电-生物耦合技术对偶氮染料废水处理的研究进展

偶氮染料广泛应用于纺织印染等行业,产生的染料废水严重污染环境,降解处理染料废水成为了难题。本文对电-生物耦合技术的国内外研究现状、技术原理以及该技术对偶氮染料废水处理的最新研究进展进行了综述,并提出目前电-生物耦合技术在偶氮染料废水处理领域存在的问题,针对其问题对该技术的发展进行了展望。     

合成染料的生物降解

综述了合成染料的生物降解技术。染料废水处理技术多种多样,其中生物法以其经济、高效、无二次污染、对环境友好等优点而应用最为广泛。迄今为止,已经证明多种微生物对合成染料具有生物降解能力。将来,利用微生物降解外源性化学物质（包括合成染料）有望成为解决土壤和水污染等环境问题的一项绿色处理技术。     

Decolorisation of aqueous dye solutions by low‐cost adsorbents: a review

Effluent generated by the textile industry can be highly coloured. Before the waste is disposed into receiving waters, colour removal is an important consideration. Because of their complex molecular structures, dyes present in the textile wastewater are not removed easily by conventional wastewater treatment processes. They are fairly stable to light, as well as heat, and resist biodegradation, thus posing a challenge to conventional physico‐chemical and biological treatment methods. Although adsorption technology using activated carbon has been considered to be an effective and proven technology, it has its limitations as it is expensive and necessitates regeneration. As cost is an important consideration in most developing countries, efforts have been made to explore the possibility of using various low‐cost alternatives that are biodegradable, abundant, readily available, and are derived from waste materials. This article is a compilation of the investigations carried out by numerous researchers (from 2002 onwards) on the effective use of different kinds of low‐cost adsorbents for the removal of specific dyes from textile wastewater.     

Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater

A vast number of persistent organic pollutants have been found in wastewater effluent, surface water, and drinking water around the world. This indicates their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment technologies. In addition to classical persistent organics such as organochlorine insecticides, solvents, and polychlorinated biphenyls, a growing number of emerging pollutants of both synthetic and natural origins have been identified as major environmental pollutants in recent years. A variety of advanced and conventional treatment options have been suggested for the removal and/or destruction of these persistent organics in water and wastewater, such as chemical oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, and membrane filtration. Of these options, chemical oxidation using ozone, alone or in combination with additional physical/chemical agents (i.e., advanced oxidation), has been proved a highly effective treatment process for a wide spectrum of emerging aqueous organic pollutants, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, surfactants, microbial toxins, and natural fatty acids. In this paper, we discuss the emerging organic pollutants of concern in the aquatic environment and focus on the issues associated with their removal using ozonation and advanced oxidation processes.     

谈环境影响评价报告中对印染精加工环节废水水质的分析

纺织工业建设项目是我国国民经济发展中的一大支柱产业,是环境影响评价工作中的重要项目类型之一,该类型项目对环境产生影响的主要是印染精加工环节产生的废水;文章通过介绍印染精加工环节各主要工序的生产工艺、生产条件和主要使用的化合物(前处理剂、染料及其助剂、整理剂等),分析产生的印染废水的特性,为环境影响评价工作者正确评估印染废水的水质提供参考。     

Review on decolorisation of aqueous dye solutions by low cost adsorbents

Textile wastewater presents a challenge to conventional physico-chemical and biological treatment methods. Liquid-phase adsorption has been shown to be highly efficient for the removal of dyes and other organic matters from process or waste effluent. Many different types of adsorbent are used to remove colour from wastewater among which the most widely used material is activated carbon. Since activated carbon is expensive and necessitates regeneration, attempts have been made to substitute alternatives that are biodegradable, low cost and/or waste materials. This article presents the investigations carried out by numerous researchers on the use of different kinds of adsorbents and their adsorption capacities for the removal of specific dyes from textile wastewater.     

偶氮类染料废水处理技术的研究进展

染料的使用伴随着大量有机废水的产生,不但对环境保护带来巨大的威胁还危及人类的身体健康。在印染工艺中,偶氮类染料是应用最广泛的一类合成染料。综述了国内外偶氮类染料废水处理技术的研究现状,对物理法、化学法、生物法在偶氮类染料废水处理中的应用进行了简要介绍,并阐述了各种方法的作用机理。根据绿色化学的要求对现有处理技术进行改进,以提高偶氮类染料废水的处理效率使其达标排放。     

COMBINED CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF AZO DYE-CONTAINING WASTEWATERS

Wastewaters produced in textile industrial processes contain organic dyes, such as azo dyes, which are not amenable to direct biological treatment. This work examines the possibility of combining ozonation with biological treatment for the effective treatment of wastewaters containing the azo dye Orange II. Oxalate, formate, and benzene-sulfonate are found to be the final products of ozonation. Sulfonated aromatics such as benzene-sulfonate cause organic pollution and are not readily degradable because of their xenobiotic character. For the biological treatment of the ozonation products, activated sludge acclimated to the main product (benzene-sulfonate) was used, and batch experiments under aerobic conditions were performed. On the basis of experimental data, mathematical models describing both processes were developed. An overall mathematical model describing the integrated chemical and biological treatment of the dye was used to estimate the cost of the whole process. The implications of this study for the design of effective dye-containing wastewater treatment plants are discussed.     

Combined chemical and biological treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters

Wastewaters produced in textile industrial processes contain organic dyes, such as azo dyes, which are not amenable to direct biological treatment. This work examines the possibility of combining ozonation with biological treatment for the effective treatment of wastewaters containing the azo dye Orange II. Oxalate, formate, and benzene-sulfonate are found to be the final products of ozonation. Sulfonated aromatics such as benzene-sulfonate cause organic pollution and are not readily degradable because of their xenobiotic character. For the biological treatment of the ozonation products, activated sludge acclimated to the main product (benzene-sulfonate) was used, and batch experiments under aerobic conditions were performed. On the basis of experimental data, mathematical models describing both processes were developed. An overall mathematical model describing the integrated chemical and biological treatment of the dye was used to estimate the cost of the whole process. The implications of this study for the design of effective dye-containing wastewater treatment plants are discussed.     

印染废水处理技术的研究进展

印染废水组分复杂,常含有多种染料,色度深、毒性强、难降解、pH值波动大,而且浓度高,废水量大,是难处理的工业废水之一。本文对国内外印染废水治理中物理法、化学法、物化法和生化法处理技术的应用和进展作了综述,同时还从前处理、染色、印花、后整理等角度介绍了减少污染源的环保生产工艺,对印染废水处理技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

零排放形势下热电厂脱硫废水处理进展及展望

针对国内愈益严格的环保政策及逐渐深入的零排放形势,结合脱硫废水的水质和主要问题,综述了热电厂脱硫废水的传统处理工艺和零排放工艺的研究与应用现状。脱硫废水具有高悬浮物、高盐、水质复杂、波动大等特征,传统处理工艺主要存在效果不稳定、产水不达标、结垢腐蚀严重和浓盐水排放问题。简述了脱硫废水传统处理工艺及其改进工艺的研究与应用现状,指出其在零排放形势下已不满足处理要求,而逐渐转换为预处理工艺。重点论述了零排放组合工艺的预处理、重金属去除、浓缩减量和盐结晶固化单元工艺的研究与进展,总结了目前脱硫废水零排放技术的发展进程,并分析总结了若干典型应用案例,指出"膜分离+蒸发结晶"组合工艺将会成为深度处理与零排放的关键工艺。零排放是未来热电厂脱硫废水处理的主要途径,亟需加快新材料、新装备、新工艺等在脱硫废水零排放的工业化应用进程。     

Removal of textile dyes in wastewater using polyelectrolytes containing tetrazole groups

Textile dyes are some of the pollutants which have received the most attention because of the large volume of wastewater generated by the textile industry. Removal by means of adsorption is one of the most versatile alternatives to treat these effluents. Even though different adsorbents such as activated carbons and mineral materials have been proposed, polymeric adsorbents are a viable alternative. This work reports for the first time the use of polyelectrolyte PTZ and macroelectrolyte MTZ containing tetrazole groups as adsorbents useful in the textile dyes removal present in aqueous solutions and wastewater. Because of the anionic character of the tetrazole group, MTZ exhibits selective adsorption capabilities for cationic dyes of up to 156.25mg·g^-1. The kinetic study of the process of adsorption shows that PTZ and MTZ fit a pseudo second-order model. MTZ also shows utility as a flocculant agent in the treatment of wastewater containing dyes Indigo Blue and Reactive Black. The results showed that PTZ and MTZ may be used in the treatment of wastewater in a process of coagulation-flocculation followed by the treatment by adsorption. This two-stage treatment removed up to 95% of the dye present in the wastewater. As well as removing the dyes, the values for COD, suspended solids, pH, and color of the wastewater decreased, thus significantly improving its quality.     

Ozone,Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone And UV/Ozone Treatment Of Chromium- And Copper-Complex Dyes: Decolorization And Metal Release

Metal-complex azo dyes constitute a significant fraction of the dyes used in the textile industry and exhibit properties such as superior light- and wash-fastness. While effluent color is not always regulated, the textile finishing industry often decolorizes wastewater using processes including chemical oxidation. In this study, the use of ozone, hydrogen peroxide/ozone and UV/ozone oxidant systems was examined for treatment of two common metal-complex (premetalized) dyes, Acid Black 52 (chromium) and Direct Blue 80 (copper). Oxidant dosages required for decolorization of these dyes were determined. The effect of bicarbonate alkalinity on the ozonation and the hydrogen peroxide/ozone processes also was examined.     

Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: A general review

Effluents of a large variety of industries usually contain important quantities of synthetic organic dyes. The discharge of these colored compounds in the environment causes considerable non-aesthetic pollution and serious health-risk factors. Since conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot degrade the majority of these pollutants, powerful methods for the decontamination of dyes wastewaters have received increasing attention over the past decade. This paper presents a general review of efficient electrochemical technologies developed to decolorize and/or degrade dyeing effluents for environmental protection. Fundamentals and main applications of typical methods such as electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrochemical oxidation and indirect electro-oxidation with active chlorine species are reported. The influence of iron or aluminium anode on decolorization efficiency of synthetic dyes in electrocoagulation is explained. The advantages of electrocatalysis with metal oxides anodes and the great ability of boron-doped diamond electrodes to generate heterogeneous hydroxyl radical as mediated oxidant of these compounds in electrochemical oxidation are extensively discussed. The effect of electrode material, chloride concentration, pH and temperature on the destruction of dyestuffs mediated with electrogenerated active chlorine is analyzed. The degradation power of these pollutants with an emerging electrochemical advanced oxidation process such as electro-Fenton, based on the mediated oxidation by homogeneous hydroxyl radical formed from Fenton's reaction between cathodically produced hydrogen peroxide and catalytic Fe²⁺, is examined. Recent progress of emerging photoassisted electrochemical treatments with UV irradiation such as photoelectro-Fenton and photoelectrocatalysis is also described.     

基于资源和能源回收的城市污水可持续处理技术研究进展

在全球可持续发展的背景下,传统的污水处理模式由于未考虑到废水中资源和能源的回收利用而日显弊端,而视污水为资源和能源载体的可持续水处理技术逐渐引起人们的重视。从污水现有处理技术存在的问题出发,立足于资源化和能源化的理念,论述了基于废水碳源回收的厌氧消化产甲烷、厌氧发酵制氢、基于生物电化学原理的水处理新模式及微藻能源的水/烟气联合处理技术,以及基于氮源低能耗处理的短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和同步硝化反硝技术,基于废水磷源回收的P-RoC、MBR、REM-NUT及纳米工艺技术,和基于废水回用的深度处理技术,并介绍了其最新的研发进展,提出了城市污水可持续处理技术的研究和发展方向。     

Separation of Organic Dyes from Wastewater by Using Colloidal Gas Aphrons

Abstract

Auxiliary chemicals used in the preparation of water-based dyes have been reported to pose problems in conventional wastewater treatment processes. The dye manufacturing industries have to find alternate wastewater treatment processes to remove dyes from their waste effluents. This paper investigates a novel method of separation of dyes by flotation using colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs). The results indicate that this is an effective method for the separation of synthetic dyes from wastewater. The mechanism of removal has been shown to be ion coupling of the oppositely charged species of the surfactant forming the CGA and the dye and flotation of the ion-dye complex on the surface of CGA microbubbles.     

Monitoring the Physicochemical and Chemical Treatment of Textile Wastewater using GC/MS,LC/MS and ‐MS/MS Techniques

Abstract

Conventional biological wastewater treatment processes often fail in the elimination of finishing agents contained in textile wastewater such as dyes, surfactants, and softeners. Therefore, discharges from the textile industry are known as a major source of water pollution reaching groundwater and even drinking water treatment. Physicochemical treatment and advanced treatment processes (AOP) were applied to eliminate the pollutants prior to discharge. Ozone (O₃), O₃/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV (H₂O₂/UV), Fenton's reagent (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂) were applied to eliminate by oxidation while ultrasonication (US) alone, US/UV or powdered activated carbon (PAC) were used for the physicochemical treatment. Elimination was monitored by a conventional sum parameter analyses (COD, BOD, DOC) while gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with MS and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS and ‐MS/MS) was applied for follow‐up of pollutants and their degradation products. The application of PAC, Fenton, and O₃/UV resulted in the highest dissolved organic carbon elimination. A complete or partial elimination and/or degradation of non‐polar or polar pollutants was observed by GC/MS or flow injection analysis/MS (FIA/MS) respectively. LC/MS and MS/MS analyses confirmed that ethoxylated surfactants (AEO) present in the original wastewater could be oxidized or destroyed resulting in carboxylated AEO and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or even carboxylated PEG.     

氮肥工业废水处理技术探讨

介绍了氮肥工业废水的特点和危害,阐述了各物化脱氮方法的使用条件及优缺点,重点介绍了适用于氮肥工业废水处理的生物脱氮技术及其最新进展。     

Electrochemical oxidation of reactive dyes: method validation and application

Electrochemical oxidation is a very effective technique for wastewater processing and, in the textile industry, it can be employed to remove colour from residual dyeing and washing liquors. In previous studies, the main factors were established for the control of the electrochemical removal of reactive dyes from textile wastewater. Mathematical models were proposed for the decolorisation of these dyes and for the electrical consumption. In the present work, these models are analysed and a three-step methodology is established in order to determine whether a dye can be removed from wastewater by electrochemical treatment. This methodology is applied and verified on a further four reactive dyes. The mathematical models are also employed to evaluate the colour removal from textile wastewater samples containing reactive dyes.     

Control of the Fenton process for textile wastewater treatment using artificial neural networks

BACKGROUND: The Fenton process is a popular advanced oxidation process (AOP) for treating textile wastewater. However, high consumption of chemical reagents and high production of sludge are typical problems when using this process and in addition, textile wastewater has wide‐ranging characteristics. Therefore, dynamically regulating the Fenton process is critical to reducing operation costs and enhancing process performance. The artificial neural network (ANN) model has been adopted extensively to optimize wastewater treatment. This study presents a novel Fenton process control strategy using ANN models and oxygen reduction potential (ORP) monitoring to treat two synthetic textile wastewaters containing two common dyes. RESULTS: Experimental results indicated that the ANN models can predict precisely the colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies for synthetic textile wastewaters with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.91–0.99. The proposed control strategy based on these ANN models effectively controls the Fenton process for various effluent colour targets. For treating the RB49 synthetic wastewater to meet the effluent colour targets of 550 and 1500 ADMI units, the required Fe⁺² doses were 13.0–84.3 and 5.5–34.6 mg L^?1 (Fe⁺²/H₂O₂ = 3.0), resulting in average effluent colour values of 520 and 1494 units. On the other hand, an effluent colour target of 550 ADMI units was achieved for RBB synthetic wastewater. The required Fe⁺² doses were 14.6–128.0 mg L^?1; the average effluent colour values were 520 units. CONCLUSION: The Fenton process for textile wastewater treatment was effectively controlled using a control strategy applying the ANN models and ORP monitoring, giving the benefit of chemical cost savings. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry