基于最小熵产的多股流换热器通道排列分析及设计

多股流换热器的通道排列一直是其优化设计的重点和难点,本文通过建立其熵产数学模型,分析了多股流换热器换热过程中的上产生机理,得到了熵产与不同通道排列对应性能之间的关系,探讨了基于最小熵产的多股流换热器通道排列的优化设计,同时应用场协同温差均匀性优化原则进行了比较。结果表明,单位换热量的熵产最小可以作为多股流换热器通道排列的优化指标。     

一维换热器中温差场均匀性原则的证明

换热器的温差场均匀性原则是一个唯象原理,还没有得到理论上的证明。采用变分方法,用火积耗散极值原理对两股流和三股流一维换热器的传热过程进行了优化,表明不管是给定换热量寻求火积耗散最小,还是给定火积耗散寻求换热量最大,均应使冷热流体的温差场完全均匀,从而初步证明了换热器温差场均匀性原则的正确性。     

低温多股流板翅式换热器设计优化方法研究进展

针对多股流体流动换热、复杂翅片结构优化、多重通道排布匹配以及低温工程应用等特点,本文归纳分析了低温多股流板翅式换热器结构设计中凸显的流股换热匹配、通道分配排列、多物理场叠加以及低温特殊工况下的应用等问题。总结了在通道结构优化与零部件设计中,通过翅片通道传热流动特性及相关性能评价方法来指导结构选型。文章还深入分析国内外现状,讨论了板翅式换热器的研究热点与发展方向。文章指出低温多股流板翅式换热器应用于大型空分等石化工业流程中优势明显,可显著提高气体液化率,降低实际能耗,进而提升系统运行效率。因此,对于实际应用中可能遇到的设计问题,应考虑结合局部换热网络与多流股匹配、翅片结构设计与通道排列算法优化、多场仿真与试验研究等手段形成合理优化方法和设计框架,来摆脱目前传统经验试凑所带来的限制。     

基于EDR的板翅式换热器的设计

介绍EDR软件应用于多股流板翅式换热器的传热计算,通过实例分析了不同类型翅片,通道排列和通道分配等因素对多股流板翅式换热器计算结果的影响。结果显示在压力降允许的范围内,选择合适的翅片,合理的通道排列和分配可以优化换热器的设计方案,节省成本。     

序列数编码的遗传算法柔性优化多股流板翅式换热器通道排列

实数编码的遗传算法在优化多股流板翅式换热器通道排列中进行个体间交叉、变异操作后,存在无法保证各流体的通道数恒定不变的问题。对此,以通道的热负荷累积均方差为目标函数,建立通道排列的优化模型,提出基于序列数编码方式的改进遗传算法进行多股流板翅式换热器通道优化设计,实现了个体间交叉和变异遗传操作。对一包含4个流股57个通道的板翅式换热器通道排列进行优化,并通过多工况点设计对系统柔性进行分析。结果表明:本文优化设计方案的累积热负荷均方差为3562.9W,比文献经验值小2.7%,相比于实数编码遗传算法得到的结果,减少了15.1%,且累积热负荷在零线上下均匀波动。文章表明序列数编码的遗传算法增加了遗传算法种群中个体的多样性,提高了搜索效率具有更好的全局搜索能力。     

面向封头流动不均匀性的板翅式换热器通道布局优化设计

通道布局优化是改善入口流动不均匀性对板翅式换热器传热性能恶化效果的有效手段.建立了基于积分平均温差法的换热器热力学计算模型,提出了基于粒子群算法的考虑封头流动不均匀性的通道布局优化设计方法.结果显示,进入翅片区域的流体质量流量的平均值越低、标准差越高,通道布局优化设计对换热器的热补偿效果越明显.     

基于多点耦合的低温多股流换热过程动态模拟

多股流换热器是气体液化低温系统的核心部件,其工作性能对低温系统的降温特性和热力效率的影响显著。基于气液两相的容积节点原理建立多节点耦合的混合工质低温换热器动态模型及计算方法,对多股流换热器动态降温特性进行研究,重点分析换热器的漏热率和（屯液）液位波动对系统降温特性的影响。研究结果表明漏热对启动过程降温特性影响不大,而在降温至低温区时较为显著。换热器液位波动对系统动态降温特性会有显著影响,低温多股流换热器通道内液位波动会引起循环工质组分、有效制冷量、降温速度的波动,从而造成系统降温速度显著偏离优化工作状态,效率降低。这表明在混合工质低温多股流换热器的设计和操作过程中应尽量采取措施,以避免通道内积液波动现象出现。     

多股流换热器网络及其衍生网络法综合优化

在介绍了多股流换热器网络特点及其与传统网络区别的基础上,提出了一种基于衍生网络的多股流换热器网络综合优化方法,重点在衍生网络的生成、多股流换热器网络的合成以及全局优化格式的生成等方面进行了探讨,结果表明,采用衍生网络的方法能够实现多股流换热器网络的优化.     

多股流绕管式换热器的管束排布及传热计算

多股流绕管式换热器的结构复杂,传热计算的难度较大。常见的计算方法是根据一些假定条件建立计算模型、进行数值求解,这种计算方法较复杂,不适合工程计算。而一些能用于工程计算的简便解析计算方法则存在迭代计算复杂、应用范围受限的缺点。本文列举了几种典型的多股流绕管式换热器的管束排列结构,分析了各自的结构特点;给出了多股流换热器的管板结构及相应的流体进出口接管方式,分析了各自的优缺点及应用场合。针对两种常规的多股流管束排列结构,即各股管程流体分层排布和同层排布,分别给出了适应于工程应用的简便传热计算方法。这两种计算方法将复杂的多股流绕管式换热器的计算分解为多个管程单股流绕管式换热器的计算,简化了计算过程。     

微细平行流通道换热器流量均布性试验研究

以水为工质,用试验的方法研究了不同进出口结构和Re数下微细平行流通道内流体的流动,使用高速摄影系统拍摄,得到流体在Z型和U型微细通道内的流动情况,并通过Image-pro plus软件提取各通道流体的流速。结果表明:在试验涵盖Re数下,Z型和U型结构换热器流量分配均匀性随着Re数的减小而变好,其中Z型换热器的整体流量分配均匀性提高了约80.4%,U型换热器的整体流量分配均匀性提高了约64.3%;进出口结构对微细平行流通道的流量分配和压降有很大的影响,Z型换热器整体均匀性比U型换热器高约2%—44%,Z型换热器进出口压降比U型减小了约1.2%—19.9%。因此Z型换热器的综合性能更好。     

基于场协同原理的换热网络性能评价因子

换热网络问题严重的非凸、非线性使从数学角度发现此类问题的全局最优解变得十分困难。鉴于此,本文以场协同理论为基础,建立了一种从温差场均匀性角度描述换热网络结构性能的评价因子,以期简化换热网络综合过程,获得高效的换热网络结构。首先以单体换热器的温差均匀性因子为基础,比拟出适用于换热网络的温差均匀性因子,称之为换热网络性能评价因子。继之,选择3个不同的算例,在固定结构和固定面积两个角度下分析了评价因子的有效性。最后,计算结果表明：提出的基于权重的换热网络温差均匀性因子与网络结构的总换热量之间能够形成明显的对应关系,可以准确地描述换热网络结构性能。简而言之,温差均匀性因子的值越小,对应换热网络结构的性能越好。     

用伪并行遗传/模拟退火算法进行多流股换热器网络综合的研究

The multi-stream heat exchanger network synthesis (HENS) problem can be formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming model according to Yee et al. Its nonconvexity nature leads to existence of more than one optimum and computational difficulty for traditional algorithms to find the global optimum. Compared with deterministic algorithms, evolutionary computation provides a promising approach to tackle this problem. In this paper, a mathematical model of multi-stream heat exchangers network synthesis problem is setup. Different from the assumption of isothermal mixing of stream splits and thus linearity constraints of Yee et al., non-isothermal mixing is supported. As a consequence, nonlinear constraints are resulted and nonconvexity of the objective function is added. To solve the mathematical model, an algorithm named GA/SA (parallel genetic/simulated annealing algorithm) is detailed for application to the multi-stream heat exchanger network synthesis problem. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated with three examples and the obtained solutions indicate the presented approach is effective for multi-stream HENS.     

流道排列对多介质板式换热器性能的影响分析

以耗散数为目标函数,应用数值计算的方法分析了换热介质流道排列方式对板式换热器性能的影响。通过分析3～6个流道所包含的26种排列方式情况下的换热器耗散数及板间流动阻力损失变化,认为在相同的工况下,随着流道数量的增加,换热器总的压力损失呈阶梯降低的趋势;相同流道数情况下,冷热介质流道的排列形式对换热器耗散数影响较大;而相同的流道数量所对应的最小耗散数随流道数量的增加而降低,对多介质换热器性能的研究提供了一定的借鉴。     

Determination of heat transfer formulas for gas flow in fin-and-tube heat exchanger with oval tubes using CFD simulations

Plate fin-and-tube heat exchangers operate in a cross-flow arrangement with the complex path of gas flow, hence in order to determine the velocity field and heat transfer characteristics, the numerical methods must be used. The CFD codes allow obtaining local values of the heat transfer coefficient, however it is impossible to incorporate these values into the analytical formulas for the overall heat transfer coefficient, that is fundamental for the designing procedure of the cross-flow heat exchangers. Therefore this paper presents a method for determination of the average heat transfer coefficient for gas flow in a plate fin-and-tube heat exchanger using the CFD simulations. The values of the heat transfer coefficient obtained using the heat transfer formulas for the Nusselt number, determined with the CFD simulations, can be directly implemented in the thermal designing procedure of the cross-flow heat exchangers. The results of the numerical computations are validated experimentally.     

An investigation in the effects of recycles on laminar heat transfer enhancement of parallel-flow heat exchangers

It was demonstrated that fluid recycling could effectively enhance heat transfer rates of heat exchangers, however, related investigations were limited. In the current work, parallel-flow heat exchangers with basic recycles or revised recycles are investigated in the laminar regime. Theoretical models of thermo-hydraulic performances are established. The effects of reflux ratio, capacitance rate ratio, heat transfer area, and recycle length are investigated. The results demonstrate that the dimensionless heat transfer rate rises with the increase of reflux ratio or capacitance rate ratio, or with the decrease of heat transfer area, and the maximum values reach up to 127% and 121% for basic internal and external recycles, respectively. Basic internal recycles generate larger dimensionless heat transfer rates under larger reflux ratios, while basic external recycles perform more reliably over the whole reflux ratio range. Compared with basic recycles, revised recycles (i.e., partial-length recycles) require smaller pumping powers. Thus, partial-length recycles can improve the dimensionless overall performance of full-length recycle heat exchangers, e.g., half-length recycles increase the dimensionless overall performance by 65%. Fluid recycling does not need to change geometrical structures and fluid flow rates, thus it is a competitive approach of thermal augmentation in heat exchangers.     

换热网络的热流均匀性因子

提出并建立了能够评价换热网络换热效能的热流均匀性因子,在两个条件下对该因子进行验证和分析。首先,在相同结构上保持换热器单元总面积之和不变的条件下模拟计算,考察热流均匀性因子与总换热量之间的对应关系,并与温差均匀性因子进行比较;其次,在改变换热网络结构的条件下优化计算,考察各优化结构的热流均匀性因子与总换热量之间的对应关系。通过两个具体的换热网络实例验证该因子,结果表明：热流均匀性因子越小则对应的换热网络总体换热效能越好。由此说明本研究建立的换热网络的热流均匀性因子能够从总体上反应换热网络的换热效能,能够作为其换热效能的一种新的评价指标,并能为换热网络的综合及优化提供新的思路。     

Features of fluid film falling on the corrugated surface of structured packings with perforations

Some results of an experimental study of liquid film flow over the surface of a structured packing with a new design for heat and mass exchangers were presented. The influence of the irrigation density on the overflow of liquid from one side of a packing element to the other side was studied. The overflow of liquid from one side of a packing element to the other side was shown to occur abruptly upon attaining a certain irrigation density. A dimensionless quantity, namely, the overflow number, was proposed for estimating uniformity in the distribution of a liquid film over a structured perforated packing bed.