福建烟区土壤养分丰缺状况及施肥对策

分析了福建烟区 4 0 8个土壤样品的养分 ,结果表明 ,该区植烟土壤平均pH5 .2 9,有机质 2 9.70g/kg ,全氮 1.6 2g/kg ,碱解氮 15 6 .97mg/kg ,速效磷 2 8.6 1mg/kg ,交换性钾 4 4.5 8mg/kg ,交换性钙 380 .6 5mg/kg ,交换性镁 39.13mg/kg ,有效铜 4 .2 2mg/kg ,有效锌 3.5 6mg/kg ,水溶性硼 0 .0 8mg/kg ,活性锰 31.38mg/kg。对烤烟生产来说 ,福建烟区土壤的pH值偏低 ,其钾、镁、硼的供应明显不足 ,为此提出了控氮、降磷、增钾镁、喷施微肥等相应的施肥建议。     

金光农场甘蔗土壤养分含量状况研究

对金光农场蔗区共1200个土壤样品进行了调查分析。结果表明,金光农场蔗区土壤p H值平均为5.19,p H值5.5的样本占70.9%;土壤有机质含量平均为21.34 g/kg,在中等水平的样本中占68.25%;全氮含量在中上水平的样本中占88.72%;有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙含量在中等水平的样本中分别占50.46%、50.53%、53.18%;交换性镁含量在偏低水平的样本中占60.78%;有效硫含量非常丰富。最后,对土壤肥力现状与甘蔗产量之间相关性进行了初步的分析和探讨。     

广西百色植烟土壤主要养分特征及施肥策略

2005、2006年采集了百色市8个产烟县有代表性的植烟土壤样品236个,并进行了土壤养分含量分析。结果表明,百色市土壤pH处于适宜范围,土壤有机质较为丰富,土壤速效氮、速效磷含量较高,土壤速效钾相对缺乏,土壤交换性钙、有效硫含量丰富,土壤交换性镁含量偏低。因此,在生产过程中,要遵循控氮、适磷、提钾原则,施用生物钾肥,提高土壤有效钾含量;注意增施镁肥,提高土壤交换性镁含量。     

不同类型紫色土交换性钙镁含量及对烟叶钙镁分布的影响

为探讨江西紫色土交换性钙、镁含量及对烟叶钙、镁含量分布的影响,于2009年在江西紫色土烟区点对点采集土样和烟样进行了化验分析。结果表明,江西紫色土交换性钙含量丰富但变异较大,交换性镁含量偏低且交换性钙、镁比值较大,导致烟叶含钙量变异较大且烟叶含镁量较低;烟叶含镁量为中性紫色土>酸性紫色土>碱性紫色土;中性紫色土烤烟不同叶位烟叶含钙、镁量差异不大,但碱性与酸性紫色土烤烟均为上部烟叶含钙、镁量高于中下部叶;土壤交换性钙、镁之间呈极显著正相关,交换性钙、镁与土壤pH、有机质和氮、磷、钾、硫之间具有一定的相关性,但交换性钙与微量元素呈极显著负相关。     

茄青枯病菌发病烟株根际土壤营养状况分析

为探究烟株根际土壤营养状况与青枯病发生的关系,摸清影响烟草青枯病发生最关键的土壤养分因子,以从重庆市烟草青枯病发生十分典型的黔江植烟区采集的177份根际土壤样品为供试材料,测定并采用t检验、因子分析、判别分析等方法分析了土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌、有效硼、有效钼13项指标。结果表明:土壤pH、有机质、速效钾、交换性钙、有效硼、有效钼含量偏低以及土壤碱解氮、交换性镁、有效锰含量偏高均有可能降低土壤的抑病效果,导致青枯病严重发生;烟草青枯病发病烟株根际土壤的钙镁比(4.04)明显低于健康烟株根际土壤的钙镁比(9.86);因子分析结果显示,土壤中低水平的有效钼、交换性钙可能是导致青枯病发生流行最主要的因子;通过判别分析可知,烟株根际土壤中速效钾、交换性钙、有效钼、有机质、有效硼5个成分的含量情况可能是判别青枯病发病与否的关键因子,同时也构建了相应的判别函数。      

山东蓬莱坡地葡萄园耕作层土壤养分状况调查

为了探明坡地葡萄园耕作层土壤养分状况,以蓬莱南王山谷中粮君顶酒庄土壤样品为试材,选取4个不同位置的坡地葡萄园,从坡底至坡顶,以垂直距离20 m为一个土壤采样区域,测定了园区土壤各项养分指标。结果表明:随着采样高度的增加,在坡地葡萄园中部位置20~40 m处有较低的土壤有机质含量,较高的有效磷、速效钾的含量;交换性钙、镁含量则随着高度的增加呈减少趋势,有效铜含量呈增加趋势;土壤p H值、碱解氮、有效锌、有效铁含量的变化无一致趋势。坡向为坐南朝北坡地葡萄园有较高的土壤有机质、交换性钙、交换性镁含量,较低的土壤碱解氮、有效磷及速效钾的含量较低。采样区土壤以酸性和微酸性为主,有机质含量中等,碱解氮低,有效磷中等,速效钾含量高,中微量元素含量为中等以上水平。     

重庆植烟土壤有效养分含量及其影响因素

为了明确重庆烟区土壤速效养分含量的主要影响因子,采用典型相关分析的方法研究了海拔高度、耕层厚度、pH、有机质等对土壤有效养分含量的影响。结果显示,重庆部分烟区土壤酸化严重,速效氮、磷、钾含量丰富,除有效硼、钼和水溶性氯外其他中微量元素含量均为丰富或很丰富。典型相关分析显示,土壤碱解氮、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效硼含量随有机质的增加而增加;土壤速效钾和有效锌含量随海拔升高而增加;土壤pH的降低将导致有效磷、有效铁含量的降低,交换性钙含量的增加;土壤交换性镁等养分含量随耕层厚度的增加而增加。因此,生产上应着重解决土壤酸化、有机质低、耕层浅等问题,并合理布局植烟区域,以提供烟草产质量形成的适宜环境。     

广西来宾市兴宾蔗区土壤养分丰缺状况分析

研究结果表明,来宾市兴宾蔗区的蔗地土壤有效氮、磷、钾含量已处于中等或中下水平,与高产土壤条件相比仍有较大差距,因此,在甘蔗生产上仍应该十分重视氮、磷、钾肥的施用。土壤中的硼、硫、镁等养分含量普遍偏低,许多土壤已十分缺乏或即将缺乏。在各种中、微量元素中,硼最为缺乏,硫、镁、锌、铜和锰也有可能缺乏。因此,在甘蔗施肥时应配合施用硼、硫、镁等中微量元素,适当考虑施用锌、铜、锰等微量元素。     

全国主要烟区土壤养分丰缺状况评价

在我国主要烟区土壤养分普查的基础上,系统分析了植烟土壤主要养分状况及其在主要产区的分布规律,指出了我国植烟土壤存在的主要问题。结果表明,我国主要植烟土壤速效磷、交换性钙、镁,以及微量元素锌的含量尚丰富;本次普查一半区域土壤pH值不适宜烤烟生长,土壤速效氮含量也较高;我国植烟土壤有机质总体偏高;速效钾、有效硼全面缺乏。文章提出我国今后在烤烟施肥中应注意的问题。      

烟田土壤养分移动规律研究--Ⅰ.氮、磷、钾的移动规律

研究了烟田地膜覆盖栽培和裸栽条件下土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、交换性钾和有机质含量变化规律。结果表明 ,土壤中碱解氮和交换性钾的移动性较大 ,有效磷的移动性较小 ;覆膜栽培土壤中碱解氮和交换性钾明显朝上层土壤移动富集 ,裸栽条件下则朝下层土壤移动 ,裸栽分次施肥与一次施肥土壤中碱解氮、交换性钾含量的变化趋势相似。     

郴州植烟土壤pH空间分布及影响因素初探

为探明郴州植烟土壤酸碱度状况,于2015年在郴州烟区采集土壤样品1055个,利用多元统计学和地统计学方法分析了郴州植烟土壤pH值空间变异及其影响因素。结果表明:郴州植烟土壤pH均值为7.00,变幅为4.47~8.14,pH值小于5.5的植烟土壤占10.91%,pH值大于7.0的植烟土壤占62.37%;各县植烟土壤pH均值在5.58 ~ 7.26。植烟土壤pH值空间结构为指数模型,空间变异主要由人为因素决定（如使用石灰和钙镁磷肥等）,空间分布呈现西南高、东北低的格局。偏最小二乘回归的分析结果表明,交换性钙、粉粒、全磷、全氮、有机质、碱解氮、阳离子交换量（CEC）和交换性镁是影响植烟土壤pH值的主要因素,8项指标对植烟土壤pH值的累计解释能力达65.2%,其中以交换性钙的变量投影重要性值（VIP,Variable Importance Plot）最大;这8项指标对土壤pH值表现为正效应,土壤pH值与交换性钙、全磷、全氮、有机质、碱解氮、阳离子交换量等符合线性加平台模型,与土壤粉砂粒（0.02~0.002 mm）符合线性模型。      

南雄烟区生态条件分析

为了明确南雄烟区生态特征,收集了南雄烟区近25年有关气象资料,测定了南雄烟叶主产区300份土壤样品,系统分析了大田期气象条件及主要植烟土壤养分状况。结果表明,南雄烟区还苗期、伸根期气温偏低,降雨量偏多,日照时数偏少;旺长期气温、降雨量和日照时数较适宜;成熟期气温稍偏高,降雨量明显偏多,日照时数较长。紫色土偏碱性,有机质、氮含量较低,磷、钾含量较高;牛肝土田偏酸性,有机质、氮、磷、钾含量均较高;沙泥田呈酸性,有机质、氮、磷含量较高,钾含量偏低。3种植烟土壤类型水溶性氯含量普遍偏低,有效硼、交换性锰和交换性镁含量均处于极缺乏的水平。南雄烟区生态条件总体较适宜,但也存在一定的限制性因子。     

基于粗糙集属性约简法的植烟土壤肥力评价分析

为建立更合理的植烟土壤评价方法,以江苏中烟某原料基地的植烟土壤为研究对象,采用层次分析法和基于粗糙集的属性约简法对土壤肥力的综合状况进行评价,并利用当年的烟叶产量对评价结果进行检验。结果表明:①15个采样点土壤肥力指标间的差异不同,其中有机质、碱解氮、水溶性氯、速效磷、速效钾、有效硫和有效镁含量（质量分数）7项指标差异较大,全钾、有效硼、有效钼、有效钙含量（质量分数）和土壤pH 5项指标差异较小,采样点的全氮和全磷含量（质量分数）指标差异不显著。②经多重比较筛选并利用层次分析法确定有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效镁和水溶性氯含量的初始权重分别为0.229、0.357、0.120、0.189、0.055、0.050。③基于粗糙集的属性约简法确定的最小近似约简为有机质、速效磷、速效钾和水溶性氯含量指标,权重系数分别为0.214、0.214、0.321和0.251。④利用层次分析法和基于粗糙集的属性约简法得到的土壤综合肥力评价结果不尽相同,不同方法计算得到的土壤综合肥力指数与当年的烟叶产量均呈显著线性相关,相关系数（r）值分别为0.65和0.92,决定系数（R2）分别为0.42和0.86,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为5.92和5.89,基于粗糙集属性约简法的相关性更好,精度更高。      

鄂西南植烟土壤养分状况分析

对鄂西南8个产烟县(市)进行了土壤取样调查分析。结果表明,鄂西南烟区14%的土壤存在酸化趋势;约50%土壤的有机质和86.5%土壤的碱解氮含量偏高;28%的土壤非常缺磷,63.5%的土壤缺钙;58.5%的土壤缺钾,其中20.1%的极度缺钾;89%的土壤缺镁;88.2%的土壤缺硼,其中54.4%的严重缺硼。因此,应采取相应措施调节酸碱度,严格控制氮肥用量,重视普钙(过磷酸钙)、钾肥、镁肥和硼肥的施用。该烟区79.1%的土壤不缺锌,因此,缺锌不是该烟区烟叶生产的主要障碍,但需要关注土壤有效锌含量的变化趋势。     

Varietal differences in the mineral composition of bulked samples of fruit from Cox's Orange Pippin,Crispin (Mutsu) and Spartan apple trees

Concentrations of dry matter, nitrogen and major mineral constituents in samples of Cox's Orange Pippin and Crispin fruit from interplanted trees were measured for 4 years. Similar measurements were made over a 6 year period in Cox and Spartan fruit samples from trees interplanted in another orchard. Concentrations varied greatly in all varieties from year to year. In comparison with Cox, fruit calcium concentrations were higher for a given mean mass per apple in Crispin in all years and in Spartan for 4 of the 6 years at harvest. Concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus were lower in Crispin and Spartan than in Cox fruit at harvest in all years, but dry matter and sodium concentrations differed only in some years. Changes in concentrations during fruit growth were measured in 2 years for each comparison. Differences between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in either Crispin or Spartan and Cox apples were evident throughout fruitlet enlargement in both years. Calcium concentrations were higher in Crispin and Spartan fruitlets than in Cox fruitlets of equivalent mass. Variations in the concentrations of potassium, magnesium and calcium from tree to tree were greater for Cox than Crispin samples but relationships between potassium and magnesium concentrations were similar for both varieties.     

Protein,Fiber, and Mineral Nutrition of Growing Dairy Goats

Seven yearling Alpine does were in a series of balance trials to determine apparent utilization of fiber, protein, and minerals. The 34 kg does consumed 2.2% body weight of a hay-concentrate ration that was 18.8% crude protein, 40.9% neutral detergent fiber, 24.7% acid detergent fiber, 1.18% calcium, .67% phosphorus, .39% magnesium, .98% potassium, and .48% sodium. Digestion coefficients were 59.5, 68.5, 42.3, 70.6, and 29.3 for dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and acid detergent fiber. Retention (g/day) was: 2.6, 1.3, 2.1, 1.8, and 1.1 for calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Nitrogen intake was related in a positive linear fashion to fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, and absorbed nitrogen. Apparent absorption rates were 2.7, 1.4, 1.3, 5.1, and 3.2 g per doe per day for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Mineral retentions as percent of grams apparently absorbed were 96.2, 88.2, 80.9, 37.7, and 56.0.     

Effect of maturity stages on the content of ash components in raw,frozen and canned broad beans

The aim of the present work was to determine the level of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper in fresh and preserved broad bean seeds at the stage of milk-wax maturity. The experiments included two broad bean cultivars, four stages of seed maturity being differentiated in each. With the higher maturity stages, the contents of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium gradually increased in fresh matter of the two cultivars. The contents of zinc and copper showed a slight decreasing tendency, while the levels of iron and manganese varied. Frozen and canned broad bean seeds of milk-wax maturity, prepared for consumption, were a valuable source of mineral compounds. The more mature the seeds, the greater were the contents of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and manganese, and smaller less so for copper, while the levels of iron and zinc varied. Boiled frozen seeds contained more potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and copper than canned products, no differences being found in the contents of calcium and iron. The dehulled seeds contained more phosphorus but less calcium than the intact ones.     

Changes in Chemical Composition of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) during Seed Development

Three cultivars of winged bean were analyzed for total dry matter, crude fat, nitrogenous constituents, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and cooking behavior at different stages of seed maturity. Accumulation of dry matter, crude fat and nitrogen occurred during seed development whereas nonprotein nitrogen and tryptophan contents decreased significantly. Reduction in poly-phenol content was observed at all the stages of seed development. There was a significant decrease in total phosphorus content with concomitant increase in the proportion of phytate phosphorus throughout the seed development. In matured seeds, phytate phosphorus accounted for 66—73% of total phosphorus. A reduction in zinc content was noticed in all the cultivars studied. In contrast, calcium, magnesium, iron and copper contents of seeds of different stages of maturity did not exhibit marked differences.