纳米晶Co-Ni-Fe合金镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀特性

利用脉冲电沉积技术制备纳米晶Co-Ni-Fe合金镀层。用EDS、XRD、TEM和SEM等手段分析纳米晶镀层的成分、微观组织结构和表面形貌。用电化学极化方法研究镀层中Co含量和退火温度对纳米晶Co-Ni-Fe合金镀层在3.5%(质量分数,下同)NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,纳米晶Co-Ni-Fe合金镀层的晶体结构为单一面心立方结构,其晶粒尺寸随镀层Co含量的增加而减小。镀层的晶粒尺寸随退火温度的升高而增大,并呈现强的(111)织构。纳米晶镀层的腐蚀速率随Co含量的增加先下降而后上升。退火可明显降低纳米晶镀层的腐蚀速率。纳米晶与粗晶Co-Ni-Fe合金镀层经电化学腐蚀后呈现出完全不同的腐蚀形貌。     

电沉积纳米晶Ni-Co-Fe合金镀层的热稳定性

用脉冲电沉积方法制备表面平整光亮的纳米晶Ni-Co-Fe合金镀层.采用XRD、TEM、EDS、DSC和显微硬度计分别研究纳米晶Ni-Co-Fe合金镀层的微观结构、化学成分、热稳定性及其硬度.结果表明:纳米晶Ni-Co-Fe合金镀层的晶体结构为单相的面心立方结构,其晶粒尺寸随镀层Co含量的增加而减小;合金镀层的显微硬度随退火温度的升高而提高,在300～375℃时达最大值,存在明显的退火再强化,之后,随着退火温度的继续升高明显下降;当镀层在低于375℃退火时,晶粒长大速度较慢;而当镀层在高于450℃退火时,晶粒迅速长大,并呈现较强的(111)织构.升温速率为20℃/min时,纳米晶Ni-Co-Fe合金镀层的DSC结果显示,晶粒长大的峰值温度随镀层Co含量的增加而升高.由Kissinger方程求得纳米晶Ni-Co-Fe合金的晶粒长大激活能随镀层Co含量的增加而增大.     

脉冲电沉积纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层腐蚀特性研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)等方法研究了脉冲电沉积法制各纳米晶Ni和纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层的组织结构、表面形貌和成分.用浸泡法和电化学极化法研究了纳米晶Ni和不同Co含量的纳米晶Ni-C0合金镀层在3.5%NaCl(质量分数,下同)和5%HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:通过脉冲电沉积法制各的Ni和Ni-Co合金镀层具有典型的纳米晶结构; 随着含Co量的增加,镀层的晶粒尺寸减小,硬度增加;所制备的纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层组织结构均匀致密,其在3.5%NaCl溶液和5%HCl溶液中的耐蚀性均优于纳米晶Ni镀层;纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液的浸泡腐蚀中腐蚀极少,表现出优异的耐腐蚀性能,而在5%HCl溶液中的腐蚀形态则为均匀腐蚀.     

低温退火对电刷镀纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层性能的影响

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、干滑动磨损、电化学分析等方法研究了低温退火(100～500℃)对电刷镀方法制备的纳米晶Ni-Co合金镀层的组织结构、耐磨性、耐蚀性的影响.结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,纳米晶Ni-44.16%Co合金镀层的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,从原始晶粒尺寸12.7 nm长大到500℃时的微米晶尺寸.合金镀层的显微硬度随退火温度的升高而提高,300℃退火后达到最大值,以后随加热温度的升高而急剧降低.纳米晶Ni-44.16%Co合金镀层的耐磨性300℃退火后最好,500℃以后急剧下降,与镀层显微硬度的变化密切相关.浸泡试验与电化学分析均表明纳米晶Ni-44.16%Co合金镀层在300℃退火后的耐蚀性优于其他温度,300℃以上退火耐蚀性随温度升高而下降.     

可溶性阳极电刷镀镍镀层的纳米晶结构及其热稳定性

采用可溶性阳极电刷镀制备镍镀层，XRD分析和TEM观察结果表明镀层为纳米晶结构，晶粒尺寸约20nm，具有（111）择优取向。镀镍层硬度随电刷镀电压和镀液温度的提高而增加，在一定值时达到最大值，然后随电压和镀液温度的继续提高而降低。而阴-阳极相对运动速度影响较小。低温退火时镀层的硬度随加热温度的提高而升高，300℃时达到最大值，然后随温度的升高而降低。可溶性阳极电刷镀纳米晶镍的热稳定性明显高于晶粒尺寸相近的槽镀纳米晶镍，对其原因进行初步探讨。     

电刷镀纳米晶镍铁合金镀层腐蚀特性的研究

采用可溶性阳极电刷镀的方法制备纳米晶Ni-Fe合金和纳米晶Ni镀层,用浸泡法和电化学极化法研究了纳米晶Ni、Ni-5.84%Fe和Ni-13.49%Fe镀层在3.5%NaCl和10%HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:通过此法制备的Ni和Ni-Fe合金镀层具有典型的纳米晶结构;随着含Fe量的增加,镀层的晶粒尺寸减小,硬度增加;所制备的纳米晶Ni-13.49%Fe合金镀层组织结构均匀致密,晶界处没有明显的孔洞或缺陷,晶界及三叉晶界处的原子错配度小,过渡均匀,其在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性优于纳米晶Ni镀层,而在10%HCl溶液中的耐蚀性与纳米晶Ni镀层相当;纳米晶Ni和纳米晶Ni-Fe合金刷镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀形态均为点蚀,而在10%HCl溶液中的腐蚀形态则为均匀腐蚀.     

激光热处理对化学沉积Ni-W-P耐蚀性能的影响

通过分析激光退火前后Ni-W-P合金镀层腐蚀前后的表面形貌、晶化程度、晶粒尺寸及在0.5 mol/L的H_2SO_4溶液中的腐蚀速率,研究合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,镀态镀层的耐蚀性最差,随激光扫描速率的减小,镀层晶化程度增大,Ni和Ni_3P相的晶粒尺寸增大,微应变逐渐减小,镀层的耐蚀性增大。     

退火对电沉积纳米晶镍在不同腐蚀液中耐蚀性影响的研究

采用直流电沉积法制备纳米晶Ni镀层,通过电化学法研究了不同热处理温度下电沉积纳米晶镍的耐蚀性。结果表明：电沉积纳米晶镍在200 ℃以下退火,晶粒尺寸变化不明显,300 ℃退火后,晶粒显著增大,但尺寸仍为纳米级;电沉积纳米晶镍经过200和300 ℃的退火处理,有利于改善抗高浓度NaOH和NaCl腐蚀液腐蚀的能力;纳米晶镍在NaOH和NaCl腐蚀液中的耐蚀性能不同,Cl^-对纳米晶镍的腐蚀性远高于OH^-腐蚀。     

非晶态Ni-W-P镀层退火晶化和激光晶化组织结构的演变

用XRD定量分析法并结合扫描电镜形貌观察,研究化学沉积高磷(13.3%)含量的Ni-W-P镀层在不同热处理条件下的晶化程度、晶粒尺寸及晶格应变等组织结构的演变规律。结果表明:高磷非晶态镀层在退火晶化过程中,Ni3P相的体积分数始终高于Ni相的,700℃时,两相的体积分数之差显著增大,镀层仍有残存的非晶相;在400~500℃之间形成的Ni3P的晶粒尺寸大于Ni的;温度为500~700℃时,Ni相的尺寸大于Ni3P的,但均未超过纳米级。镀层晶格应变表现为随退火温度的升高而降低,镀态时晶格应变最大。激光晶化处理的非晶态Ni-W-P镀层的显微结构特征介于400~500℃之间退火的镀层晶化特征。随扫描速度增加,不仅Ni3P晶粒尺寸增大,而且两相的尺寸差变大。     

退火对化学镀Ni-W-P合金晶化及耐蚀性的影响

在不同温度下对制备的Ni-W-P合金镀层进行退火处理,利用X射线衍射技术定量分析了镀层的晶化、晶粒尺寸和晶格应变,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和光学显微镜观察了镀层腐蚀前后的表面形貌,并通过在0.5mol/L H2SO4溶液中的浸泡腐蚀速率和阳极极化曲线对退火前后镀层的耐蚀性进行了分析.结果表明:Ni-W-P镀层在镀态为非晶...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。