Rapid,High‐Resolution Magnetic Microscopy of Single Magnetic Microbeads

Magnetic microparticles or “beads” are used in a variety of research applications from cell sorting through to optical force traction microscopy. The magnetic properties of such particles can be tailored for specific applications with the uniformity of individual beads critical to their function. However, the majority of magnetic characterization techniques quantify the magnetic properties from large bead ensembles. Developing new magnetic imaging techniques to evaluate and visualize the magnetic fields from single beads will allow detailed insight into the magnetic uniformity, anisotropy, and alignment of magnetic domains. Here, diamond‐based magnetic microscopy is applied to image and characterize individual magnetic beads with varying magnetic and structural properties: ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic/paramagnetic, shell (coated with magnetic material), and solid (magnetic material dispersed in matrix). The single‐bead magnetic images identify irregularities in the magnetic profiles from individual bead populations. Magnetic simulations account for the varying magnetic profiles and allow to infer the magnetization of individual beads. Additionally, this work shows that the imaging technique can be adapted to achieve illumination‐free tracking of magnetic beads, opening the possibility of tracking cell movements and mechanics in photosensitive contexts.     

用于心磁传感器测试系统的三轴向亥姆赫兹线圈的设计与仿真

心磁检测对于心脏相关疾病的诊断具有独特优势，在用于测量心脏磁场的传感器(下称心磁传感器）的研制过程中，需要在模拟心磁的磁场环境下进行测试工作。基于此，设计了一个用于心磁传感器测试系统的亥姆赫兹线圈，它可以产生磁感应强度为pT级的动态磁场，模拟心磁环境，以满足心磁传感器测试的需求。根据亥姆赫兹线圈的磁场产生原理，使用磁屏蔽筒对环境磁场进行屏蔽，通过计算确定了线圈尺寸、线圈匝数、导线长度及导线横截面直径等参数。使用COMSOL Multiphysics仿真软件对亥姆赫兹线圈产生的静态磁场的分布均匀性以及通入线圈电流变化时磁场的动态特性进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明，所设计的亥姆赫兹线圈满足设计要求，能够产生磁场强度为100 pT左右、均匀度小于5%、波形实时性好的类心脏磁场波形，为心磁传感器的测试提供了良好的测试环境。所设计的亥姆赫兹线圈能够用于心磁传感器的测试工作，为心磁传感器的实际应用奠定了基础。     

磁流体浸没物磁场力分析及磁浮特性

物体浸没于磁流体中表现出磁浮特性，对其受力状态分析是准确描述其悬浮状态的前提和基础。基于非线性磁流体应力张量模型和稳态Bernoulli方程，建立磁流体中浸没物受力模型。借助非磁性体受力模型的简化计算方法以及磁性体与磁流体之间的多场效应关系，分别对非磁性体、磁性体两类浸没物在磁流体中所受磁浮力进行分析，结果表明非磁性浸没物在磁流体中仅受到外加磁场贡献的一次磁浮力，而磁性浸没物除受到一次磁浮力外，还受到其自身激发磁场贡献的二次磁浮力．永磁体在磁流体中位置决定的磁浮力满足一定条件时，永磁体能够自悬浮于磁流体中。     

Processing of non-ferromagnetic materials in strong static magnetic field

Static magnetic field processing of non-ferromagnetic materials has been of broad interest and been applied in such fields as drug delivery, colloid chemistry and engineering of materials containing particles. A ‘strong’ magnetic field refers to a ‘strong’ response from the manipulated material and can vary in definitions. The response is corresponding to a local interaction between the material and the local magnetic field, being influenced by the magnetic susceptibilities of the material and the surrounding/coated medium. By carefully designing the medium, a significantly ‘strong’ response from a weakly magnetic material can even be generated by a traditional magnet, i.e. magnetic flux density ∼0.01 T. Therefore, the ability to manipulate materials by using a magnetic field depends critically on the understanding of the principles of the magnetic properties of materials and their magnetic responses. This paper provides a critical discussion on the principles including magnetic field effect thermodynamics, magnetic energy, magnetic anisotropy and different magnetic forces during ’strong’ magnetic field processing of weakly magnetic materials (focusing on metallic materials). A series of case studies and the related magnetic field effect are subsequently integrated and discussed. Overall this review aims to provide a better understanding and efficient overview on the phenomenon principles in the field of magnetic field processing.     

外应力对Terfenol-D棒的应变和磁感应强度的影响

超磁致伸缩材料Terfenol-D是一种新型的功能材料,以Terfenol-D为核心元件设计各种换能器时,磁场H和应力σ是必须考虑的因素.研究了一定偏置磁场下外加压应力对Terfenol-D棒的应变和磁感应强度的影响.首先测试了在一定的偏置磁场下外压应力和应变的关系,结果表明偏置磁场一定时,应变和应力之间的关系复杂,可用磁性材料技术磁化理论来解释.其次又测试了一定偏置磁场下的外加动态应力和磁感应强度的关系,测试结果表明一定的偏置磁场下,外加压应力增加,磁感应强度减小;偏置磁场为5kA/m时,磁感应强度达到最大值.该实验结果可以为基于Terfenol-D的换能器件的设计提供技术支持.     

生物医学诊疗用磁性微纳材料

磁性微气泡是由包膜微气泡和磁性纳米粒子组成的微纳复合结构,由于其具有超声对比剂和核磁共振对比剂的双重特性,已被应用于双模造影领域。声致穿孔现象（Sonoporation）使得磁性微气泡能介导多种生物学效应,使其在药物输运和基因转染等方面有潜在的应用价值,而磁性微气泡与各种生物分子（抗体、肿瘤标记物等）的偶联,又扩展了磁性微气泡的应用领域,可用于分子影像诊断和靶向治疗肿瘤等方面,可以说磁性微气泡是新一代的生物医学诊疗用磁性微纳材料。总结了磁性微气泡的制备方法,磁性纳米颗粒与微气泡的结合方式,磁性微气泡的功能扩展,以及磁性微气泡在生物医学诊疗领域的实验研究,最后对磁性微气泡在未来的发展方向提出了一些构想,展望了磁性微气泡在诊疗学上广阔的应用前景。     

阳极磁屏蔽霍尔离子源磁场的数值模拟

为了提高离子束电流和离子束能量,进一步增加霍尔离子源的效率,对霍尔离子源阳极进行磁屏蔽,达到优化磁场位形,增强磁场对放电等离子体的约束。由磁场的数值模拟结果可知:阳极磁屏蔽后,有明显凸向阳极表面的弯曲磁场线,并且提高了磁镜磁场的磁镜比;大的正梯度磁场的存在,增强了磁场的径向分量,相对减弱了放电等离子体的震荡;不仅保留原有鞍形场的作用,而且还充分发挥了另外两个鞍形场的优势。最后通过实验结果和数值模拟结果的比较,验证了此数值模拟结果的正确性。     

Design of a permanent magnetic circuit with air gap in a magnetic refrigerator

We calculate the magnetic field distribution of a permanent magnetic circuit with an air gap in a magnetic refrigerator by a finite-element method, and compare the field strengths of different structural parameters of the magnetic circuit. We show how the structure of the magnetic circuit can be optimized and present some approaches to improve the structure for a specific magnetic circuit. The main purpose is to provide basic parameters for the design of a practical magnetic refrigerator.     

Magnetic susceptibility of Sc single crystal

The temperature dependencies of the magnetic susceptibility of Sc metal were measured between 0.1 mK and 10 mK parallel to the c-axis of single crystal in various small magnetic fields. From the magnetic field dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, the magnetic impurity effect on the magnetic property of Sc metal is discussed.     

静磁场在材料生产过程中的应用研究评述

在材料电磁过程研究中，静磁场尤其是强磁场材料科学是当今世界的研究热点。本文从静磁场作用下生成的洛仑兹力和磁化力两个角度系统地归纳总结了静磁场技术在材料生产领域的应用原理和实践。对静磁场下的洛仑兹力，主要介绍了流体流动、波动和对流控制、电磁振动及电磁超声波等方面的研究现状；对强磁场下的磁化力，主要介绍了其在相变、结晶配向、磁悬浮、磁对流等方面的研究进展。最后对强磁场材料科学的研究趋势和发展前景做了展望。     

Measurement of the Viscosity of Dilute Magnetic Fluids

The capillary tube viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of aqueous magnetic fluids under the influence of parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields. The effects of the volume fraction of the suspended magnetic particles, the concentration of surfactants, and the external magnetic field strength, as well as the orientation, on the viscosity of the magnetic fluid are analyzed. The experimental results show that the viscosity of the sample magnetic fluids increases with increases in the concentrations of suspended magnetic particles and surfactants. The external magnetic field is also an important factor that affects the viscosity of the magnetic fluid. The viscosity first increases with the magnetic field and finally approaches a constant as the magnetization attains a saturation state. For the same magnetic fluid, the viscosity in a perpendicular magnetic field is larger than that in a parallel magnetic field for the same magnetic field.Paper presented at the Seventh Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference, August 23–28, 2004, Hefei and Huangshan, Anhui, P. R. China     

阴极弧离子源磁过滤器的磁场设计与数值模拟

对于阴极弧离子源,磁过滤器的磁场设计是提高其性能的关键技术之一。针对现有磁过滤器对大颗粒过滤不足之处,本文利用永磁体优化磁过滤器的磁场位形,并且增大磁过滤器出口面积等方法,对弯管磁过滤器进行结构和磁场优化设计。由模拟结果可知:此过滤器具有弯管过滤、Bilek偏压、较大的出口面积、出口平面磁场强度大小均匀分布等优点。     

磁场有限元后处理中等势线和彩色云图的实现

 磁场有限元的数值解是节点矢量磁位,应将其转化为工程物理量．为了直观观察磁场分布情况,需要用图例定性地表示磁场的分布．使用面向对象的程序设计方法实现了磁场的矢量磁位等势线图和磁通量密度彩色云图,在云图中提出了光滑过渡处理方法,分布图反映的磁场性质与实际测得结果相一致．     

强磁场作用下材料扩散型固态相变的微观机理

为探讨强磁场对物质原子尺度行为(电子运动、离子扩散)的影响,采用光学显微镜研究强磁场作用下Fe-0.12%C合金的扩散型固态相变;采用数字多用表测量强磁场作用下的纯铝板电阻研究其电子分布.结果表明:随磁感应强度增强,Fe-0.12%C合金室温显微组织中,铁素体晶粒平行于磁场方向伸长并呈链状排列的趋势增强,珠光体团的长轴方向平行于磁场方向伸长的程度也增强;纯铝板的电阻在平行于磁场方向放置时减小,垂直于磁场方向放置时电阻有增加趋势.这是由于组成金属晶体的自由电子和排列成晶格状的金属离子在磁场作用下受到洛伦兹力的作用,随磁感应强度增强,沿磁场方向的电子浓度、金属离子扩散有增强趋势,导致磁场作用下材料扩散型相变的室温组织出现形状各向异性.     

小型磁偏转质谱计磁场的分析计算

磁偏转质谱计是根据离子在磁分析器中运动时,不同质荷比的离子有不同的偏转半径原理来实现质量分离的。磁场大小和分布对质谱计的性能影响较大,因而设计时需要对质谱计磁场分布进行精确计算。应用有限元法建立了计算质谱计磁分析器磁场的物理模型,并利用这一模型计算了磁分析器磁感应强度在空间的分布情况。结果表明,在半径分别为20 mm和50 mm的1/4圆弧轨道上,其磁场分布规律类似。由于边缘磁场效应,在磁铁边界区域约3 mm范围内,磁感应强度基本呈直线下降,这一结果为磁分析器的结构优化和边缘场补偿提供了理论依据。     

磁性液体纳米磁性颗粒磁场诱导链状结构研究

研究了磁性液体在有、无外加磁场作用时磁性液体中纳米磁性颗粒的微观排列结构, 发现无外加磁场作用时磁性颗粒随机均匀分布在载液中, 有外加均匀磁场作用时, 磁性颗粒沿磁场方向排列成均匀链状结构。当外加均匀磁场强度为11.1 kA/m, TEM照片清晰显示磁性颗粒排列成一条链状结构, 随着外加均匀磁场强度逐渐增强到28.6 kA/m, 更多磁性颗粒沿磁场方向紧密排列成链状结构。在外加梯度磁场作用下, 铁芯中心处磁场强度为28.7 kA/m时, 大量磁性颗粒聚集于线圈中心轴附近形成复杂链状团簇结构; 沿r轴方向磁场强度较弱的地方, 较少磁性颗粒排列成链状结构。当磁场梯度从1.73 kA/m²逐渐增加到5.11 kA/m²时, 磁场梯度轴线上的磁性颗粒团簇结构由稀疏逐渐变成为密集。磁场诱导磁性颗粒链状排列结构的研究对磁性液体在机械工程、生物工程、热力工程等领域的应用有重要意义。     

Improvement of magnetic induction-wire sawing process using a magnetic system

Magnetic induction-free abrasive wire sawing is a hybrid process that applies a homogeneous magnetic field to transport more abrasives into the sawing channel. This causes the performance of wire sawing significantly improved. Magnetic field strength is a key factor in determining the magnetic force acting on the magnetic abrasives, then affecting the quantity of abrasives adsorbed on the saw wire surface. However, the background magnetic induction strength produced by two permanent magnets is limited in this process. To further investigate the influence of magnetic field strength on the wire sawing performance, a magnetic system, which is based on the magnetic circuit design principle and the structure of single-wire sawing machine, is designed and fabricated. The magnetic field characteristics of the designed magnetic system are investigated both by numerical simulations and experiments. An experimental setup that installs the fabricated magnetic system on the single-wire sawing machine is built to conduct the magnetic induction-wire sawing experiments. The results show that the optimal magnetic induction strength is about B₀?=?135?mT. In this case, the kerf loss is decreased by 10% compared to the free abrasive wire sawing technology without a magnetic field.     

磁旋转编码器多极磁鼓的研制

在分析磁骗码器的原理和结构的基础上，采用粘结磁体作磁编码器多极磁鼓记录介质材料，运用体成型工艺，研制出了多种型号的磁鼓。同时对磁鼓进行了充磁和气隙磁性能分析。     

磁性光变油墨及其在防伪中的应用

目的通过研究磁性光变油墨的相关性能及其在防伪中的应用,为我国防伪技术的升级改造开拓研究思路。方法以磁性油墨、光变油墨和磁性光变油墨为研究对象,系统阐述了磁性光变油墨的防伪特征、光变原理、印刷机改造、磁性光变薄膜碎片的制作方法及磁性光变油墨的优势,并对磁性光变油墨的应用前景进行展望。结论磁性光变油墨集磁性油墨和光变油墨的特点于一体,光变颜色更具流动效果,明暗变化更明显,能够满足更高的防伪需求。     

各向同性聚合物-NdFeB磁性复合材料制备技术

本文以压制成型工艺研究了制备各向同性NdFeB复合永磁的技术.结果表明,不同磁性粉末和粘结剂对NdFeB类复合永磁性能影响很大;增大磁粉含量和成型压力在一定限度内有利于提高磁性能.