预测水冷壁管道温度分布的新方法

为了得到锅炉水冷壁管道周向温度分布和内壁氧化膜生长的特性,通过对其传热过程的研究,建立起预测具有内壁氧化膜的管道温度分布的数值模型.并根据管状热流设备测得的管道热流密度,针对某电厂的水冷壁管道实际运行情况进行计算,结果表明在圆周角为120°时管道各界面的温度和氧化膜厚度最小,在圆周角为0°时管道各界面的温度和氧化膜厚度...     

过热器和再热器管道内壁氧化膜生长预测的新方法

通过对过热器/再热器管道的传热过程和拉-米公式进行研究,建立起预测管道内壁氧化膜生长的新的数值模型,并对某电厂的再热器管道进行了计算,将计算所得解析解与实际数据和模拟解进行对比.结果表明:基于数值模型的解析与模拟解有较好的一致性,并与实际数据吻合.但解析法的计算时间短、模型简单、便于现场操作,并且能够根据氧化膜的实际厚度计算出管壁各界面温度.     

锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜在线监测技术研究

建立了高温受热面炉内壁温在线监测模型、氧化膜生长模型、氧化膜应力在线监测计算模型和氧化膜脱落评估模型等.在此基础上,开发了锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜管理系统,并利用该系统对某600MW超临界锅炉高温受热面炉内管壁温度和蒸汽侧氧化膜厚度及应力状态进行实时计算与分析.结果表明:利用该系统可以减小沿烟道宽度方向的热偏差,有效降低偏差屏的炉内温度,减缓管内氧化膜生成速率;通过对温度变化速率、氧化膜应力状态的实时监测,可以积极预防氧化膜的脱落和堆积.     

600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器T23和T91金属氧化膜热应力分析

以某600 MW超临界锅炉高温过热器为研究对象,分析了氧化膜厚度、生长温度和热膨胀系数等参数对金属管内蒸汽侧氧化膜热应力的影响.基于有限元方法建立了圆管数值计算模型,计算得到不同厚度和不同生长温度下T23和T91金属蒸汽侧氧化膜从生长温度冷却至常温时的热应力变化,并依据热应力的变化特征确定了这2种金属管材蒸汽侧氧化膜易发生脱落的温度范围.结合锅炉出口蒸汽温度与高温过热器指定位置处氧化膜温度的关系,提出用出口蒸汽温度判别氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的温度范围的方法,给出了该锅炉停炉时的出口蒸汽温度值.结果表明：2种金属管材在冷却过程中低于一定温度时,其氧化膜的应力达到或接近最大应力值,可以依此判断氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的危险区域.     

10CrMo910钢管蒸汽侧氧化膜的形态特征

对某电厂锅炉过热器和再热器受热面10CrMo910钢管蒸汽侧氧化膜进行了金相、扫描电镜、能谱和X衍射等试验分析,研究了蒸汽侧氧化膜的形态特征及其形成规律.结果表明:蒸汽侧10CrMo910钢管氧化膜分为内、外2层,内层为富含孔洞的富Cr层的非均质氧化膜,外层为疏松而细小的Fe3O4和Fe2O3;金属基体与内层氧化膜的界面处存在内氧化,使界面结合紧密;内层与外层氧化层界面不明显,离解后的氧化物颗粒较少,界面黏附强度较高,且内、外层氧化膜均由纳米和微米级颗粒组成,由于热膨胀系数不同导致应力大部分由氧化颗粒间空隙吸收;10CrMo910钢管蒸汽侧氧化膜难以剥落,且增厚的氧化膜容易导致受热面钢管长期处于过热状态.     

600MW超临界锅炉高温过热器T23和T91金属氧化膜热应力分析

以某600MW超临界锅炉高温过热器为研究对象,分析了氧化膜厚度、生长温度和热膨胀系数等参数对金属管内蒸汽侧氧化膜热应力的影响.基于有限元方法建立了圆管数值计算模型,计算得到不同厚度和不同生长温度下T23和T91金属蒸汽侧氧化膜从生长温度冷却至常温时的热应力变化,并依据热应力的变化特征确定了这2种金属管材蒸汽侧氧化膜易发生脱落的温度范围.结合锅炉出口蒸汽温度与高温过热器指定位置处氧化膜温度的关系,提出用出口蒸汽温度判别氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的温度范围的方法,给出了该锅炉停炉时的出口蒸汽温度值.结果表明:2种金属管材在冷却过程中低于一定温度时,其氧化膜的应力达到或接近最大应力值,可以依此判断氧化膜是否处于易发生脱落的危险区域.     

超临界机组锅炉滑停对氧化脱落的影响

当前由上海锅炉厂生产的350 MW超临界锅炉在进行滑停和正常停炉过程中,高温受热面奥氏体不锈钢材质,从高温降至低温时,对管壁内生成的氧化皮脱落情况进行对比分析发现:随着锅炉累计运行时间逐渐增长,锅炉高温受热面管壁内形成的氧化皮也逐步增厚,由于氧化皮与受热面管材的膨胀系数不同,温度变化率超出允许范围时,氧化皮会从管屏金属内壁上剥脱,一旦大量氧化皮集中剥落,就会在受热面弯头处堵塞管道引起爆管等等问题。文中就超临界锅炉在滑停过程中氧化皮脱落现象进行了探讨,并提出了锅炉滑停过程中的防控措施。     

低Re数平板降膜瞬态传热特性的研究

在建立低Re数平板降膜流动与传热数学模型的基础上,对平板平滑和波动层流降膜沿整个平板的瞬态传热特性进行了数值计算。平滑层流平板降膜流场按边界层流动进行求解,在此基础上对瞬态温度控制方程进行数值求解。波动降膜则采用坐标变换,在对随时间变化的计算区域进行坐标变换后,对变换后的温度控制方程离散并进行数值求解。平滑层流降膜的计算结果显示,由于平板降膜具有高效的传热特性,传热瞬态过程时间很短。波动层流降膜数值计算结果则显示由于液膜的波动,入口处截面平均温度无论沿流动方向还是随时间变化均呈现波动性,且与平滑层流平板降膜相比,波动降膜明显使液膜温度更快地接近液膜外侧的界面温度,显示了波动对膜内传热的强化作用。     

基于有限元方法的溴化锂降膜吸收传热传质的数值研究

吸收器是吸收式制冷系统的重要部件.溴化锂溶液的降膜吸收是吸收器中最常见的传质传热形式之一.通过对溴化锂溶液在降膜吸收过程中传质和传热特性的分析,使用基于有限元法的COMSOL Multiphysics软件,建立了溴化锂溶液和水蒸汽降膜吸收的物理数学模型,计算了液膜内部温度和质量分数的分布、界面处传质通量、界面处传热通量...     

蒸汽侧氧化膜对锅炉T91钢管蠕变断裂寿命的影响

建立了电站锅炉T91钢管蠕变断裂寿命计算模型,定量分析了蒸汽侧管壁温度和等效应力对T91受热管蠕变断裂寿命的影响,并对不同热负荷、不同尺寸受热管的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明:蒸汽侧氧化膜导致管壁温度升高是缩短部件蠕变断裂寿命的主要原因,等效应力增大是次要原因;受热管的蠕变断裂寿命随蒸汽侧氧化膜厚度的增加呈抛物线缩短;随管子热负荷的增加,蒸汽侧氧化膜对受热管蠕变断裂寿命的影响程度加剧;蒸汽侧氧化膜对外径较小的厚壁管子蠕变断裂寿命的影响较大.     

A General Correlation for Heat Transfer During Dispersed-Flow Film Boiling in Tubes

A general correlation for heat transfer during film boiling in tubes is presented. It is based on the two-step model. It has been verified with data for nine fluids flowing up in tubes. The fluids include water, cryogens, refrigerants, and chemicals. The range of data includes pressures from 1 to 215 bar, reduced pressures from 0.0046 to 0.97, mass velocities from 4 to 5,176 kg/m² s, tube diameters from 1.1 to 24.3 mm, and qualities from 0.1 to 2.4. The 546 data points are predicted with a mean deviation of 15.2%. Deviation is defined as the difference between the measured and predicted heat transfer coefficients divided by the measured heat transfer coefficient, the heat transfer coefficients being based on the saturation temperature. Three other well-known correlations are also compared to the same data and found to have much larger deviations. The correlation is also compared with a limited amount of data from horizontal tubes; the results are encouraging.     

Numerical studies on heat coupling and configuration optimization in an industrial hydrogen production reformer

Steam methane reforming furnaces are the most important devices in the hydrogen production industry. The highly endothermic reaction system requires reaction tubes in the furnace to have a large heat transfer area and to be operated under high temperature and pressure conditions. In order to enhance heat transfer efficiency and protect reaction tubes, the controlling and optimization of the furnace structure have increasingly received more and more research attention. As known from the furnace structure, it is essential to couple the exothermic combustion with the endothermic reforming reactions due to the highly interactive nature of the two processes. Thus, in this paper, the combustion process in the furnace was numerically studied by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the combustion chamber, coupled with methane steam reforming reaction inside the reaction tubes, defined by a plug flow model. A set of combustion models were compared for the furnace chamber and a plug flow reaction model was employed for reforming reaction tubes, and then a heat coupling process was established. The predicted flue gas temperature distribution showed that the heat transfer in the furnace was not uniform, resulting in hot spots and heat losses on the tube wall. Therefore, structure optimization schemes were proposed. Optimization on arrangements of the tubes and the nozzles promoted the uniform distribution of flue-gas temperature and then improved heat transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing performance of the steam reforming process.     

Film Condensation of R-134a and R-236fa,Part 1: Experimental Results and Predictive Correlation for Single-Row Condensation on Enhanced Tubes

New predictive methods for falling film condensation on vertical arrays of horizontal tubes using different refrigerants are proposed, based on visual observations revealing that condensate is slung off the array of tubes sideways and significantly affects condensate inundation and thus the heat transfer process. For two types of three-dimensional enhanced tubes, advanced versions of the Wolverine Turbo-C and Wieland Gewa-C tubes, the local heat flux is correlated as a function of condensation temperature difference, the film Reynolds number, the tube spacing, and liquid slinging effect. The proposed methods work best when using R-134a, as these tubes were designed with this refrigerant in mind.     

An empirical study on heat transfer and pressure drop properties of heat transfer oil-copper oxide nanofluid in microfin tubes

In this paper, the convective heat transfer of the heat transfer oil-copper oxide nanofluid flow in horizontal smooth and microfin tubes is investigated experimentally. Using a flow control system, the flow regime is always laminar and the wall temperature is constant by using a steam tank. Pure heat transfer oil and nanofluid with the weight concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% are used as working fluids. The results are in good agreement with the classic correlations for the pure fluid flow. Based on the results, combination use of nanoparticles and the microfin tube leads to the heat transfer enhancement up to 230%, in comparison with the base fluid flow in the smooth tube. The results are useful in the prediction of the heat transfer rate and the pressure drop in nanofluid flows.     

表面强化管外池沸腾传热特性研究

为实现节能降耗,开发了多种强化沸腾传热的高效换热管。以水为工质,在0.1MPa下对垂直光管、烧结多孔管和T槽管进行了池沸腾传热实验研究,并分析了沿管子轴向的温度分布。实验结果表明,烧结多孔管与T槽管能显著降低起始沸腾过热度、强化沸腾传热:烧结多孔管和T槽管的起始沸腾过热度比光管的低1.5K左右;烧结多孔管和T槽管的核态沸腾传热系数分别为光管的2.4～3.2倍和1.6～2.0倍。此外,烧结多孔管和T槽管能降低相同热流密度下的壁面温度,且有利于降低管子轴向的温差。     

Recent Progress in Enhancing Film Condensation Heat Transfer on Horizontal Tubes

An assessment of several promising techniques that use surface tension forces to enhance film condensation heat transfer on horizontal tubes is made. Recent progress on integral-fin tubes is stressed, including experimental findings on fin spacing, geometry, and material and the latest theoretical developments for predicting performance. Condensation heat transfer enhancement on wire-wrapped tubes is also examined, as well as the use of nonwetting strips and porous drainage devices. The effect of condensate inundation on plain and enhanced tubes is reviewed briefly, and future research directions are discussed.     

Thermal Performance of Coiled Square Tubes at Large Temperature Differences for Heat Exchanger Application

In many heat exchanger applications, working fluid inside the tubes is subjected to considerable temperature changes. Coiled tubes are used widely in heat exchanger applications due to the enhanced heat transfer rate caused by secondary flows. This study examines the thermal performance of three configurations of coiled tubes of square cross-section, namely, in-plane, helical, and conical coiled tubes, subjected to a large temperature difference between the fluid and the wall and compares it with that of a straight tube of identical cross-section area and length. The concept of figure of merit (FoM) is introduced to compare the heat transfer performance of the various configurations tested. The results indicate that FoM increases as the wall temperature is increased. In addition, the combination of temperature-induced buoyant flow and curvature-induced secondary flow significantly affects the flow behavior and heat transfer performance inside the tubes. The coil pitch in helical and conical tubes has an adverse effect on the heat transfer performance due to shift in vortices generation. The in-plane spiral tube operates at a higher wall temperature and lower Reynolds number, which gives rise to a higher FoM. The highest Nusselt number is obtained for the in-plane spiral tube at higher wall temperature and higher Reynolds number, which shows potential for practical applications.     

Heat transfer analysis of plain and dimpled tubes with different spacings

Heat transfer enhancement by modifying the surface of tubes is commonly practiced throughout the world. Grooves, dimples, flutes or corrugations are placed inside and outside the surface of tubes and channels for enhancement. In this article, a novel method for heat transfer enhancement by varying the spacing between the tubes is reported. A comparison is made between the heat transfer performance of plain tubes and dimpled tubes at different spacings. For analysis, an experimental setup is fabricated and assembled. The flow is externally forced laminar flow of air over a hot tube maintained at constant temperature. Four different velocities of air 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m/s are considered in this study. Tube surface temperature, heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate and Nusselt number are the parameters studied to analyze the thermal behavior of tubes at different spacings of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 cm. From the experimental investigation it is found that, apart from heat transfer enhancement by providing dimples on the tube surfaces, there is an optimal spacing between the tubes after which no further improvement is obtained. In this study, 3.0 cm is found to be the optimal spacing for both plain and dimpled tubes. However, the percentage value of heat transfer enhancement is greater with optimal spacing and for all velocities of air in dimpled tubes.     

Boiling curve in temperature wave region

Heat transfer was studied for the case of autowave transition from metastable to stable boiling regimes. The boiling curves classification was proposed in dependence on the direction of the vectorial parameters, such as temperature gradient, flow and temperature wave velocity. According to the proposed hypothesis, considerable changes in heat transfer relationships in the regions affected by temperature waves can be explained by local non-equilibrium near-to-wall layers.The experiments were conducted to study heat transfer in case of autowave change of boiling conditions in tubes in the pressure range from 3 to 10 MPa and in the broad range of steam quality and mass velocity. It was demonstrated that the change of boiling regimes in tubes in the form an autowave could be observed if the steam quality was less than its boundary value.The paper also discusses possible application of the obtained data for simulation of abnormal processes in the reactor core.