温度和pH值对美拉德模拟体系中丙烯酰胺形成的影响

丙烯酰胺(AA)是一种对人体具有潜在致癌作用的食品污染物之一,研究AA的形成规律对控制其形成具有一定的理论和实践意义。通过对AA形成的模拟体系研究发现,温度和反应液初始pH值对AA的形成具有一定的贡献。加热处理过程中,反应温度对AA形成影响显著(P<0.05),随着反应温度的增加模拟体系中AA含量相应增加。pH值对模拟体系中AA形成的影响比较复杂,随着反应液初始pH值的增加,模拟体系中AA含量也相应增加,但是当pH值达到10时,AA的含量反而下降,当pH值为8时,产生最高含量的AA,因此可以通过控制体系的温度和pH值,来减少AA的形成。     

Glu-Asn食品模拟体系中丙烯酰胺的形成规律

以葡萄糖和天冬酰胺为主要反应物,建立美拉德模拟体系,研究不同的反应条件和不同种类的糖对模拟体系中丙烯酰胺生成的作用规律。结果表明:温度是丙烯酰胺形成的重要因素。在120~180℃条件下丙烯酰胺含量与温度呈正相关的趋势,200℃时丙烯酰胺含量呈先上升后下降的趋势;模拟体系的初始p H值小于8时,丙烯酰胺含量随p H值升高而增加,当p H=8时其达到最大值,继续升高p H值,丙烯酰胺含量开始下降,说明高p H值条件不利于丙烯酰胺的生成;Glc/Asn物质的量比接近1∶1时反应生成的丙烯酰胺最多,且天冬酰胺过量引起的影响要小于葡萄糖过量引起的影响;半乳糖、果糖和蔗糖对丙烯酰胺的生成起促进作用,甘露醇、赤藓糖醇、山梨醇、β-环糊精对丙烯酰胺的抑制作用较为明显,前三者均有各自的最佳抑制浓度。丙烯酰胺抑制率与β-环糊精加入量呈正相关趋势。β-葡聚糖的浓度对丙烯酰胺最终形成几乎没有影响。     

Asn/Glc模拟体系中丙烯酰胺形成规律的研究

美拉德反应目前被认为是形成丙烯酰胺的重要途径。本文对葡萄糖和天冬酰胺模拟体系中丙烯酰胺的形成规律进行研究。结果表明,反应温度和时间对丙烯酰胺的产生量具有很大的影响,即随着温度和时间的增加,丙烯酰胺的产生量也相应增加;研究还发现,丙烯酰胺与天冬酰胺、吸光度之间呈线性关系,与葡萄糖、果糖也呈一定的相关性。     

葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系中丙烯酰胺的产生及其机理研究

油炸食品中丙烯酰胺的发现引起了科学家们的广泛重视。美拉德反应是形成丙烯酰胺的重要途径。为了进一步证实其形成机理,进行了葡萄糖和天冬酰胺模拟体系的研究。采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器分析模拟体系中的丙烯酰胺,结果表明:不同的加热温度和加热时间对丙烯酰胺的产生量影响显著,且随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长,整个反应体系的颜色逐渐加深,丙烯酰胺的产生量也逐渐增多。     

3 种单糖模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成动力学分析

为了研究单糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成动力学规律,本实验以葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖3种单糖为研究对象,通过高效液相色谱分析研究了单糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成动力学模型。结果显示,初始pH值对单糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成影响较大。在初始pH 2～8的范围内,pH 2时,5-羟甲基糠醛的形成量最大。随着加热温度的升高和时间的延长,3 种糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成量呈增加的趋势,溶液pH值呈下降趋势。在加热温度为80、100、120 ℃时,5-羟甲基糠醛的形成符合一级动力学模型。     

加工条件对BSA-Glucose模拟体系中晚期糖基化末端产物形成的影响

建立牛血清白蛋白-葡萄糖(BSA-Glucose)热加工模拟体系,用荧光光谱法测定激发光谱/发射光谱(λex/λem)=370nm/440nm荧光值,研究加热温度、加热时间、初始pH值、蛋白质浓度、抗氧化剂对晚期糖基化末端产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)形成的影响。结果表明:随着加热温度升高和加工时间延长,AGEs含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,分别在100℃、60min时达到最大值;初始pH值对AGEs形成具有重要影响,pH7.0时产生AGEs最多,碱性条件次之,酸性条件最少;茶多酚、迷迭香酸、甘草黄酮对AGEs的生成具有显著的抑制作用;金属离子中Fe3+、Fe2+、Al3+、Zn2+和Ca2+对AGEs的形成无显著影响。因此,加工条件如加热时间、加工温度及初始pH值对BSA-Glucose模拟体系中AGEs的形成具有重要影响,且食品级天然抗氧化剂茶多酚、迷迭香酸和甘草黄酮可抑制AGEs形成,金属离子对AGEs形成无影响。     

葡萄糖/天冬酰胺低湿模拟体系中丙烯酰胺产生机理研究

采用葡萄糖/天冬酰胺低湿模拟体系,系统研究反应条件对丙烯酰胺形成的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,选取加热温度、加热时间、天冬酰胺添加量、葡萄糖加入量4个因素,进行响应面优化分析。结果表明:加热温度和天冬酰胺添加量对丙烯酰胺的产生量影响显著。葡萄糖和天冬酰胺添加量分别为1.2 mmol,丙烯酰胺最大产生量条件为:加热温度200°C,加热时间6.5 min,丙烯酰胺的最大理论生成量为674.0 nmol。     

葡萄糖-天门冬酰胺体系中丙烯酰胺的生成规律研究

对葡萄糖-天门冬酰胺(Glu-Asn)模拟体系中丙烯酰胺的生成规律进行了研究。探讨了氨基酸种类、反应底物摩尔比例、加热时间、加热温度和pH等单因素对丙烯酰胺生成量的影响。选取加热时间、加热温度和pH进行正交试验优化得到丙烯酰胺的最大生成量条件:0.1mol/L的等摩尔比Glu-Asn体系溶液于180℃(油浴)、pH 8.0(PBS)的条件下加热30min,丙烯酰胺的生成量为(164.80±13.26)nmol,在此基础上进行进一步的抑制作用研究。     

半胱氨酸对模拟体系中丙烯酰胺的抑制作用研究

以葡萄糖/天冬酰胺模拟体系为对象,研究褐变度及丙烯酰胺含量的变化规律,进一步探究半胱氨酸(L-cysteine,Cys)对模拟体系中丙烯酰胺的抑制作用.将葡萄糖与天冬酰胺溶液混合并在不同时间(0～40 min)和不同温度(160℃～220℃)下进行反应,通过测定模拟体系的褐变度及丙烯酰胺含量,分析时间和温度对模拟体系的...     

采用美拉德反应提高黄鲫蛋白抗菌肽的抑菌活性

以黄鲫蛋白抗菌肽(HAHp)为底物,通过美拉德反应提高其抑菌活性.以大肠杆菌为指示菌,在100℃水浴加热条件下,比较 HAHp-葡萄糖、HAHp-蔗糖、HAHp-麦芽糖和 HAHp-乳糖的美拉德反应物抑菌活性;选用葡萄糖为添加糖,测定 HAHp-葡萄糖美拉德反应初始 pH 值、加糖量、加热温度和加热时间对美拉德反应物的抑菌活性影响.结果表明:提高反应初始 pH 值(大于 pH6.0)会降低 HAHp 美拉德产物的抑菌活性,选择葡萄糖适宜加入量,控制加热温度和时间可以提高 HAHp-葡萄糖美拉德反应物对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性     

阿魏酸与咖啡酸对丙烯酰胺形成及消减的影响

探讨阿魏酸与咖啡酸在美拉德模拟体系中对丙烯酰胺形成和消减的影响。结果表明:在天冬酰胺/葡萄糖模拟反应体系中,阿魏酸与咖啡酸的添加量为250 mmol/L和25mmol/L时可抑制丙烯酰胺的形成,而二者浓度低于2.5mmol/L时则促进丙烯酰胺的形成。将阿魏酸与咖啡酸分别与丙烯酰胺单独高温处理,发现2种酚酸对丙烯酰胺都具有消减效果,但效果不明显,因此判定阿魏酸与咖啡酸对美拉德模拟体系中丙烯酰胺含量的影响主要作用于丙烯酰胺的形成阶段。另外,酸性条件下,醌型酚酸比酚型酚酸对丙烯酰胺的消减作用更大,而在中性条件下,酚型酚酸的消减作用更强。     

Effect of Raw Potato Composition on Acrylamide Formation in Potato Chips

ABSTRACT: Recent studies have shown that subjecting foods to high temperatures during cooking processes such as frying gives rise to the formation of acrylamide. Several factors including product composition and processing conditions affect the rate of formation of this chemical in starch-rich foods. Low reducing sugar and the amino acid asparagine content is desired when cooking because the formation of acrylamide is attributed to the Maillard reaction that occurs between these food components. The cultivar 'Atlantic' was used to determine the effect of potato components (reducing sugars and asparagine) on acrylamide content during frying in a traditional fryer. A model system was developed by infusing leached potato slices with predetermined amounts of glucose and asparagine. Increasing glucose and asparagine content in the slices increased the acrylamide content in the potato chips. Color could not be used as an indication of acrylamide content because potato chips with similar color had very different acrylamide concentrations.     

氨基酸对葡萄糖-天冬酰胺模拟体系中丙烯酰胺形成的抑制作用研究

目的 研究4种氨基酸对已建立的葡萄糖-天冬酰胺模拟体系中丙烯酰胺生成的影响。方法 以葡萄糖-天冬酰胺组为对照组,在此基础上分别加入半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、赖氨酸和谷氨酸4种氨基酸为实验组,于140℃反应5～30min,测定反应后模拟体系的褐变程度、色差值、生成丙烯酰胺含量和剩余葡萄糖含量。结果 4种氨基酸中,半胱氨酸和谷氨酸对模拟体系中的褐变度和色差值的抑制作用较好;半胱氨酸和赖氨酸对底物葡萄糖的消耗作用较快;半胱氨酸对丙烯酰胺的抑制效果最好,抑制率为(76.00±0.73)%,其他氨基酸的抑制率分别为甘氨酸(38.39±0.44)%、赖氨酸(51.03±3.09)%和谷氨酸(28.76±2.43)%;进一步研究发现,当添加4.2mmol半胱氨酸时,丙烯酰胺抑制率达(95.32±0.47)%。结论 4种氨基酸相比,半胱氨酸对丙烯酰胺形成的抑制效果最好,且对于降低葡萄糖-天冬酰胺模拟体系的褐变度、色差值、葡萄糖含量有较好的效果。     

Role of precursors on the kinetics of acrylamide formation and elimination under low moisture conditions using a multiresponse approach – Part I: Effect of the type of sugar

The effect of type of sugar on the kinetics of acrylamide formation and elimination reactions was investigated under low moisture conditions using equimolar asparagine–sugar model systems, heated at temperatures between 120 and 200 °C. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose and the disaccharide sucrose were selected to study this effect. A mechanistic model was used as a basis for multiresponse modelling of the different responses measured (acrylamide, glucose, fructose, sucrose, asparagine, aspartic acid and melanoidins). In spite of the higher acrylamide yield per mol initial asparagine for sucrose over fructose to glucose, the kinetic parameters estimated for acrylamide formation revealed that the type of sugar, monosaccharide or disaccharide, had only a limited effect on this reaction. The corresponding activation energy, however, was significantly lower in case the disaccharide sucrose was added. An opposite trend was observed for the acrylamide elimination rate constant, being significantly higher for the system with sucrose, whereas the temperature dependence of this rate constant remained unaffected by the type of sugar available under the reaction conditions considered.     

Unravelling the kinetics of the formation of acrylamide in the Maillard reaction of fructose and asparagine by multiresponse modelling

A kinetic model for the formation of acrylamide in a fructose–asparagine reaction system at initial pH 5.5 is proposed, based on an approach called multiresponse kinetic modelling. The formation of acetic acid and formic acid from the degradation of fructose and its isomer glucose was included in the proposed kinetic model. The kinetic model suggests that the effect of temperature on acrylamide formation with fructose is more due to the preceding steps with the formation of the Schiff base. The use of fructose and lower pH resulted in a higher yield of acrylamide (3%), suggesting that both can play an important role in acrylamide mitigation. Furthermore, these models have shown that, at high temperatures (120–200 °C), the Maillard reaction rapidly goes into the advanced stages, forming high amounts of organic acids and high molecular weight melanoidins. Overall, these mechanistic models provide more insight of the formation of acrylamide in a quantitative way.     

美拉德反应过程中7种豆粉对丙烯酰胺和羟甲基糠醛形成的影响

丙烯酰胺和羟甲基糠醛是高温加工食品中产生的两种内源污染物。本文研究了7种豆类（黑豆、鹰嘴豆、绿豌豆、小扁豆、绿豆、黄豌豆和黄豆）的豆粉对天冬酰胺/葡萄糖反应体系中丙烯酰胺和羟甲基糠醛（HMF）形成的影响,以其为两者的控制提供参考。结果表明：采用全豆粉试验时,有5个品种的豆粉抑制丙烯酰胺（抑制率10.3~55%）形成,但都促进HMF的产生;去皮脱脂后的豆粉更能抑制丙烯酰胺形成。有趣的是,其中4个品种的豆皮也能抑制丙烯酰胺的产生。进一步研究发现,有5个品种的脱脂豆粉能消除已形成的丙烯酰胺,消除率为5.9%（绿豆粉）至28.5%（大豆粉）。通过统计本研究的39种处理发现,丙烯酰胺与HMF的形成量呈现负相关。     

不同熏醅工艺条件对老陈醋中川芎嗪与丙烯酰胺含量的影响

研究了不同熏醅工艺（蒸汽熏醅及炭火熏醅）及不同参数（温度、时间）对醋醅熏制过程中川芎嗪和丙烯酰胺生成量的影响。结果表明,蒸汽熏醅比炭火熏醅能加快美拉德反应的速率;熏醅过程中生成的川芎嗪和丙烯酰胺生成量随着熏醅温度升高和时间延长而增加,但丙烯酰胺比川芎嗪需要更高的熏醅温度（100 ℃以上）才会生成;无论是蒸汽熏醅还是炭火熏醅,90 ℃熏醅至5 d均未检出丙烯酰胺,表明低温熏醅（90 ℃以下）有利于避免丙烯酰胺的生成,在低温熏醅的前提下,蒸汽熏醅比炭火熏醅既能避免丙烯酰胺的生成,又能显著提高川芎嗪的生成量和褐色度,因此低温蒸汽熏醅工艺更值得提倡推广。     

Effect of flour type on Maillard reaction and acrylamide formation during toasting of bread crisp model systems and mitigation strategies

Maillard reaction along with caramelisation are the main chemical reactions occurring in bakery products. They are referred to as non enzymatic browning. In this work, the effect of flour type (wheat, rye and whole-wheat flours) and process conditions were investigated by using a bread crisp model system made up of flour, water and yeast. The bread was toasted at different temperature for different times. In a second set of experiments several additives (glycine, 0.1% on flour; asparaginase, 2000 U kg⁻¹ of flour and an antioxidant extract from green tea) were added to the basic formulations in order to test their ability in reducing the formation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction compounds such as HMF and acrylamide. Browning development and water content along with antioxidant activity were also monitored.Rye model systems produced more HMF and acrylamide at all temperature tested, while wholewheat systems produced less HMF, but more acrylamide than wheat one. The addition of glycine was effective in reducing acrylamide formation, and it increased browning development, antioxidant activity and HMF formation. Asparaginase reduced acrylamide formation up to 88% and had no effect on browning development and antioxidant activity. The addition of exogenous antioxidant compounds from green tea did not produce clear effect on acrylamide formation, thus it was not useful as mitigation strategy in bakery products, likely because of the low fat content.     

Effect of crust temperature and water content on acrylamide formation during baking of white bread: Steam and falling temperature baking

The effect of crust temperature and water content on acrylamide formation was studied during the baking of white bread. To assess the effect of over-baking, we used a full factorial experimental design in which the baking time was increased by 5 and 10 min at each baking temperature. Additional experiments were performed with steam baking and falling temperature baking. Immediately after baking, the crust was divided into the outer and inner crust fractions, and the water content and acrylamide concentration of each fraction was measured. The outer crust had a significantly lower water content and higher acrylamide concentration than the inner crust did. Crust temperature in combination with water content had a significant effect on acrylamide formation, higher temperatures resulting in higher acrylamide concentrations. However, at very high temperatures and lower water contents, acrylamide concentration was observed to decrease, though the bread colour was then unacceptable for consumption. Steam and falling temperature baking, on the other hand, decreased the acrylamide content while producing bread crust with an acceptable colour. The lowest acrylamide values and an acceptable crust colour were produced by steam baking.