乐、西拉及马瑟兰葡萄浆果中Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu共7种矿质元素含量,并使用偏最小二乘法-判别分析（PLS-DA）进行分析。结果显示,两产区酿酒葡萄果实在成熟时均为K元素含量最高,石河子产区马瑟兰葡萄中K元素含量显著高于其他品种;伊犁产区美乐葡萄中Ca含量明显高于其他品种,其他矿质元素含量均在1 mg/g以下。石河子产区酿酒葡萄K元素在区分元素含量差异时贡献较大,伊犁产区酿酒葡萄则为K元素与Ca元素。     

葡萄酒中主要矿质元素的研究

对葡萄酒酿造过程中的矿质元素进行了系统的研究.结果表明,果皮中矿质元素的含量要高于果肉中的.在酿酒过程中,所有矿质元素的含量都在发生变化:K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe的含量有所上升,但是Cu、Zn含量稍有下降.不同矿质元素的含量因产区、种类及年份而不同.     

西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的含量测定及比较分析

摘 要：目的 分析西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的富集规律。本研究以西藏4个地市（拉萨、林芝、日喀则、山南）162份畜产品为研究对象。方法 采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法 (Inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP－MS) 法测定西藏4地市畜产品样品中的Na、Mg、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Sr、Cu、Zn、Se、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg等15种矿质元素含量。对其所含重金属元素进行测定分析,同时分析不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量的差异性。结果 各元素均呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数在0.9968~0.9999,畜产品中15种矿质元素检测方法的检出限为0.0000067~0.0638 mg/kg。不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的含量为 K、Na、Mg较高,Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu次之,具有潜在生理毒性的重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量较低。由4地市畜产品重金属元素检测结果得出,林芝和山南的畜产品中均未检出Cd;日喀则的畜产品中均未检出总As;拉萨和日喀则畜产品中Cd、总Hg均超标。矿物质中由矿质元素含量检测可知,含量最高的常量元素是K,含量均明显高于其它矿质元素,含量最高的微量元素是Fe,。此外,日喀则的畜产品中Mn元素含量均远高于其他它地市。并对不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量进行分析,明确西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量的差异。结论 西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量存在一定差异性。     

类乌齐牦牛肉矿质元素含量差异性分析

目的：分析西藏昌都市类乌齐县牦牛肉中矿质元素的含量差异性。方法：本研究以西藏昌都市类乌齐县(卡玛多乡、类乌齐镇、伊日乡、长毛岭乡、岗色乡、桑多镇、宾达乡、尚卡乡、甲桑卡乡、吉多乡)431份牦牛肉为研究对象。采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定牦牛肉中的K、Na、Ca、Mg、Se、Sr、Mn、Zn、Fe等9种矿质元素含量。分析不同地域、不同部位牦牛肉中矿质元素含量的差异性。结果：类乌齐牦牛肉不同部位矿质元素存在极显著差异(P<0.01)；类乌齐牦牛肉臀部肉中Ca、Se元素存在极显著差异(P<0.01),Zn、Fe元素存在显著差异(P<0.05)；类乌齐牦牛肉前腿肉中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Se、Mn元素存在显著差异(P<0.05)；类乌齐牦牛肉后腿肉中K、Mg、Se、Zn元素存在极显著差异(P<0.01),Na、Ca存在显著差异(P<0.05)；类乌齐牦牛肉里脊肉中K、Na、Mg元素存在极显著差异(P<0.01),Ca、Mn、Zn元素存在显著差异(P<0.05)；类乌齐牦牛肉腱子肉中K、Mn存在显著差异(P<0.05),Sr、Zn、...     

新疆6种辣椒籽中矿质元素测定及聚类分析

目的：分析不同品种辣椒籽中的矿质元素含量,并进行聚类分析,评价其营养价值。方法：采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry,ICP-AES)法测定Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、Na、K。结果：辣椒籽中富含多种矿质元素,常量元素K/Na、Mg/Na比值高,微量元素Fe含量最为丰富,Zn、Cu含量相对较少,Zn/Cu比值在2.01～1.36之间;从元素含量的角度进行聚类分析,6个辣椒籽品种可以分为两大类。结论：辣椒籽中矿质元素含量高,具有食品开发的价值。     

葡萄园土壤中铜、铁、锌、锰四种金属元素的分析与研究

采用湿法消解处理样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法检测河北昌黎葡萄酒产区5 个葡萄园土壤中的铜、铁、锌、锰4 种金属元素。并对比研究3 种葡萄、葡萄酒与葡萄园土壤中铜、铁、锌、锰4 种金属元素含量的关系。对不同葡萄园和同一葡萄园种植不同品种葡萄,其土壤中金属元素含量进行差异性分析。结果显示：葡萄园地理位置和微环境及所栽培的葡萄品种、树龄和架势不同,土壤中4 种金属元素含量不同,差异性显著。铁、锌、锰3 种元素在土壤中的含量与葡萄中的含量有一定关系。赤霞珠、美乐和西拉3 种葡萄的土壤中铜、铁、锌的含量与葡萄及其葡萄酒中相对含量规律相同,而锰不同。     

新疆葡萄酒产区土壤、葡萄叶、葡萄果实和葡萄酒中矿物质元素含量及其相关性分析

该研究以三个新疆葡萄酒产区（伊犁、和硕、石河子）的土壤、葡萄叶片、果实、葡萄酒为试验试材,应用原子吸收分光光度计分析对其中14种矿物质元素进行检测,并通过显著性分析、相关性分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）剖析这些矿物质元素在不同产区土壤、叶片、果实、葡萄酒中的含量及分布特点。结果表明,在同一产区土壤、果实、葡萄酒矿物质元素含量分布相似且具有相关性,在不同产区之间同种矿物质元素具有显著差异（P<0.05）,三个产区土壤中Ca、Al、Fe含量最高,叶片、果实、葡萄酒中K、Mg、Ca含量最高。伊犁产区的土壤和果实矿物质元素间具有极显著相关性（P<0.01）,果实中Mn元素与土壤中Fe、Mn元素呈现极显著负相关（P<0.01）。PLS-DA结果表明,土壤中矿物质基本可区分产地差异,葡萄叶、果实、果酒中的矿物质可以对三产区信息进行区分。     

慕萨莱思葡萄酒中13种常见金属元素及硒含量分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光度法测定阿瓦提慕萨莱思成品酒、红提葡萄原汁、实验室自酿慕萨莱思及酒泥中镁（Mg）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）、锌（Zn）、钙（Ca）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、镍（Ni）、铬（Cr）、钴（Co）、钾（K）、钠（Na）和硒（Se）14种元素含量。结果表明,慕萨莱思葡萄酒中富含Na、K、Fe、Mg、Ca和Se,其Pb、Cd和Cr等重金属元素均符合国家标准限量,但阿瓦提慕萨莱思葡萄酒中Fe含量显著高于实验室自酿慕萨莱思（P＜0.01）,为12.13～13.35 mg/L,已超出我国葡萄酒国家标准（≤8 mg/L）,但未超出新疆地方标准的限量（≤15 mg/L）。此外,酒泥中富含绝大多数金属元素和Se。由此,实验室自酿慕萨莱思的酿制工艺可有效降低Fe含量。     

艾佐迈对葡萄叶片中10种必需矿质元素和15种稀土元素的影响

近年来,艾佐迈（Azomite）作为一种矿质肥料被广泛应用于果树生产中。本文以赤霞珠、蛇龙珠、贵人香3个酿酒葡萄品种为试材,应用电热板消解．电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）技术分析施用艾佐迈对葡萄成熟叶片中10种必需矿质元素与15种稀土元素的影响。结果表明,未施肥的3个品种的叶片中必需矿质元素B、Mo、Mg、K、Mn、Ca、Ni、Cu、Zn均有明显差异,但稀土元素差异不明显;施用艾佐迈肥料可不同程度地提高叶片中必需矿质元素和稀土元素的含量;品种间的比较分析显示,3个葡萄品种对不同必需矿质元素的吸收能力存在着明显差异,但对稀土元素的吸收差异并不明显。     

ICP-MS法测定云南野生茯苓中矿质元素含量

建立微波消解电感耦合等离体质谱（inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP-MS）法测定云南野生茯苓中Li、Mg、K、Ca、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Rb、Sr、Cs、Pb 15 种矿质元素的分析方法,研究云南野生茯苓中矿质元素的含量分布特征。使用ICP-MS法对采集自云南省28 个地区野生茯苓样品中15 种矿质元素进行定量分析,并采用SPSS进行主成分分析,相关性分析和聚类分析对测定结果进行评价。结果显示,元素线性回归方程的相关系数r均大于0.999 0,15 种测定元素均在推荐值（真实值）范围内,其相对标准偏差均小于8%,表明该方法具有较好的准确度和精密度,适用于云南野生茯苓中矿质元素的测定。所测试野生茯苓中含有丰富的矿质元素,其中Ca（925.79 μg/g）、K（370.42 μg/g）、Mg（115.20 μg/g）和Fe（115.80 μg/g）的含量较高,有毒重金属As（0.04 μg/g）和Pb（0.20 μg/g）的含量均未超出GB 2672-2012《食品中污染物限量》及联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织关于有毒重金属限量标准。主成分分析结果显示前4 个主成分可以解释全部变量信息的77.55%,得出云南野生茯苓的特征元素为V、Fe、Li、As、Cs、Cr、Pb、Sr、Ca、Mn。聚类分析将所测元素分为3 类,其中Fe、V、Li、Cs、As、Cr、Pb聚为一类,K、Rb、Zn、Mg、Cu、Mn聚为一类,Ca、Sr聚为一类,元素之间的相关性和聚类分析结果与主成分分析的结果一致。不同产地茯苓样品的聚类分析结果表明,样品中矿质元素均存在很大差异,这可能是野生茯苓样品中矿质元素含量受云南地形地貌,气候特征影响较大。     

Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds

Eleven species of macroalgae (including four species from commercially important genera) were analysed for moisture, ash, fat, protein, neutral detergent fibre, crude fibre, calorific value, and calcium content. At the extremes of the nutritional values, Corallina officinalis had low calorific value (2.7 ± 0.3 MJ kg⁻¹), high ash content (77.8 ± 0.2% dw), low protein (6.9 ± 0.1% dw) and high calcium content (182 ppm); whereas the exploited Porphyra sp. had high calorific value (18.3 ± 1.8 MJ kg⁻¹), low ash content (9.3 ± 0.2% dw), high protein (44.0 ± 1.2% dw) and low calcium content (19.9 ppm). The other species considered had intermediate values, but tended to be more similar to Porphyra than to Corallina. When possible our data were also compared with those of other workers; they were found to be broadly similar.     

Optimisation of the pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration of cladodes of fodder palm

Fodder palm, a great source of nutrients for human and animals, grows even in arid climates. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration is an efficient process for obtaining semidehydrated food. It was used to slice cladodes of fodder palm. The independent variables used were temperature (30–50 °C), pulsed vacuum pressure (50–150 mbar) and NaCl concentration (5–15 g per 100 g solution). The response variables were water activity (a_w), moisture content (X), colour parameters, water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR). The pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration process was optimised for minimum values of a_w, X and SG, and maximum values of chroma. The experimental data obtained with the optimum condition (100 mbar; 10 gNaCl per 100 g solution, 44 °C) were near the estimated ones. For example, WL, a_w and ?E, and their error were 8.15 g per 100 g, 11%; 0.985, 0.3% and 6.15, 15.2%, respectively.     

Influence of type of muscles on nutritional value of foal meat

The effect of type of muscle on nutritional characteristic (fatty acid profile, amino acid content, cholesterol and major and minor mineral) of foal meat was investigated. Six muscles: longissimus dorsi (LD), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris (BF), triceps brachii (TB) and psoas major & minor (PM) from twelve foals slaughtered at 15 months from an extensive production system in freedom regimen were extracted for this study. Horse meat is characterized by low fat, low cholesterol content, rich in iron and in vitamin B. Statistical analysis showed that the cholesterol content did not show significant differences (P > 0.05) among muscle with mean value range between 0.62 and 0.57 mg/100 g. Most fatty acid presented significant differences (P < 0.05) with respect to the type of muscle. The obtained results showed that except for the polyunsaturated linoleic acid, the highest contents of fatty acids were found in the hindquarter muscles. Regarding amino acid profile, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among muscles and our results indicated that, 100 g of foal meat covered from 80.6 to 86.7% for the daily requirement for an adult man weighing 70 kg for essential amino acids for ST and LD muscles, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P = 0.050) for the EAA (essential amino acids) index, which was highest for TB muscle, followed by BF and SM muscles, while the lowest values were reported by ST muscle. Finally, foal meat seems to be a very good nutritional source of major and minor minerals. The higher nutritional value of foal meat will be of great importance in the promotion of this meat.     

Comparison of Properties of New Sources of Partially Purified Inulin to Those of Commercially Pure Chicory Inulin

Newly developed inulin powders were prepared from roots of Asparagus falcatus (AF) and Taraxacum javanicum (TJ) plants grown in Sri Lanka. Inulin content, analyzed by enzymatic spectrophotometric as well as high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods, showed that AF and TJ inulin powders contain 65.5% and 45.4% (dry wt) inulin, respectively, compared with 72% dry wt in the commercially available chicory inulin. Treating the AF and TJ inulin powders using ion exchange techniques significantly (P < 0.05) reduced their contents of micro (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) and macro (Na, K, Ca, Mg) elements. Enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin into fructose and glucose by fructanase, and FT‐IR analyses proved that the developed AF and TJ inulins have characteristic molecular composition similar to commercial inulin. TJ inulin contained significantly (P < 0.05) greater amounts of total phenolics (4.37 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (2.79 mg QE/g), and antioxidant capacity (833.11 mM TE/g) than AF inulin, which contained 1.33 mg GAE/g of total phenolics, 0.43 mg QE/g of total flavonoids, and 406.26 mM TE/g antioxidant capacity. The current study suggests that the newly developed inulin from AF and TJ roots could be used as an alternative commercial source of inulin for the food industry.     

Effects of rapid chilling of carcasses and time of deboning on weight loss and technological quality of pork semimembranosus muscle

The effect of rapid air chilling of carcasses in the first 3 h of chilling at −31 °C (then at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) and the possibility of earlier deboning (8 h post-mortem) after rapid air chilling, compared to conventional air chilling (at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) on weight loss and technological quality (pH value, tenderness, drip loss, cooking loss and colour - L^*a^*b^* values) of pork M. semimembranosus was investigated. Under the rapid chilling conditions, weight loss was 0.8% at 8 h post-mortem and increased to 1.4% at 24 h post-mortem when weight loss was 2.0% under conventional chilling. Carcasses that were rapid chilled had significantly lower (P < 0.001) internal temperature in the deep leg at 4 (25.7 °C), 6 (13.0 °C), 8 (6.2 °C) and 24 h (3.8 °C) post-mortem compared to conventional chill treatment (32.7, 24.2, 19.1 and 5.1 °C, respectively). Rapid chilling reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the rate of pH value decline at 8 h (6.02) post-mortem in M. semimembranosus compared to conventional chill treatment (5.88). Compared to conventional chilling, in M. semimembranosus deboned in different time post-mortem, rapid chilling had a positive significant effect on drip loss (P < 0.05, muscles deboned 8 h post-mortem), cooking loss (P < 0.001) and incidence of pale colour (L^* value). Rapid chilling i.e. rapid chilling and earlier deboning had neither positive nor negative significant effects (P > 0.05) on other investigated technological quality parameters of M. semimembranosus (tenderness, a^* value and b^* value) compared to conventional chilling.     

Use of tea extracts for inhibition of polyphenoloxidase and retardation of quality loss of Pacific white shrimp during iced storage

Green tea and mulberry tea powder with and without prior chlorophyll removal were extracted with water and ethanol (800 mL L⁻¹). Extraction yield and total phenolic content of green tea extract were higher than those of mulberry tea extract, regardless of extraction media (P < 0.05). Extracts from green tea with and without prior chlorophyll removal showed the higher polyphenoloxidase (PPO) inhibitory activity, compared with mulberry tea extract, at the concentration used (0.1, 0.5 or 1 g L⁻¹). Additionally, green tea extracts had the higher reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and copper chelating activity, compared with mulberry tea extract (P < 0.05). Ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal contained (+)-catechin (C), (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) at the levels of 242, 33.4, 125.6, 140.6 and 25.2 g kg⁻¹ dry extract, respectively. Whole white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal at concentrations of 5 and 10 g L⁻¹ and stored in ice for up to 12 days had the lower psychrophilic bacterial count and lipid oxidation, compared with the control and shrimp treated with 12.5 g L⁻¹ sodium metabisulfite (SMS) (P < 0.05). Shrimp treated with 5 g L⁻¹ ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal possessed the lower melanosis, compared with the control, and showed similar score to those treated with SMS (P > 0.05). Furthermore, ethanolic green tea extract with prior chlorophyll removal had no adverse impact on sensory attributes of treated shrimp.     

Evaluation of rheological properties of date syrup

Rheological behavior of date syrup is an important factor affecting the efficiency of sugar production and refining processes such as boiling, crystallization, separation and pumping. A rotational viscometer was used to characterize the flow behavior of date syrup solution at four different temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C) and four concentrations (17, 24, 31 and 39 °Brix). The samples were subjected to a programmed shear rate increasing from 10 to 100 s⁻¹ in 2 min, held constant at 100 s⁻¹ for 10 min and linearly decreasing to 10 during 2 min. The power law model was fitted to shear stress vs. shear rate data to obtain the consistency coefficient (m) and the flow behavior index (n). Both m and n were sensitive to changes in temperature and concentration. The apparent viscosity increases with increasing concentration of date syrup and a decrease in temperature.     

DMA thermal analysis of different parts of potato tuber

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was applied to three potato tissues (‘cortex’, ‘pith’, and ‘side’ surface) of two cultivars (more waxy ‘Nicola’ and more mealy ‘Saturna’) in temperature scans in the range 30–90 °C and constant air humidity of 90%. The obtained scans indicate peaks in both storage and loss module of elasticity (SM and LM, respectively) at temperatures higher than 70 °C – so called ‘starch’ peak (SP) – as was observed previously. The peak value increase with increasing potato dry matter (DM) content, below DM content approximately 14% no SP is observed (‘Nicola pith’). Slope analysis of the basic parameters: SM, LM, and loss tangent (LT) was performed and further characteristic points on the temperature plots were found: (i) in temperature range A (30–40 °C) maximum of SM and LM and minimum of LT, (ii) in temperature range B (40–50 °C) minimum of SM and LM slopes corresponding to point of inflection on SM-T and LM-T plots, (iii) at about 50 °C, big peak in LT in side tissue only, (iv) at about 70 °C just prior the ‘starch’ peak, big peak in LT that is more marked in ‘pith’; this peak denoted as ‘I’ influenced the ‘starch’ peak ‘II’. It was found that both cultivar and part of the tuber influences the DMA temperature plots.