Amplification Effect on Rayleigh Scattering and SBS in 25 km Distributed Fiber Raman Amplifier

The amplification effect on stimulated Brillouin scattering （SBS） and Rayleigh scattering in the backward pumped G652 fibers Raman amplifier have been researched. The signal source is a tunable narrow spectral bandwidth （〈10 MHz） ECL laser and is pumped by the tunable power 1427.2 nm fiber Raman laser. The Rayleigh scattering lines are amplified by fiber Raman amplifier, and Stokes stimulated Brillouin scattering lines are amplified by fiber Raman amplifier and fiber Brillouin amplifier. The SBS lines total gain is a production of the gain of Raman and the gain of Brillouin amplifier. In experiment, the gain of SBS is about 42 dB and the saturation gain of 25 Ion G652 backward FRA is about 25 dB, so the gain of fiber Brillouin amplifier is about 17 dB.     

光纤拉曼放大器中级联的前向受激布里渊散射

研究了前向抽运和背向抽运方式下S波段分布式光纤拉曼放大器(FRA)中级联的受激布里渊散射(SBS)现象。用窄光谱带宽(<100MHz)的可调谐LD作为信号源,通过S波段分布式FRA,当被放大的信号功率超过单模光纤SBS的阈值时,出现了前向SBS。随着FRA抽运功率的提高,在斯托克斯区,出现了级联的SBS线,信号的功率转换为SBS功率,在实验中观测到偶数阶的SBS谱线功率大于奇数阶的Brillouin Rayleigh散射线。当进一步增加FRA的抽运功率,其增益下,噪声变大,SBS的串扰破坏了FRA特性,使其无法在密集波分复用(DWDM)光纤传输系统中使用,因此需要严格地控制入纤的信号功率和FRA抽运功率。在实验中还观测到在FRA中被放大的信号光和SBS线两侧的伴线。     

脉冲光布里渊散射信号的拉曼放大研究

实验研究了前向拉曼泵浦方式下脉冲信号光产生的自发布里渊散射信号和受激布里渊散射(SBS)信号的拉曼放大规律。拉曼泵浦放大自发布里渊散射信号时,随泵浦功率增大会出现SBS现象,对散射信号的放大由拉曼放大和布里渊放大两部分引起,因此增益较大,当拉曼泵浦功率为1 000 mW时Stokes光增益可达54 dB。拉曼泵浦放大SBS信号时,放大过程中只存在拉曼放大。且当泵浦功率增大至600 mW时,会引起多级布里渊散射,致使一级Stokes和泵浦能量会转移到下一级布里渊散射,一级Stokes光增益饱和并下降。     

DCF光纤拉曼放大器的实验研究

DCF(dispersion compensating fibre)光纤具有较高的拉曼增益系数,利用这一点可以用较短长度的DCF光纤制成分立式的光纤拉曼放大器,作为传输线路上的损耗补偿.本文在测量并计算了DCF光纤的拉曼增益系数的基础上,对分立式的DCF放大器的开关增益和噪声指数进行了测量和分析,并将分立式FRA和分布式FRA在开关增益和噪声指数方面做了比较。介绍了用不同的测量方法所造成的实验结果的差异.实验结果表明,放大介质为5 km的DCF光纤所构成的放大器,在抽运功率为800 mW的条件下,最大增益可达14.77dB,3 dB带宽为35 nm,满足作为损耗补偿的要求.     

Simultaneous amplification of wavelength-division-multiplexed signals by a highly efficient fibre Raman amplifier pumped by high-power semiconductor lasers

We describe the first operation of a high-power semiconductor-laser pumped fibre Raman amplifier (FRA) using high-Raman-gain optical fibre in the 1.5?m region. A high optical gain of 5 dB for 60mW of pump power is obtained. We have also achieved simultaneous amplification of wavelength-division-multiplexed signals by the FRA.     

同向抽运喇曼放大器功率转换效率的数值分析

为了对同向抽运光纤喇曼放大器的功率转换效率进行研究,由耦合方程出发,采用龙格-库塔算法的数值模拟方法,详细分析了所有物理因素对同向抽运光纤喇曼放大器功率转换效率的影响. 结果表明,功率转换效率先随着光纤长度的增加而增加,当增加到最大值时保持数值不变;并且功率转换效率也随着初始信号光功率、光纤喇曼增益系数、信号光损耗系数的增加而增加,但随着光纤有效面积、抽运光损耗系数、抽运光与信号光的频率比的增加而减小;功率转换效率和初始抽运光功率呈抛物线曲线关系. 这对同向抽运光纤喇曼放大器功率转换效率的进一步研究以及光纤喇曼放大器的相关研究有一定参考意义.     

Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering in high-power single-frequency multicore fiber amplifiers

To describe the interplay between the first-order Stokes, pump, and signal in the multicore fiber amplifier, a set of differential equations is presented. The model takes into account the dependence of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) on the pump-induced temperature distribution along the fiber. The influence of pump schemes, pump powers, convective coefficient, density of the rare earth dopant (N) and fiber length on suppression of the SBS is studied. The backward pump scheme has advantage over forward pump scheme in suppression of SBS. For the SBS gain spectrum, reducing convective coefficient can decrease the maximum SBS gain and increase the frequency detuning corresponding to the maximum SBS gain. Increasing N can lead to higher slope efficiency and shorter optimal fiber length, which can further suppress SBS. The SBS gain (G) and maximum operating temperature are compared between the single core fiber amplifier and multicore fiber amplifier with the same optimal fiber length. Compared to the single core fiber amplifier, the multicore fiber amplifier has lower maximum operating temperatures, which provide more space for further increasing output power.     

同向抽运光纤拉曼放大器功率转换效率的理论分析

为了对同向抽运光纤拉曼放大器的功率转换效率进行研究,由耦合方程出发,首先理论推导出功率转换效率的解析解,然后采用数值计算的方法详细分析不同物理因素对功率转换效率的影响。结果表明：功率转换效率先随着光纤长度和单位面积的拉曼增益系数增加而增加,当增加到最大值时保持数值不变;小信号时,初始信号光功率对功率转换效率的影响较小;大信号时,功率转换效率随着初始信号光功率增加而快速增加;功率转换效率和初始抽运光功率呈抛物线曲线关系;抽运光与信号光的频率比增加时,功率转换效率减小。     

增益型受激布里渊相移谱宽范围功率特性

相移谱的功率依赖特性对矢量布里渊光时域分析系统的优化设计具有重要意义。对增益型受激布里渊散射（SBS）相移谱进行了建模分析；搭建了外差pump-Stokes系统，在5~90 mW泵浦光功率和5 W~9 mW斯托克斯光功率范围内测量了400 m标准单模光纤的增益型SBS相移谱；分析了Stokes光功率影响增益型SBS相移的机理。结果表明:当固定Stokes光功率时，增益型SBS相移范围与泵浦光功率成良好线性关系；因泵浦耗尽作用的影响，导致当Stokes光功率由5 W上升至8 mW时，增益型SBS相移范围的泵浦光功率灵敏度由1.448（）/mW下降至1.156（）/mW。根据理论和实验结果，对增益型VBOTDA系统进行了优化设计分析，为其在长距离和高精度传感领域的发展奠定了基础。     

Characteristics of a semiconductor laser pumped brillouin amplifier with electronically controlled bandwidth

We demonstrate the operation of a semiconductor laser pumped fiber Brillouin amplifier. An optical gain of 5.5 dB/mW of pump power is obtained. The 15-MHz intrinsic bandwidth of the amplifier was extended more than one order of magnitude by adding frequency modulation to the pump laser. Bit-error-rate receiver sensitivity measurements with an in-line Brillouin amplifier demonstrate a 16-dB improvement in the system gain at 10 Mbit/s and a 8.5-dB improvement at 90 Mbit/s. Noise calculations show that the amplifier has an excess noise factor of 50-500 depending on the amplifier length and pump power.     

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in a Single-Mode Tellurite Fiber for Amplification, Lasing, and Slow Light Generation

In this paper, Brillouin gain performances of tellurite fiber are investigated for photonics applications. We demonstrate stimulated Brillouin amplification and lasing and the simulated performance of slow light generation in a single-mode tellurite fiber. A Brillouin gain of 29 dB is achieved in a 100-m tellurite fiber with a pump power of 10 mW at 1550 nm. A peak value of Brillouin gain coefficients of 1.6989 X 10^-10 m/W is measured on the base of gain characteristics. An all-fiber Brillouin laser with the maximum unsaturated power of 54.6 mW at 1550 nm and a slope efficiency of 38.2% is achieved from a 200-m tellurite fiber by employing a ring cavity. Furthermore, widely tunable (~27 nm) Brillouin comb laser with 26 lines spaced at 7.97 GHz is obtained from the ring laser cavity including an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). A simple theoretical model based on laser threshold theory successfully explains the properties of Brillouin comb lasers. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)-induced time delay per unit power and per unit length is also calculated using the measured data of Brillouin gain coefficients. A peak value of 0.09246 ns/mW/m and a time delay slope efficiency of 1.75 ns/dB are obtained for this tellurite fiber. Potential performance of a tellurite fiber for slow light generation is clarified on the base of Brillouin gain characteristic. Our results show that tellurite fiber is a promising gain medium for Brillouin fiber amplifiers, lasers, and slow light generation due to its low background loss and large Brillouin gain coefficient.     

单频大功率光纤放大器中抑制受激布里渊散射的理论分析

对单频大功率光纤放大器中的受激布里渊散射(SBS)抑制问题进行了分析和模拟。建立了双包层光纤放大器的含有受激布里渊散射效应的传输方程组,并考虑了温度差对受激布里渊增益系数的影响。通过数值求解方程组研究了前向、后向和双向抽运方式下,抽运功率、对流系数、光纤长度和斯托克斯频率偏移对受激布里渊散射增益的影响。在抽运功率、对流系数和光纤长度均相同的条件下,后向抽运方式的受激布里渊增益最小;对流系数或光纤长度的减少会降低受激布里渊增益。计算了总抽运功率为1kW,三段抽运方式下的受激布里渊增益,其结果远远大于增益阈值。因此,设计单频大功率光纤放大器宜采用后向抽运方式,尽量减小光纤外表面空气的对流速度以增加温度差,同时应该尽量缩短光纤长度。     

Experimental validation of double-pass discrete Raman amplifier limitation for large signals

In this letter, we present a report on the experimental validation of double-pass discrete Raman amplifier (DRA) limitation for large signals. It has been proven that the limitation of double-pass Raman amplifier for large signals is due to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) even though with a modulated signal at 10-Gb/s data. The multichannel amplification shows that this limitation can be relaxed due to energy distribution among the channels, the SBS threshold is enhanced. An average gain of 19.2 dB is obtained in four-channel amplification without any significant SBS effects. The double-pass DRA is found suitable for large signals to be deployed in wavelength division multiplexing systems.     

色散补偿型光纤拉曼放大器的增益和噪声指数的实验研究

对S波段的色散补偿型分布式光纤拉曼放大器(FRA)进行了研制。本放大器中采用了先进的光纤拉曼激光器作为抽运源,并对5 km DCF-50 km G652光纤色散补偿型分布式FRA分别进行了前向抽运和后向抽运,测量了其前向和后向增益光谱和噪声谱,结果表明后向抽运方式在增益和噪声特性方面优于前向抽运方式。对色散补偿型分布式FRA在后向抽运方式下的增益和噪声指数随抽运功率的变化而变化的规律进行了实验研究,结果表明其增益随抽运功率的增大而增大,噪声指数随增益的增大而减小。为比较色散补偿型分布式FRA和分布式FRA在增益和噪声方面的性能,分别测量了上述两种光纤拉曼放大器在后向抽运方式下的增益谱和噪声指数谱,结果表明: 5 km DCF-50 km G652光纤制成的色散补偿型分布式FRA的增益和噪声特性,均优于由50km-G652光纤制成的分布式FRA。本文对实验结果进行了理论分析。     

Gain and noise figure spectrum control algorithm for fiber Raman amplifiers

In this letter, a fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) design method enabling the simultaneous control of the gain and noise figure (NF) spectra, is proposed. By constructing the FRA with predetermined target forward/backward gain spectra, the spectral error function of NF is calculated, to determine the pump power combination satisfying both the targeting gain and NF spectra. The FRA gain/NF design within 0.1 dB of accuracy is demonstrated for various shapes of target spectra.     

TDM抽运光纤拉曼放大器增益平坦的研究

讨论了分时复用(TDM)抽运光纤拉曼放大器的增益平坦特性,基于拉曼增益谱理论,建立了光纤拉曼放大器的开关增益与光纤特性的关系表达式.通过数值模拟发现,信号增益平坦随抽运功率组合的不同有规律地起伏变化.通过优化抽运功率组合,实现了TDM抽运光纤拉曼放大器增益的平坦化.     

A model for diffraction-limited high-power multimode fiberamplifiers using seeded stimulated Brillouin scattering phaseconjugation

Diffraction-limited polarized stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) Stokes output from a multimode fiber is possible when the Stokes beam is the phase conjugate of diffraction-limited polarized pump light from a narrow-band master oscillator. Net amplification can be obtained by interposing a gain medium, such as a fiber amplifier between the master oscillator and the region of SBS generation. This paper proposes and studies numerically a model which describes the space-time dynamics of SBS generation, including phase conjugation, attenuation, phonon decay, thermal noise, inhomogeneous broadening, and amplifier gain. Noise reduction and phase locking are obtained by seeding the low-power end of the fiber at the Stokes frequency. Simulations are described for the case of 1.064 μm light amplification in a dual-clad Yb-doped multimode fiber amplifier     

Erbium-doped fiber amplifier with 54 dB gain and 3.1 dB noisefigures

It is shown that for practical pump powers (<100 mW) a combination of high gain (>33 dB) and low noise figure (3 dB) cannot simultaneously be achieved with a conventional codirectionally pumped EDFA. However, using a codirectionally pumped composite EDFA incorporating an isolator overcomes the problem, and an amplifier with 51 dB (54 dB) gain and 3.1 dB noise figure (NF) for only 45 mW (93 mW) of pump power is demonstrated     

Gain saturation in fiber Raman amplifiers due to stimulatedBrillouin scattering

The effects of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) on Raman gain are explored. Measurements of gain in a fiber Raman amplifier show a saturation at low gain levels. Experimental data and a theoretical model are presented, demonstrating that this saturation is due to pump depletion by SBS. This effect also leads to Raman gain fluctuations arising from mode partitioning in a multimode pump laser. Two ways to avoid the deleterious effects of SBS on the performance of Raman amplifiers are suggested. One is to use a multimode semiconductor laser with a modal linewidth of the order of a few hundred megahertz, which leads to a strongly reduced Brillouin gain coefficient. The second approach is to use very short pump pulses in a backward configuration     

Dual wavelength pumped L- and U-band Raman amplifier

A Raman fibre amplifier providing small signal gain of over 30 dB in the U-band has been demonstrated. In addition, a dual wavelength pumped Raman amplifier with broad flattened gain (ripple better than 1.5 dB) over the spectral range 1600-1670 nm is presented