液氮冷却技术在超导磁体中的应用

介绍了核磁共振成像设备中超导磁体在液氦输送前，磁体在液氮中进行充分预冷以及液氮的排出方法。掌握正确的预冷方法对减少第一次液氦输送预冷量有重要的经济意义     

超导HWR腔垂直测试低温系统试验研究

中国科学院先导科技专项ADS(Accelerator Driven Suberitical,ADS)嬗变系统中超导HWR(half-wave resonator,HWR)腔垂直测试需低温系统维持4.2 K(液氦)的低温环境,低温系统降温过程包括氮气置换、液氮预冷、氦气置换和液氦冷却。通过实验建立了低温系统降温4个阶段不同测点温度随时间的变化规律,在此基础上,计算了液氦的消耗速率和杜瓦的静态热负荷,分析了低温系统在稳定工作状态时最佳的液氦补液时间间隔。结果表明:该低温系统满足超导HWR腔垂直测试需求,消耗液氮约175 kg、液氦约2 048 L,低温系统稳定工作时液氦体积消耗速率为32 L/h,杜瓦静态热负荷为21.36 W,液氦合理补液时间间隔为4 h,为后续超导HWR腔垂直测试提供了保障。     

低温储罐预冷过程预测

为了能输送和存储单相低温液体,保证输送管道和低温储罐的安全,预冷过程不可或缺。对预冷时间、预冷介质消耗量进行预测有利于指导实际操作。从热力学基本理论出发,采用稳态与变热导率的热力学分析方法,建立储罐预冷时间与预冷介质消耗量数学模型,推导了储罐温度随时间的变化关系,探讨进口流量与预冷时间、预冷介质消耗量之间的相互影响。将不同的计算方法相结合,指导选取最佳预冷流量。     

高温超导材料的商业用途和开发现状

1987年2月,美国休斯敦大学制得临界温度超过77K 的稀土铜氧化物超导材料。新超导材料可用比液氦便宜得多的液氮作冷却剂。与在液氦温度冷却现有金属超导体消耗     

50 kA超导变压器杜瓦及高温超导电流引线的设计与优化

CICC超导导体性能测试用50 kA超导变压器由初级线圈和次级线圈组成,初级线圈浸泡在4.2 K液氦低温杜瓦中,次级线圈为CICC导体采用4.2 K/354 637 Pa超临界氦迫流冷却,液氦和超临界氦均由500 W/4.5 K制冷机提供,变压器低温杜瓦的理论液氦蒸发率为1.52 L/h。为减少电流引线漏热,超导变压器采用B i-2223/AgAu高温超导(HTS)二元电流引线,并且在颈管中部设计了一个新型的直接用液氮冷却的热截流装置来截断电流引线高温端的热流;最后对铜电流引线部分进行了尺寸优化计算,得到最佳截面积和直径分别为28 mm2和6 mm。     

液氦输送技术

正确掌握液氦输送方法，对减少液氦预冷量，充分利用氦气冷量和提高液氦输送效率有着十分重要的经济意义，对液氦输送管的结构特点和使用要求及液氦预冷，液氦的输送方法和几种特殊容器的输送方法做了介绍。     

600W／4．5K氦制冷－液化机初调

６００Ｗ／４．５Ｋ氦制冷－液化机是合肥超导托卡马克装置ＨＴ－７的低温供给系统核心设备。它具有液氮预冷，４台活塞式膨胀机，７级换热器，２个喷射器，４．５Ｋ温液氦槽和３．６Ｋ温过冷槽。１９９３年６月此机以液化模式运行，初调成功。最高液氦产量达１６０Ｌ／ｈ．     

真空设备中的冷漏现象及其清除方法

对于真空获得来说,最感棘手的工作是仅当设备冷却时,漏孔才显现出来。这就是所谓“冷漏”现象。经常会有这样的情况,即在常温下漏孔确实是存在的,但由于漏率很小,即使采用高灵敏度检漏仪也检验不出来。然而当系统长时期承受冷热冲击后,特别是在使用低温液体(液氮、液氦等)冷却后,由于材料的胀缩率不同,加之较高的气体密度和较低的粘     

低温管路系统预冷过程仿真研究

低温液体在通过管路系统传输前,需对管路系统进行充分预冷,以避免低温液体在输运过程中出现气液两相,造成潜在的危害。基于多学科仿真平台AMESim中的Steiner流动沸腾换热模型,采用液氮作为预冷工质分析管路系统的预冷过程,重点研究进口压力、脉冲流频率及脉冲比率对管路系统预冷效果的影响。分析表明,在计算范围内,随着进口压力的增大,管路的预冷效率逐渐降低。因此,实际预冷过程中在满足流体输送要求时可以适当降低进口压力来提高预冷效率;脉冲流的预冷效率随脉冲频率的增大,先增大后趋于稳定,随脉冲比率的增大而减小。研究结果对于提高预冷效率、降低资源消耗、确保预冷过程安全进行,具有一定的指导意义。     

亚硝酸盐溶液作为高锰酸钾消耗量测试标准样品可行性研究

目的 研究亚硝酸盐溶液作为食品接触材料高锰酸钾(KMnO4)消耗量测试标准样品的可行性。方法 将亚硝酸盐溶液标准物质配制成不同浓度的样品溶液,按照GB 31604.2—2016进行KMnO4消耗量的测试。结果 当亚硝酸盐溶液的质量浓度为0.5~20 mg/L时,KMnO4消耗量测试结果的平行性较高;亚硝酸盐浓度和KMnO4消耗量的线性相关系数R²高达0.999;将与亚硝酸盐反应的KMnO4理论用量与实际用量进行对比,比值为97.7%~109.5%,理论值与实际值之间的差距较小;样品的加标回收率为102.8%~109.2%,满足实验室内部质量控制的要求。结论 将亚硝酸盐溶液作为KMnO4消耗量检测项目质量控制标准样品满足要求,对于保证该检测项目结果的准确性具有重要意义。     

Design and experimental investigation of a cryogenic system for environmental test applications

This paper is concerned with the design, development and performance testing of a cryogenic system for use in high cooling power instruments for ground-based environmental testing. The system provides a powerful tool for a combined environmental test that consists of high pressure and cryogenic temperatures. Typical cryogenic conditions are liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2), which are used in many fields. The cooling energy of liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid helium (LHe) is transferred to the specimen by a closed loop of helium cycle. In order to minimize the consumption of the LHe, the optimal design of heat recovery exchangers has been used in the system. The behavior of the system is discussed based on experimental data of temperature and pressure. The results show that the temperature range from room temperature to LN2 temperature can be achieved by using LN2, the pressurization process is stable and the high test pressure is maintained. Lower temperatures, below 77 K, can also be obtained with LHe cooling, the typical cooling time is 40 min from 90 K to 22 K. Stable temperatures of 22 K at the inlet of the specimen have been observed, and the system in this work can deliver to the load a cooling power of several hundred watts at a pressure of 0.58 MPa.     

NBI低温冷凝泵液氦杜瓦的热力分析与工程设计

降低中性束注入器低温冷凝泵的LHe消耗率,是进行低温冷凝泵设计时应考虑的核心问题之一。通过对NBI低温冷凝泵的LHe杜瓦进行热力分析,确定了影响杜瓦内LHe蒸发率的关键参数。探讨了降低LHe蒸发率的措施,依此确定了在工程设计中为达到减小LHe蒸发率、提高泵运行经济性可采用的结构形式。     

液氮冻结装置中液氮耗量与冷冻能力的分析

建立了焓法数学模型，利用数值诸方法计算了模拟对象黄瓜片冻结前后的能量变化量和冻结时间，分析了三种不同装置五种冻结条件下的液氮冷量利用量、液氮耗量、冷冻能力以及冻前预冷的影响作用，提出了更合理的装置使用方案和经济性措施。     

Better LHe withdrawal from a liquefier

Evaporation losses during handling of liquid helium are generally substantial¹. LHe consumption is continuously growing, but the liquefier capacities are essentially limited, so there is an obvious incentive to minimize liquid losses wherever they may occur. This paper presents a system to effect better LHe withdrawal from a liquifier.     

A self-circulation helium liquefaction system with five 4 K G-M cryocoolers

A self-circulation helium liquefaction system (SCHLS) with five 4 K G-M cryocoolers is developed to supply liquid helium (LHe) for SECRAL (a superconducting ECR ion source used in Lanzhou city, China). LHe is vaporized in SECRAL and warmed up to room temperature. SCHLS will re-liquefy the helium gas at a rate of 83.2 L/day under normal atmosphere pressure. With SCHLS, SECRAL system can run online without any interruption of refilling LHe.     

Economical helium bath cryopump: design and testing

A small UHV helium bath cryopump with low cryoliquid consumption has been designed, manufactured and tested. The cryopump is designed to keep UHV in electron optical devices without generation of disturbing electromagnetic fields or vibrations. The outer volume of its shell is 15 l, the filling volumes of liquid helium (LHe) and liquid nitrogen (LN₂) are 3.0 l and 3.4 l, respectively. Operating times between cryoliquid fillings are 35 days for LHe and 6 days for LN₂. A pump speed of 25 l/s was measured for the He gas. A lowest pressure of 1.5×10⁻⁷ Pa was achieved in a test chamber and the pumping tests indicated that an even lower pressure would be achieved in a well-degassed chamber. Good agreement between the calculated and measured values both of the pump speed and the cryoliquid evaporation has been found. The system of chevron-type baffles was designed and checked by Monte Carlo simulations of molecular flow and radiative heat transfer. The pump prototype was successfully used to evacuate an operating cryostat of a NMR spectrometer.     

Characterisation and optimisation of flexible transfer lines for liquid helium. Part I: Experimental results

The transfer of liquid helium (LHe) into mobile dewars or transport vessels is a common and unavoidable process at LHe decant stations. During this transfer reasonable amounts of LHe evaporate due to heat leak and pressure drop. Thus generated helium gas needs to be collected and reliquefied which requires a huge amount of electrical energy. Therefore, the design of transfer lines used at LHe decant stations has been optimised to establish a LHe transfer with minor evaporation losses which increases the overall efficiency and capacity of LHe decant stations. This paper presents the experimental results achieved during the thermohydraulic optimisation of a flexible LHe transfer line. An extensive measurement campaign with a set of dedicated transfer lines equipped with pressure and temperature sensors led to unique experimental data of this specific transfer process. The experimental results cover the heat leak, the pressure drop, the transfer rate, the outlet quality, and the cool-down and warm-up behaviour of the examined transfer lines. Based on the obtained results the design of the considered flexible transfer line has been optimised, featuring reduced heat leak and pressure drop.