激光照排片的定影

本文阐述了感光材料卤化银乳剂层定影过程的基本化学反应和适用于激光照排胶片的高温冲洗套药中的定影药液的组成，其作用和配比以及使用时的注意事项，如：胶片定影容量与定影液的使用寿命、定影的浓度、定影温度、定影时间、药液的搅拌与循环、定影液的消耗与补充、水洗与影像质量、定影液的保存和定影过程的正确操作等等。     

柯达C—41冲洗工艺的技术控制

Ｃ - 41工艺是彩色负片高温快速冲洗工艺 ,由美国柯达公司在 70年代推出 ,用于冲洗柯达彩色负片。目前市场销售的凡属于同种类的彩色负片都适用于Ｃ - 41工艺冲洗。彩色负片不但改进了乳剂层更适应高温快速冲洗 ,而且也改进了漂白液 ,使用了ＰＤＴＡ高效漂白剂 ,用量仅是 [ＥＤＴＡＦｅ3+ ]- 的 1/4 ,且漂白能力强。Ｃ - 41工艺冲洗彩色负片不仅清晰度、颗粒度、色彩饱和度好 ,而且冲洗质量稳定 ,均匀一致。1　柯达Ｃ - 41冲洗工艺的变化(1)Ｃ - 41冲洗工艺及补充量 (见表 1)表 1　Ｃ - 4 1冲洗工艺冲洗工序冲洗时间冲洗温度(℃ )使用药液补…     

显影物质对定影过程的影响

黑白和彩色电影胶片的快速加工程序,通常采取提高溶液温度、使用活性显、定物质以及在溶液中增加其浓度等办法,来缩短加工时间。如果只用几秒钟分别显影、定影和水洗胶片,常因水洗或停浴时间短,会把大量显影液带进定影液,从而影响定影过程。当采用显定合一时,两个过程同时反应,每个过     

伊斯曼彩正声带减薄处理方法

我们在拷贝伊斯曼35毫米彩正片时,由于印片机的问题,冲洗后声带密度已达2.5。在后期,我们作了减薄处理如下: 一、减薄工艺水洗→漂白→水洗→定影→水洗→稳定→烘干。     

E-6冲洗工艺中的水洗

E-6工艺工序多冲洗流程长，技术要求高，这是众所周知的，但是对于E-6冲洗工艺中的两次水洗重要性的了解人们恐怕就不那么清楚了。也许有人认为无非就是水洗的时间长些短些、温度高些低些，无关紧要。其实不然，水洗和首显、彩显等程序一样重要，都影响到反转片的冲洗质量，要想得到一张高品质影像效果的反转片就必须重视水洗，这是不容置疑的。E-6冲洗工艺流程顺序是：首显、第一次水洗、反转、彩显、预漂、漂白、定影、第二次水洗、稳定。第一次水洗在首显之后进行，它是停止浴，其主要作用是停止首次显影和防止首显液带入反转浴中去。…     

影片上硫代硫酸盐残留量之研究

电影彩色正片(即拷贝片)洗片加工的工序为:显影→停显→水洗→首次定影→水洗→漂白→水洗→预干燥→声带再显影→水洗→二次定影→水洗→干燥,其中二次定影是最后一道主要工序.这道工序的作用是消除残留的卤化银,将其转化成可溶性的络合物银,以便水洗出去.     

快速加工中的定影和水洗

定影和水洗是影片加工中两道很重要的工序,但往往未予重视。本文通过对定影液的成份、搅拌以及温度对定影程度的影响;洗涤水的成份,水洗时搅拌和温度的影响试验,说明这些因素都很重要。试验目的是:(1)尽量减少定影液和水洗水的消耗量;(2)尽可能缩短加工时间;(3)确保影片质量并符合ISO贮藏标准。快速加工不仅已用于医疗用X光片,而且也开始应用到其它方面。如今医疗用X光胶片,从干到干的全过程总共只需要90秒钟。在这短短的加工过程中,对关键的显影虽为人们所重视,但对定影和水洗两道工序却很随意,其后果是很难保证经保管和长期贮藏后的影片质量,尤其是对微粒胶片的质量影响更大。     

影片上硫代硫酸盐残留量之研究

电影彩色正片（即拷贝片）洗片加工的工序为：显影→停显→水洗→首次定影→水洗→漂白→水洗→预干燥→声带再显影→水洗→二次定影→水洗→干燥，其中二次定影是最后一道主要工序。这道工序的作用是消除残留的卤化银，将其转化成可溶性的络合物银，以便水洗出去。     

高效水洗法

在照相加工时间中,水洗所占的比例很高,可以说胶片加工中约60％的时间,印片加工中约80％的时间都耗费在水洗上。然而,如果考虑到水洗效率,就能够大幅度缩短加工时间中水洗所占的比例。水洗的目的是除去水洗的前一工序,即定影液,特别是定影剂硫代硫酸盐,其次除去由定影加工所产生的定影物(可溶性银铬盐,硫代硫酸银钠)及吸附在胶片或相纸上的各种药品。如果不能彻底地清除乳剂中残存的硫代硫酸盐,那么影像银在保存中由于     

胶片银的回收

胶片定影实际上是溶解银的过程。疲劳的定影液一般含银为3～5克/升。黑白胶片的影像由银组成,未曝光部分的银溶解在定影液里。彩色胶片的影像由染料组成,银全部溶解在漂白后的定影液中。定影液中的银可用种种方法回收。电解法回收的银纯度高,可达99%左右;金属置     

新型漂促剂的冲洗性能研究

将新型漂促剂应用于Ｃ－４１彩色胶卷冲洗套药中，使用柯达标准试条测量了各项感光参数，并研究了其感光冲洗加工性能，探索了新型漂促剂的用量，ＥＤＴＡ铁铵盐用量，漂促剂与ＰＤＴＡ铁铵盐混合使用的效果，以及酸度、温度和时间等因素对漂白冲洗性能的影响。     

Lecture On “Estimatlon of Specific Surface Of Developed Silver By Thiosulphate Adsorption” Given By G. W. W. Stevens (Fellow).

Silver dye-bleach systems are mainly used for positive-positive colour printing. Materials of different types are on the market, which allow either prints or transparencies to be made. The processing is dependent on the structure and the components of these materials. ere are three main processing steps: Silver development, dye-bleaching and removing of silver. The transparencies used for printing need a low contrast of the printing system, therefore, silver halide emulsions of low contrast are needed. During processing, the gradation can be controlled with the silver developer and/or the dye-bleach bath. Reducing the activity of the silver developer reduces printing speed. New “aterials allow the use of ordinary hydroquinone-phenidone developers, therefore only the dye-bleach bath is the controlling step.

The dye-bleach bath, which has a low pH-value, contains a silver complexing substance (e.g., thiourea or iodide) and a bleach catalyst 9.g., substituted quinoxaline). As thiourea forms soluble silver complexes which influence the sensitometric properties, iodide is often preferred. The bleach catalyst must be adapted to the dyestuffs used, and it must fulfil a number of conditions. Such dye-bleach baths are degraded by small amounts of thiosulphate used for fixing the silver image and need then a high regeneration rate. It is therefore preferred to use no stop-six bath before the dye-bleach step.

If the removing of silver is made in two steps (oxidation, fixing), the processing sequence needs four photographic solutions. All the silver can be recovered from the fixing bath. Such a process compares favourably with chromogenic reversal processes.     

Local Thermal Fixing of a Photorefractive LiNbO(3) Hologram by use of a CO(2) Laser

A real-time, in situ fixing method by use of heating with a CO(2) laser beam is suggested for thermal fixing of a small local hologram in the bulk of a Fe:LiNbO(3) photorefractive crystal. For heating up to 100 degrees C-200 degrees C a volume with a shape similar to that of the laser beam a heat-guiding technique is developed. On the basis of the heat-transfer equations, different heating modes-with or without metal absorbers for heat guiding-obtained by use of a continuous or pulsed laser beam are analyzed. The optimal mode may be pulsed heating with absorbers. On this basis experiments have been designed and demonstrated. It is seen that the fixing process with CO(2) laser beam is short compared with the process by use of an oven, and the fixing efficiency is quite high.     

Some Aspects of Developer and Fixing Bath Concentrates Based on Potassium and Ammonium Salts Respectively

The limited solubility of some potassium salts in comparison to corresponding sodium salts is known from analytical chemistry; the analytical behaviour of ammonium salts is similar to that of potassium salts.

On the other hand, potash and potassium sulphite which are of interest for photographic developers ore several times as soluble as soda and sodium sulphite. Most developer concentrates, therefore, contain potassium salts. However, certain processing conditions may lead to turbidity or precipitation in the developers, due to the formation of sparingly soluble potassium hydroquinone disulphonate.

Commercial fixing bath concentrates contain ammonium thiosulphate which is much more soluble than sodium thiosulphate. Potassium thiosulphate is only slightly more soluble than sodium thiosulphate and, moreover, proves useless as a fixing agent. Fixing baths on the basis of ammonium thiosulphate are superior to those based on the corresponding sodium compound in the processing of films containing silver iodide.

In practical use the formation of crystalline deposits containing ammonium, silver, iodide and thiosulphate ions may occur.     

Holographic Noise Gratings for Analysing and Optimizing Photochemical Processings in Bleached Silver Halide Emulsions

Abstract

Recording noise gratings with single-beam exposures in bleached silver halide emulsions is used as a holographic spectroscopy technique in order to analyse and optimize photochemical processing. In particular, rehalogenating type bleachings are analysed by measuring the transmittance through the recorded and processed holographic plate as a function of the reconstruction angle, the exposure and the concentration of the rehalogenating agent in the bleach bath. The experimental results obtained show us that the analysis of these spurious gratings provides information about the bleaching action during the processing and allows us to identify the optimal concentration of the bleach bath.     

黑白传统影像的形成及冲洗工艺技术

黑白摄影是一种概括力很强的摄影艺术。黑自感光材料拍摄曝光后,必须经过显影、停显、定影、水洗等处理,才能获得永久保存的可见影像。本文从黑白影像的形成及潜影机理、黑白135胶卷冲洗工艺、黑白照相纸的冲洗工艺、黑白RC照相纸的冲洗工艺、染料型胶卷及多变反差相纸冲洗工艺等方面对黑白传统影像的形成和冲洗工艺作了阐述。     

杂原子MCM-41分子筛的合成和催化性能

采用水热合成法合成了金属原子(Zn,Ni,Fe,Al,Cu,Ce)掺杂的MCM-41介孔分子筛(简称T-MCM-41),并将其应用于邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基已)酯(DOP)的合成反应,研究了不同原子的掺杂对T-McM-41的结构,比表面积和孔径、酸性及催化性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的T-McM-41仍然具有六方有序排列结构,比表匝f积较高(550-900 m2/g)、孔径大(3 nm左右),杂原子的引入使T-MCM-41产生了酸中心,从而使其对DOP的合成具有很好的催化活性和选择性.用T-MCM-41(T=Zn,Fe,Al,Cu)催化DOP的合成反应,在5 h的反应时间内苯酐的转化率可以达到95.5%以上,DOP的选择性可达到96.5%以上.T-MCM-41催化剂具有很好的稳定性,Al-MCM-41在重复使用5次后仍具有较好的催化活性.     

Peroxy bleaches Part 1. Background and techniques for hazard evaluation

Fabric laundering is now a sophisticated chemical process involving a variety of operations including bleaching. The chemistry of peroxy bleaches is described including the use of novel organic compounds to provide effective bleaching at the lower temperatures of modern wash cycles. The instability of peroxy compounds is illustrated using cameo case histories to relate theory and practice. Techniques available for determining their thermochemistry are summarised. A model is provided for hazard and risk assessment of development projects in general (particularly those involving new molecules, processes or formulations) from ideas phase through exploratory laboratory investigations to pilot plant scale-up and eventual manufacture and commercial exploitation. This paper is a prelude to Part 2, which describes the determination of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of peroxy bleaches and discusses the implication of the results in terms of precautions for their safe storage and incorporation into detergent formulations during processing.     

漂定或漂白、定影液污染彩显液后对彩色感光材料的影响

本文论述了彩色感光材料如：彩色相纸、彩色负片的冲洗加工过程中，彩色显影液被漂定液、漂白液或定影液污染后对彩色感光材料照相性能的影响；实践证明，即使仅仅在彩色显影液中混入微量的漂定液、漂白液或定影液，也会产生严重的影响，表现在特性曲线的主要指标上，如：灰雾、低密度级、高密度级、反差、黑块等。因此，一旦发现这种污染，应立即彻底清洗冲洗加工系统并更新彩色显影液，同时应查找原因，杜绝事故。     

Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified and organic-functionalized MCM-41 type ordered mesoporous materials

A new and efficient method for the preparation of MCM-41 type ordered mesoporous phases using phosphate as promoter under reflux conditions is reported. The various mesoporous materials studied were: silica (Si-MCM-41), alumino-silicate (Al-MCM-41), and titanium-silicate (Ti-MCM-41). Our concept of promoter-assisted synthesis of zeolites and related microporous materials was found to be applicable in the synthesis of ordered mesoporous materials as well. The addition of small catalytic quantity of phosphate ions (PO ₄ ³⁻ ), used as promoters, significantly reduced the synthesis time (by a factor of 3–4) of all these mesoporous materials. The synthesis of new MCM-41 type organic-inorganic composite materials with unique properties is also reported.