SnO_2/MWCNTs复合改性阳极对海底沉积物微生物燃料电池电化学性能的影响

采用电沉积法和浸渍法制备了氧化锡/多壁碳纳米管(SnO_2/MWCNTs)复合材料,并首次将其应用在海底沉积物微生物燃料电池(MSMFCs)的阳极改性,测试分析SnO_2/MWCNTs改性阳极的电化学性能和由其组成的电池性能。结果表明,SnO_2/MWCNTs复合阳极的氧化还原电化学活性和电子转移动力学活性分别是空白组的28.26倍和983.7倍;电容性能是空白组的43.14倍;阳极电荷转移电阻约是空白组的1/4。复合改性阳极组MSMFCs的最大功率密度(1 085.1 m W/m2)是空白组的2.17倍。机理分析表明,MWCNTs提高了阳极的导电性,SnO_2使氧化还原反应更容易进行,阳极的电容性能增加;在特殊的海洋弱碱条件下,SnO_2和MWCNTs的增强协同作用使复合改性阳极表现出更加优异的性能。     

碳酸氢铵电化学氧化阳极对含油海底沉积物微生物燃料电池性能影响及其加速降解研究

制备了3种阳极(未改性阳极、氨水改性阳极、NH_4HCO_3电化学氧化改性阳极)组建海底沉积物微生物燃料电池(MSMFCs),探究阳极的不同氨改性方法对含油MSMFCs电化学性能和石油降解率的影响。结果表明,电化学氧化改性阳极的电容特性是未改性阳极组的1.78倍,并且其抗极化能力最强,交换电流密度为2.57×10~(-2)A·m~(-2),是未改性的5.00倍;由电化学氧化改性阳极组建的电池的最大输出功率密度是1.53×102m W·m~(-2),较空白组的增加3.56倍,且该电池阳极沉积物中石油的降解率是空白组的10.40倍,这是因为改性阳极表面连入了有利于微生物附着的酰胺基团和氨基基团,提高了电池电化学性能并加速了石油的降解。     

甲硫氨酸沉积物和电化学沉积聚噻吩改性阳极对海底微生物燃料电池电化学性能的影响

使用电沉积的方法制备导电聚噻吩修饰的碳毡及在沉积物中添加甲硫氨酸组成一种新型双改性阳极,以此构建海底沉积物微生物燃料电池,并对阳极的电化学性能和电池性能进行测试。结果表明,双改性阳极表面微生物的数量为空白组的11.30倍,生物膜电容是空白组的1.4倍,说明双改性阳极提高了微生物的数量;双改性阳极循环伏安电容量(302.6 F/cm~2)是空白组(38.20 F/cm~2)的8.0倍,峰电流密度为5.980 A/m~2,交换电流密度(48.29×10~(-3)m A/cm~2)是空白组(0.073 7×10-3m A/cm~2)的651.3倍,说明双改性组的氧化还原电化学活性、抗极化能力和电子转移动力学活性显著提高;双改性电池的输出功率(190.6 m W/m~2)是空白组(71.8 m W/m~2)的2.7倍,说明双改性方法提高了电池阳极的电化学性能和电池性能。     

四氧化三钴/石墨复合改性阳极对海底沉积物微生物燃料电池电化学性能的影响

首次将四氧化三钴/石墨(Co_3O_4/G)复合材料用于海底沉积物微生物燃料电池(MSMFCs)阳极改性,并对阳极电化学性能和电池性能进行研究。结果表明,Co3O4/G复合改性阳极表面的微生物附着数量是空白组的6.1倍;其氧化还原电化学活性和电容特性分别是空白组的16.2倍和31.0倍;交换电流密度达到1.366×10-3m A·cm-2,电子转移动力学活性是空白组的215.6倍,且其抗极化能力最强;电荷转移电阻降至空白组的2/5,并且双电层电容和生物膜电容均得到增加;其组成电池的功率密度为735.1 m W/m2,是空白组电池的4.6倍。机理分析表明,Co_3O_4和石墨的协同作用使复合改性阳极的电容性能和电子转移速率得到提高。     

Fenton试剂改性海底生物燃料电池阳极及电化学性能

阳极材料直接影响海底生物燃料电池的性能。本文采用一种新型改性试剂—Fenton试剂对石墨阳极进行改性处理。结果表明,改性后电极表面主要引入了羟基和羰基,接触角从82°减小到48°,亲水性明显提高。塔菲尔曲线显示,改性前后交换电流密度分别为0.05 A/m2、0.17 A/m2,电极的动力学活性显著增加,提高了两倍之多。改性和未改性电池的最大输出功率密度分别为33.21 mW/m2、20.27 mW/m2,提高了64%。这是由于阳极表面处理后引入的羟基和羰基充当了电子转移介体,明显提高了电极反应动力学活性,增加了阳极表面细菌吸附数量,加速了阳极反应,提高了电池性能。该类高性能阳极材料可望用于海底生物燃料电池的开发。     

蒙脱土和碳纳米管共掺改性环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和热性能

采用有机化蒙脱土(OMMT)和碳纳米管(MWCNTs)2种纳米材料改性双酚A型环氧树脂。通过溶液共混法制备OMMT/EP、MWCNTs/EP、OMMT/MWCNTs/EP环氧树脂纳米复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的冲击断面,测试了复合材料的力学性能和热性能,探讨了OMMT、MWCNTs增韧环氧树脂的机理。结果表明,当试样中OMMT质量分数为4%,MWCNTs质量分数为0.7%时,OMMT/EP、MWCNTs/EP和OMMT/MWCNTs/EP的冲击强度分别达到16.8kJ/m2,23.1kJ/m2,30.4kJ/m2,较未掺杂环氧树脂分别提高了16.7%,60.4%,110%。弯曲强度较未改性环氧树脂分别提高了27.54%,35.74%,54.12%。3种复合材料的热分解温度和马丁耐热温度均较未改性环氧树脂略有提高。     

低电位泡沫石墨改性阳极及其在海底微生物燃料电池中的应用

泡沫石墨是一种新型阳极材料, 对其进行改性是提高海底微生物燃料电池性能的重要途径之一。本文研究了混酸改性泡沫石墨阳极及其电化学性能。研究表明:改性后泡沫石墨表面生成羟基、羧基等含氧官能团; 改性阳极接触角降低了24.5°, 润湿性提高, 有利于微生物附着; 交换电流密度达到6760.8 mA/m², 动力学活性提高了53.7倍。研究还发现改性后阳极电位降低了100 mV, 电池开路电位达到865 mV (未改性750 mV), 最大输出功率密度为358.1 mW/m², 提高了2.4倍。三个月放电测试显示, 改性阳极和电池具有相对稳定的性能。同时, 本文初步分析了改性后阳极动力学活性增加和电位降低的原因。该研究结果为构建高输出电压和功率的海底微生物燃料电池提供了依据。     

聚吡咯/多壁碳纳米管复合材料的制备与性能研究

以吡咯为单体、三氯化铁为氧化剂,采用反相微乳液聚合法,分别在十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液中和含有多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液中,通过化学氧化法制得了聚吡咯纳米颗粒和聚吡咯/多壁碳纳米管(PPy/MWCNTs)导电复合材料。利用SEM、TEM、FT-IR、XRD和四探针电导率仪对复合材料进行了表征。结果表明,当SDBS浓度为0.0120mol/L时所制备的聚吡咯纳米颗粒的电导率在1.00S/cm左右;在含有MWCNTs的SDBS溶液中,单体在SDBS的胶束内聚合,表面活性剂及其胶束吸附在MWCNTs的表面,表面活性剂的浓度和碳纳米管的用量对PPy/MWCNTs复合材料电导率的提高起到重要作用。当SDBS浓度为0.0120mol/L、MWCNTs和单体的质量比为0.20时,可获得电导率为5.68S/cm的PPy/MWCNTs纳米复合材料。     

聚吡咯纳米管/碳纳米管复合材料在氧化还原电解液中的电化学性能

用模板法制备聚吡咯纳米管(PPyNTs),然后采用乙醇混合法将其和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)制备了复合电极材料(PM)。比较不同材料在传统H_2SO_4电解液和添加了具有氧化还原活性物质胭脂红(AR18)的电解液中的电化学性能。三电极测试结果表明,在H_2SO_4电解液中PPy纳米颗粒的比电容为220 F/g,在氧化还原电解液中,PPyNTs的比电容为579.2 F/g,高于PPy纳米颗粒(445 F/g),而PM复合材料的最高比电容可达674.2 F/g,既高于单一PPyNTs又高于MWCNTs的(405.8 F/g)。利用性能优化的PM-3复合材料组装对称电容器,当电流密度为0.5 A/g时,功率密度为300 W/kg,能量密度达15.7 Wh/kg,且经过5000次循环,电容保持率为90%。说明AR18和H_2SO_4构建的氧化还原电解液能够提供额外的氧化还原反应,使具有双电层电容和赝电容的复合材料具有更加优良的电化学性能。     

碳纤维/棉纤维/聚吡咯柔性复合材料的制备及性能研究

柔性超级电容器作为一种储能器件,具有功率密度高、充电时间短、循环寿命长、比电容高等优点,可满足可穿戴器件的需求,而柔性电极材料是决定柔性超级电容器发展的关键因素,它决定着电容器的主要性能指标。采用混纺的方法制备了碳纤维含量为20%(质量分数)的碳纤维/棉纤维混纺纱线,然后通过电化学沉积法在碳纤维/棉纤维混纺纱线上生长聚吡咯颗粒,成功制备了20%(质量分数)碳纤维/棉纤维/聚吡咯柔性复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱分析仪和电化学工作站研究了复合材料的形貌、聚吡咯沉积情况以及复合材料的电容性能。结果表明,20%(质量分数)碳纤维/棉纤维/聚吡咯柔性复合材料中,聚吡咯颗粒直径为30~60 nm,且沉积均匀,化学活性较高;在1.02 mA/cm^2电流密度下,复合材料的最大比电容达到1.28 F/cm^2,其高比电容归因于电极的独特结构;复合材料具有良好的柔韧性、机械稳定性和充放电循环寿命,其经过6000次弯曲循环后,电容保持率仍有80%以上,可以用作柔性可穿戴超级电容器的电极材料。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.