基于BIM的模块化设计方法在装配式建筑中的应用

目前我国住宅产业化的发展水平仍处于初级阶段,传统的设计方法和生产方式制约了住宅产业化的发展,改变传统的设计方式,降低建筑产业化成本,成为首要任务。在预制装配式住宅设计中采用基于BIM的模块化设计方法,将传统住宅产业中的施工图设计和拆分深化设计过程合并,优化设计流程,提高设计效率。通过对预制构件设计、生产及施工企业的详细调研以及对模块化BIM应用的分析研究,提出一种适用于装配式建筑基于BIM的模块化设计方法。把模型单元用“搭积木”的方法进行拼装设计形成整体建筑模型,这种方法提高了设计效率,节约了设计成本,进一步完善了整个建筑产业化的生产链。     

Assessing the capability of construction processes to realize building designs

The capability of processes should be assessed during their development. If assessment reveals that a process is not capable of meeting design requirements, that process should be improved until reassessment indicates that it is capable. This proactive approach can radically reduce non-conformances. Existing methods of assessment depend upon the sampling of process data. Such methods are well-established and well-documented. They provide the foundation for statistical process control (SPC) and can be applied to most processes including those used in the construction of buildings. However, there are several reasons why sampling data to assess construction process capability can be extremely difficult. In this paper, the limitations of existing assessment methods are outlined. Then, a new assessment method is introduced and results from a preliminary field study are reported. Next, the key features of the new method are discussed. In conclusion, guidelines for its successful introduction are provided.     

基于BIM的虚拟设计技术在北京坊项目中的实践

本文运用建筑信息模型BIM(Building Information Modeling),研究了虚拟设计、虚拟施工以及基于虚拟模型的算量技术,通过探讨BIM相对于二维CAD图纸的优势,阐明了BIM虚拟设计技术对建筑工程行业的革命性作用,采用BIM协同设计技术,提升了各专业人员间的协同、节省了建筑成本,并将其运用于大栅栏北京坊大型工程项目实例,展现了虚拟设计、虚拟施工及项目管理过程,以改善设计质量和建筑性能,优化和完善设计方案。     

Addressing construction worker safety in the design phase: Designing for construction worker safety

Facility designers can positively influence construction site safety by integrating safety considerations into the design process. Although their potential influence on safety has been documented, designers typically lack knowledge of and limit their involvement in construction worker safety. This research effort involved the accumulation of suggestions for improving construction worker safety while in the design phase. Using these design suggestions, a design tool has been developed to assist designers in identifying project-specific safety hazards and to provide best practices to eliminate the hazards. Although use of the design tool is voluntary in the United States, it is one resource which can be used by designers to fulfill their obligations required by the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations in UK.     

Determining the causal structure of rework influences in construction

One of the most perplexing issues facing organizations in the construction industry is their inability to become quality focused. As a result sub-standard products and services often emanate, which inadvertently result in rework. Typically, rework is caused by errors made during the design process. These errors appear downstream in the procurement process and therefore have a negative impact on a project's performance. The lack of attention to quality, especially during the design process, has meant that rework has become an inevitable feature of the procurement process, and the costs have been found to be as high as 12.4% of total project costs. Such costs could be even higher because they do not represent schedule delays, litigation costs and other intangible costs of poor quality. To reduce the cost and effect of rework, an understanding of its causal structure is needed so that effective prevention strategies can be identified and the effects of rework reduced or eliminated. A case study approach based upon deductive and inductive reasoning is used to identify the major factors that influence rework in projects. From the findings and with reference to recent literature, the concept of system dynamics is used to develop a series of influence diagrams, which are then integrated to develop a conceptual causal loop model that is used to determine the overall causal structure of rework. Once an understanding of the causal structure of rework events has been acquired, effective strategies for rework prevention can be designed and implemented in order to improve project performance. This paper contributes to study of quality in construction by capturing the complexity and dynamism of those factors that influence rework and project performance in a holistic manner.     

面向全站信息模型的变电构架集成设计软件

随着电网工程技术的不断进步,全站信息协同的要求越来越迫切。为研发具有自主知识产权的变电构架集成设计软件,并面向全站信息模型(Building Information Modeling,BIM)实现各专业间的设计协同工作,选用ObjectARX技术在AutoCAD平台上进行二次开发,建立了针对变电构架结构设计的3DPtower软件。软件实现了变电构架的有限元分析、规范校核等功能,并通过工业基础类(1ndustryFoundation Classes,IFC)数据接口实现了工程模型的数据交换;软件基于设计结果可完成信息模型(BIM)的三维实体的数字拼装;可完成复杂钢节点的参数化造型和编辑技术;实现了基于BIM的结构材料信息、加工信息、造价信息等的建筑工程数据管理,以及BIM与施工图、加工图的实时、一致性关联。某特高压变电站项目的应用说明,该变电构架集成设计软件实现了信息模型的理念,成为变电全站信息协同有力的技术支撑,提高了工程设计效率。     

从设计控制到设计行动 深圳城市设计运作的价值思考

深圳城市设计运作的路径演变是一个与城市发展高度契合的演变过程。文章阐述了深圳城市设计工作从空间控制工具,转变为发展策略,到如今进入存量用地再开发的时期,更加注重提升城市空间的质量和细节品位的演进过程。城市设计让城市更加有趣和有活力,而不是将城市变成只能鸟瞰的图案或是生产和消费的机器,这种价值观念的转变过程,或许对中国其他城市的城市设计管理有些许借鉴意义。     

BIM 技术在城市地下综合管廊中的应用价值分析

基于城市地下综合管廊的特点,系统分析了 BIM 技术在地下综合管廊的规划、设计、施工、管线入廊,以及后期运维等阶段的城市地下综合管廊全寿命周期中的应用价值。研究发现,利用 BIM 技术可以提高综合管廊协同设计效率,降低管道设计误差,优化施工方案,确定最佳施工工序及管线入廊方案,提高地下综合管廊的施工质量和安全管理水平,节约管廊运营维护成本,有效提高地下综合管廊的设计、施工和维护的效率。     

预应力空间网格结构张拉全过程的反馈控制研究

预应力张拉是确保预应力空间网格结构实现预期设计状态的关键,但施工误差的随机变异影响了张拉过程的可控性。为此,提出一种预应力空间网格结构张拉全过程的反馈控制方法。在考虑施工材料参数与几何参数误差的基础上,首先对基准结构模型进行概率有限元分析,获取误差结构响应与预张力控制方案的样本对;然后利用BP神经网络的非线性映射功能,以概率有限元分析结果为训练样本,构建结构响应与预张力控制值的关系模型;在实际的多阶段张拉过程中,基于前一阶段的实测结构响应数据,利用构建的神经网络关系模型预测下一阶段的张拉控制力。利用ANSYS软件的概率设计模块与MATLAB软件的神经网络工具箱,编制了反馈控制的实现程序,并针对预应力弦支穹顶结构的数值算例进行模拟分析。结果表明：利用建议的方法能够实现对预张力控制方案的动态调整,确保结构张拉完成时实现预期设计目标。利用一3 m跨弦支穹顶模型,通过误差可调节点对结构施加节点安装误差,基于实测结构杆件内力与节点位移,对结构模型的径向索张拉过程进行了索力反馈控制试验。结果表明：施工误差影响下,结构张拉完成时径向索力达到目标预应力值,验证了反馈控制方法的有效性。     

情感与理性 关于北京首都机场T3航站楼项目（合作）设计的解读及思考

文章通过对北京首都机场T3航站楼的设计解读,着重分析了设计中所采用的一些技术手段和方法,进而也提出了对当前的设计环境与合作设计模式之价值的思考。     

建筑策划的国内外研究动态

随着社会发展的现代化、产业结构的复杂化、城市建设的扩大化和建筑技术的高技化,投资行为更讲究合理性和时效性,因此,在基本建设过程中增加“建筑策划”环节,是顺应中国国情的必然结果。本文首先对建筑策划的国内外研究动态进行扼要的介绍,其次阐明了建筑策划与建筑设计中前期设计的关系,最后提出了在基本建设过程中增加建筑策划环节使得建筑设计更具科学性、投资行为更为高效率的学术观点。     

Object oriented modeling: Retrospective systems information model for constructability assessment

Object oriented modeling (OOM) has become an integral part of the design process in construction due to advances in computer software. Despite these advances there remains a tendency for Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) to be used as the medium to assist in the creation, modification, analysis and optimization of Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) systems within heavy industrial engineering projects. In this paper, a retrospective OOM (i.e., Systems Information Model (SIM)), for the E&I systems of a utility facility, which was constructed for an Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor for the purpose of undertaking a constructability assessment prior to the commencement of construction is presented and discussed. The CAD drawings and cable schedule produced by the EPC were provided to an E&I organization to undertake a constructability assessment; errors, omissions and information redundancy were identified and quantified. The SIM model was then used to examine a tender proposal from a construction subcontractor (CS) of the EPC; discrepancies were identified and it is suggested that differences arose due to the prevailing errors and omissions. The potential use of a SIM during construction as a quality assurance/control (QA/QC) is then examined, as it is suggested that it can be used to ensure the development of an ‘As-built’ model and provide a realistic representation of the constructed asset, which safeguards its integrity for operations and maintenance.     

Error modeling for an untethered ultra-wideband system for construction indoor asset tracking

This paper analyzes the performance of an ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless network system for mobile asset tracking at a dynamic construction site. Static and dynamic error tests were performed on a commercial UWB system in different building spaces including open/closed spaces, steel/wood framed construction sites, and a closed office area. All tests were carried out with an untethered UWB configuration for more flexible deployment of the UWB system at construction sites. Statistical approaches including regression analysis, outlier detection, and Kalman filtering were used to build an error model. The research found that each site has a unique pattern of producing errors caused by various types of interference, e.g., electromagnetic interference, multi-path propagation, fading and scattering of signals. Approximately 25% of the errors were reduced by using the proposed error modeling process. The paper concludes that a statistically developed error model process can significantly reduce random errors and improve position accuracy for indoor mobile asset tracking applications in construction.     

边角地的窘迫和风景--温州九山湖公园"竹溪佳处"的设计与施工

通过对一公园内狭窄谷地的景观设计,指出由于园林设计直接在大地上进行这一特性,故应在设计中特别强调与场地条件的结合及与施工过程的紧密结合.     

Analytical design planning technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process

Current planning practice takes little account of the interdisciplinary, iterative nature of the building design process. This leads to a compromised design process containing inevitable cycles of rework together with associated time and cost penalties in both design and construction. The analytical design planning technique (ADePT) is a planning methodology which helps to overcome these difficulties. The central part of ADePT is a dependency structure matrix (DSM). This paper describes DSM techniques and a tool developed to optimize the design process.     

校园整体设计的整合方法——简述云南昭通师范专科学院新校区设计导则

校园设计导则作为基本原则贯穿校园设计的策划、规划到建筑单体设计程序,是整合校园整体设计的重要方法。本文以云南昭通师范专科学院新校区设计导则为例,详细介绍了其系统制定方法。     

车辐式张拉结构施工随机误差敏感性研究

深圳市宝安体育场屋盖结构为车辐式张拉结构,目前拟采用定尺定长设计与张拉的施工方法.在索系结构的张拉施工过程中,各种类型的构件会产生不同的制作与安装误差.这些误差对结构的位形与力学性能影响,涉及到误差影响的敏感性分析.针对宝安体育场屋盖结构,提出一个误差敏感性判定指标,对其施工过程中可能产生的各种误差进行敏感性分析,包括各类拉索的误差与外环梁误差等.通过对屋盖结构在各类随机误差同时存在下的结构力学性能研究发现,当构件加工与安装等各环节的精度满足一定条件时,宝安体育场屋盖结构能够抵抗各种随机误差造成的不利影响.     

Reviewing the past to learn in the future: making sense of design errors and failures in construction

Design errors can severely jeopardise safety and contribute to failures in construction and engineering projects. Such failures can have devastating economic, environmental and social consequences. Significant efforts have been made to reduce the incidence of failures through learning from previous disasters and events by modifying building and engineering codes and standards accordingly. Design errors, however, remain an innate feature of construction and engineering projects despite the considerable amount of knowledge that has been accumulated to date. Most errors are identified during construction and require rework, but there is always a potential for some to remain undetected and contribute to failure, and as a result potentially contribute to accidents and loss of life. An examination of the literature research suggests that a series of pathogenic influences contribute to errors and failure. Thus, this paper article examines the circumstances and issues that contributed to a series of construction and engineering failures to enable development of a learning framework that can be used to mitigate design errors and potential failures and accidents.     

钢筋混凝土箱型梁桥的模架体系施工方案设计

碗口式脚手架已在城市桥梁工程中得到广泛的使用,其在大跨度混凝土箱型桥梁的施工中既可有效提高施工的安全性又能缩短施工周期。本文通过工程实例,详细阐述了钢筋混凝土箱型桥梁的模板支撑体系的设计过程,并验证了设计的合理性。     

Design error management: interaction of people,organisation and the project environment in construction

Design errors can have a negative impact on the cost, schedule and safety performance of construction projects. They can also have an adverse effect on an organisation's profitability, as additional work requires resources and time to rectify the error that has occurred. The reduction (i.e. measures designed to limit the occurrence of failures) and containment (i.e. measures designed to increase the detection and accelerate the recovery of errors) of design errors can therefore ameliorate organisational and project performance as well as improve safety. A systemic framework that classifies design error reduction and containment strategies according to people, organisation and project is propagated. It is suggested that when people, organisational and project strategies are implemented, incongruence then the propensity for design error reduction will significantly increase. The proposed framework can be used as a point for reference for implementing error management strategies to anticipate for ‘what might go wrong’ in construction projects.