用于纯铌的粉末注射成形技术开发成功

美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员日前开发出首项用于纯铌的粉末注射成形工艺。据研究人员称新工艺可以注射成形的铌部件从火箭喷嘴到线材、人骨替代件以及畸齿矫正支柱。宾夕法尼亚州立大学是第一个研究开发用粉末注射成形工艺加工纯铌的单位。他们研制了一种方法可以计算原料中铌粉和粘结剂的优化比例，也可以计算烧结的最佳温度和持续时间。     

烧结过程中铌的晶粒长大

巴西和英国学者共同研究了工业纯铌在烧结过程中晶粒长大的问题.他们用氢化脱氢(HDH)铌粉作原料,粉末平均粒度约10μm,BET(氮吸附)比表面积为0.61 m2/g.主要杂质有:约0.62%(质量分数,下同)O2,0.038%N2,0.004%Fe,0.003%Al和0.003%的Si.     

温度对40Cr13钢等离子表面渗铌层组织的影响

为提高马氏体不锈钢的耐蚀和耐磨性能,选择40Cr13不锈钢为基材、纯铌板为靶材,采用双辉等离子表面冶金技术在不锈钢表面制备合金化层.用SEM、GDOES、XRD等方法分析渗铌温度对铌合金层组织、成分、相组成、表面形貌及硬度的影响,并对渗层形成机制及表面硬化机理进行了研究.结果表明:在900~1 000℃形成的铌合金层组织均匀致密,合金层主要由Nb2C、Nb C、Fe2Nb、Cr2Nb及铌组成;合金层表面粗糙度随渗铌温度的提高而增加;合金层厚度随渗铌温度改变发生不同变化规律,950℃渗铌形成的渗层约13μm,900和1 000℃渗铌后合金层厚度均为7μm左右;不同温度渗铌后试样的表面硬度与基体相比均有较大幅度的提高,1 000℃渗铌后试样表面硬度高达约985 HV0.025,900℃渗铌后约758 HV0.025,而950℃渗铌后表面硬度最低,约698 HV0.025.     

铌

2002年世界铌市场，．需求3．3万t(以纯五氧化二铌计)，比2001年减少6％。原因是北美、欧洲用于低合金钢、IF钢的铌减少。日本市场消费铌6830t，同比增长16％。2003年世界钢铁方面的铌铁需求有望增加。日本国内2002年需求高纯氧化铌137t（以金属铌计)，比2001年增长37％。     

铀表面纳米铌镀层的结构及其抗腐蚀性能

铌镀层硬度高,化学稳定性好,抗大气腐蚀性能优良,与铀的热膨胀系数接近,可作为铀的防腐蚀镀层,过去对该镀层结构研究不够.为此,采用磁控溅射离子镀技术在贫铀表面以不同偏压制备了铌镀层,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对镀层的组织结构进行了表征,利用电化学测试技术对铀表面铌镀层在含50 μg Cl~-的KCl水溶液中的抗腐蚀性能进行了研究.结果表明:铌镀层平整致密,但存在靶材飞溅颗粒形成的镀层缺陷,铌镀层为bcc结构,存在择优取向与晶粒细化等特性,为纳米层;在含50μg/g Cl~-的KCl溶液中,金属铌的腐蚀电位-138.5mV高于贫铀的腐蚀电位-641.2 mV,铌镀层对贫铀是一种阴极性镀层,对贫铀的保护基于其对腐蚀介质的物理屏障作用;镀铌贫铀样品的极化电阻和电化学阻抗幅值远大于贫铀,腐蚀电流远小于贫铀,铌镀层对贫铀基体具有良好的腐蚀防护作用.     

铌

2005年世界铌总需求以纯铌计为43000t，比上年增长40％。     

形貌可控氧化铌纳米棒阵列薄膜的合成研究

以铌金属为原料, 在NH₄F和H₂O₂的体系中, 通过水热方法制备形貌可控的氧化铌纳米棒阵列薄膜. 采用XRD、SEM、TEM等对不同工艺条件下获得的产物微观形貌和组成进行了表征, 考察了水热时间、水热温度和NH₄F浓度对最终产物及形貌的影响. 研究表明: 氧化铌在NH₄F和H₂O₂共存下表现出各向异性生长特性. NH₄F用量对最终产物及形貌起重要作用, 随着 NH4F浓度的增加, Nb₂O₅薄膜形貌由多面体状颗粒, 向近圆形纳米棒阵列和无规则的纳米颗粒团聚体演变. 当NH₄F的浓度为0.5g, 水热反应温度为150℃反应10h, 氧化铌在铌金属表面定向生长为六边形的纳米棒阵列. 本文还提出了氧化铌纳米棒阵列薄膜的形成机理.     

超导高频铜腔镀铌研究进展北大核心CSCD

随着粒子加速器超导高频技术的发展,超导高频腔的加速梯度与Q0值已接近纯铌材料的极限。然而,相比纯铌材超导高频腔,铜镀铌腔具有热稳定性高、机械稳定性高、对于直流磁场不敏感、RF性能和热性能可分离、优化的BCS电阻等优点。但目前铜镀铌腔在中等加速梯度(10~15 MV/m)下有较为严重的Q值下降,而且随超导腔的频率增加其下降趋势增大。近年来,镀膜超导高频腔的研究热点主要集中在:①通过采用能量更高的沉积技术,如:高功率脉冲磁控溅射、阴极电弧法、电子束等离子体蒸镀法、激光脉冲沉积等方法,降低薄膜内缺陷,提高薄膜的致密度,薄膜与衬底的结合力;②通过研究薄膜中氧、氢等杂质含量对表面剩余电阻等的影响,进而分析引起Q值下降的原理;③研发性能更优的多层膜结构以及新型沉积方法等。铜镀铌腔在LEP、LHC等粒子加速器中已经得到应用,并且稳定运行多年,证明其工程应用的可靠性与实际意义。     

直流电弧原子发射光谱法测定铌及铌合金中镉含量

采用直流电弧原子发射光谱法测定铌及铌合金中镉含量。实验优化了仪器工作条件,选用纯氧化镉做光斑,226.502 nm作为镉的分析线、样品与缓冲剂的比例为2比1。结果表明,本方法 Cd元素检出限为0.84μg/g,加标回收率在94.7%~108.7%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)均小于10%,具有很好的准确度和精度。     

超导高频铜腔镀铌研究进展

随着粒子加速器超导高频技术的发展,超导高频腔的加速梯度与Q_0值已接近纯铌材料的极限。然而,相比纯铌材超导高频腔,铜镀铌腔具有热稳定性高、机械稳定性高、对于直流磁场不敏感、RF性能和热性能可分离、优化的BCS电阻等优点。但目前铜镀铌腔在中等加速梯度(10～15 MV/m)下有较为严重的Q值下降,而且随超导腔的频率增加其下降趋势增大。近年来,镀膜超导高频腔的研究热点主要集中在:①通过采用能量更高的沉积技术,如:高功率脉冲磁控溅射、阴极电弧法、电子束等离子体蒸镀法、激光脉冲沉积等方法,降低薄膜内缺陷,提高薄膜的致密度,薄膜与衬底的结合力;②通过研究薄膜中氧、氢等杂质含量对表面剩余电阻等的影响,进而分析引起Q值下降的原理;③研发性能更优的多层膜结构以及新型沉积方法等。铜镀铌腔在LEP、LHC等粒子加速器中已经得到应用,并且稳定运行多年,证明其工程应用的可靠性与实际意义。     

Flow-Induced Instabilities in Pump-Turbines in China

The stability of pump-turbines is of great importance to the operation of pumped storage power (PSP) stations. Both hydraulic instabilities and operational instabilities have been reported in PSP stations in China. In order to provide a reference to the engineers and scientists working on pump-turbines, this paper summarizes the hydraulic instabilities and performance characteristics that promote the operational instabilities encountered in pump-turbine operations in China. Definitions, analytical methods, numerical and experimental studies, and main results are clarified. Precautions and countermeasures are also provided based on a literature review. The gaps between present studies and the need for engineering practice are pointed out.     

Differences in coagulation in clotting of vascular access in hemodialysis patients

Arteriovenous graft (AVG) thrombosis is a frequent cause of graft failure. We evaluated coagulation protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors in 20 hemodialysis (HD) patients with AVGs. The goal was to determine whether significant differences in protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors exist among dialysis patients requiring frequent AVG declot procedures vs. those who do not. Twenty HD patients were enrolled: 10 frequent clotters (>3 declots in the previous year) and 10 were nonclotters. Patients on antiplatelets or chronic anticoagulation were excluded. Laboratories were drawn pretreatment and heparinase was added to counteract any potential heparin effect. Coagulation protein concentrations including tissue factor (TF), thrombin/antithrombin III complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F₁₊₂) were assayed. The time to clot onset was measured by force onset time (FOT). Platelet contractile force (PCF) measured the force produced by platelets during clot retraction, whereas clot rigidity was measured as clot elastic modulus (CEM). FOT, CEM, and PCF were measured by Hemodyne. Both groups had upregulation of the TF pathway, as TF, TAT, and F₁₊₂ levels were similarly increased over baseline levels. Hemodialysis patients with frequent AVG clotting had higher levels of both PCF and CEM compared with nonclotters. Additionally, the frequent clotters had a lower FOT relative to nonclotters, although both were considered in the normal range. Our study suggests that HD patients with recurrent AVG thrombotic events form clots with higher tensile strength compared with HD patients without recurrent graft thrombosis.     

Trends in alcohol-impaired driving in Canada

While a general decreasing trend in the number of persons killed in a traffic crash involving a drinking driver has occurred in Canada since the 1980s, it is evident that much of this decrease occurred in the 1990s. Since 2002, less progress has been made as the number of persons killed in crashes involving drinking drivers remains high. To better understand the current situation, this paper describes trends in drinking and driving in Canada from 1998 to 2011 using multiple indicators based on data collected for the Traffic Injury Research Foundation's (TIRF) Road Safety Monitor (RSM), the National Opinion Poll on Drinking and Driving, and trends in alcohol-related crashes based on data collected for TIRF's national Fatality Database in Canada. There has been a continued and consistent decrease in the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver in Canada. This remains true when looking at the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver per 100,000 population and per 100,000 licensed drivers. This decreasing trend is also still apparent when considering the percentage of persons killed in a traffic crash in Canada involving a drinking driver although less pronounced. Data from the RSM further show that the percentage of those who reported driving after they thought they were over the legal limit has also declined. However, regardless of the apparent decreasing trend in drinking driving fatalities and behaviour, reductions have been relatively modest, and fatalities in crashes involving drivers who have consumed alcohol remain high at unacceptable levels.     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

离子液体中电沉积的研究进展

离子液体作为绿色溶剂和可设计性溶剂越来越受到重视.对电沉积来说,离子液体融合了高温熔盐和水溶液的优点.分别综述了AlCl3型离子液体、非AlCl3型离子液体和其他新型离子液体3类离子液体中电沉积的研究现状,在此基础上指出了目前尚存在的问题及今后的研究方向.采用离子液体进行电沉积能克服传统水溶液电沉积时存在的缺点,为电沉积领域找到了新的突破点,是一种很有应用前景的方法.     

高聚物银纹化的研究进展

结合最新的研究进展,对银纹引发、生长与断裂,银纹细观结构以及裂纹在银纹中的扩展等问题作了较全面的介绍和分析,对这一领域未来的研究方向和重点进行了展望。     

铁电陶瓷中电畴翻转研究进展

电畴为铁电陶瓷固有的独特微观组织特征之一,铁电陶瓷的许多性能均与其密切有关.综述了铁电陶瓷中的电畴结构,系统介绍了电场、机械作用引起的电畴翻转,概述了电畴翻转对铁电陶瓷断裂韧性的影响及其研究进展.     

Standardization in the Cultural Heritage in China

China has begun its standardization process in the cultural heritage since 1960.The standards contributed a lot to the development of the heritage conservation practices. In this paper, the author summaries the existing condition of standardization in the cultural heritages and museums field in China, and presents Standards for the Classification of Collected Cultural Heritages. Also this paper points out the problems which exist in the standardization in the cultural heritage, and gives the advice to solve these problems.