存储温度对保鲜纸中亚氯酸钠留着率的影响

目的研究不同存储温度对保鲜纸中亚氯酸钠留着率的影响。方法利用碘量法测定亚氯酸钠的留着率,用白度仪测定基材白度的变化情况,用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对纤维表面的化学特性进行表征。结果不同温度下,亚氯酸钠留着率呈现出不同的下降趋势。通过白度测定结果可知,木素和亚氯酸钠反应会造成亚氯酸钠留着率降低。XPS测试结果表明,存储温度升高,木素和抽出物含量降低。结论低温环境有利于亚氯酸钠留着率的保持。     

Low-temperature growth of nanostructured diamond films

Nanostructured diamond films are grown on a titanium alloy substrate using a two-step deposition process. The first step is performed at elevated temperature (820 degrees C) for 30 min using a H2/CH4/N2 gas mixture to grow a thin (approximately 600 nm) nanostructured diamond layer and to improve film adhesion. The remainder of the deposition involves growth at low temperature (< 600 degrees C) in a H2/CH4/O2 gas mixture. The continuation of the smooth nanostructured diamond film growth during low-temperature deposition is confirmed by in situ laser reflectance interferometry, atomic force microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and surface profilometry. Similar experiments performed without the initial nanostructured diamond layer resulted in poorly adhered films with a more crystalline appearance and a higher surface roughness. This low-temperature deposition of nanostructured diamond films on metals offers advantages in cases where high residual thermal stress leads to delamination at high temperatures.     

Oxidation character of chlorite from Byrapur chromite deposit,India — A57Fe Mössbauer evaluation

Chlorite occurring in tremolite-chlorite schist rock of Byrapur chromite deposit of southern India has been investigated by⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy along with XRD, IR and EPMA analyses. From XRD and EPMA results the chlorite is identified as clinochlore. The fit of Mössbauer spectrum (at room temperature) shows five symmetric doublets for iron. Based on hyperfine parameters three doublets are assigned to Fe²⁺ attrans andcis positions of talc layers, and Fe²⁺ at brucite layer. The remaining two doublets are attributed to Fe³⁺ attrans position and Fe³⁺ at tetrahedral site. The Mössbauer result suggests that the Fe³⁺ in octahedral sites of this chlorite was caused by oxidation after chloritization. The chlorite of Byrapur area was less oxidized compared to the chlorite of Sukinda chromite deposit of eastern India.     

In-situ monitoring of the thermal desorption of alkanethiols with surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPRS)

Thermal desorption investigations on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) had previously been carried out using techniques such as thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). In this paper, the thermal dissociation of alkanethiols (CnH(2n + 1)SH) at various chain lengths (n= 6, 12, 18) on sputtered gold layers was monitored in-situ using the Kretschmann surface plasmon resonance configuration on a spectroscopic ellipsometer. We found that the longest alkanethiol (C18) exhibits the greatest thermal stability, manifested by the least amount of angular shift, during heating, in the resonant spectral features. Predictions of desorption temperatures from SPRS for the longer chain thiols are in good agreement with XPS measurements.     

Application of infrared emission spectroscopy to the thermal transition of indium hydroxide to indium oxide nanocubes

Cubic indium hydroxide nanomaterials were obtained by a low-temperature soft-chemical method without any surfactants. The transition of nano-cubic indium hydroxide to cubic indium oxide during dehydroxylation has been studied by infrared emission spectroscopy. The spectra are related to the structure of the materials and the changes in the structure upon thermal treatment. The infrared absorption spectrum of In(OH)(3) is characterized by an intense OH deformation band at 1150 cm(-1) and two O-H stretching bands at 3107 and 3221 cm(-1). In the infrared emission spectra, the hydroxyl-stretching and hydroxyl-bending bands diminish dramatically upon heating, and no intensity remains after 200 °C. However, new low intensity bands are found in the OH deformation region at 915 cm(-1) and in the OH stretching region at 3437 cm(-1). These bands are attributed to the vibrations of newly formed InOH bonds because of the release and transfer of protons during calcination of the nanomaterial. The use of infrared emission spectroscopy enables the low-temperature phase transition brought about through dehydration of In(OH)(3) nanocubes to be studied.     

Thermal stability of nanocrystalline CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> prepared through freeze drying

The growth of ceria nanoparticles during annealing at high temperatures (up to 700°C) has been studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption measurements. The results indicate that CeO₂ nanopowders prepared using freeze drying offer enhanced thermal stability.     

A Low-Temperature Batch Process for the Deposition of High-Quality Conformal Alumina Thin Films for Electronic Applications

High-quality, alumina thin films are extensively used as dielectrics, passivation layers, and barrier layers in electronics and many other applications. However, to achieve optimum stoichiometry and thus performance, the layers are often grown at elevated temperatures (>200 °C) using techniques such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). This is problematic for substrates or structures with low thermal budgets. Herein, alumina thin films are grown on 200 mm silicon substrates employing a versatile deposition method known as MVD at low deposition temperatures (35–150 °C). The chemical composition of the resulting films is investigated postdeposition using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, with fully stoichiometric Al₂O₃ achieved at deposition temperatures as low as 100 °C. Dielectric measurements confirm outstanding dielectric properties compared to typical thermal ALD layers deposited at much higher temperatures. This low-temperature deposition performance by considering the MVD reactor design and the “pump-type” regime of precursor delivery versus the “flow-type” regime of ALD is rationalized and understood. The results clearly demonstrate that alumina thin films grown with MVD are highly versatile for electronic applications and are of particular relevance and interest for the high-volume processing of dielectric, passivation, and barrier layers at low temperatures.     

In situ X-ray scattering evaluation of heat-induced ultrastructural changes in dental tissues and synthetic hydroxyapatite

Human dental tissues consist of inorganic constituents (mainly crystallites of hydroxyapatite, HAp) and organic matrix. In addition, synthetic HAp powders are frequently used in medical and chemical applications. Insights into the ultrastructural alterations of skeletal hard tissues exposed to thermal treatment are crucial for the estimation of temperature of exposure in forensic and archaeological studies. However, at present, only limited data exist on the heat-induced structural alterations of human dental tissues. In this paper, advanced non-destructive small- and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) synchrotron techniques were used to investigate the in situ ultrastructural alterations in thermally treated human dental tissues and synthetic HAp powders. The crystallographic properties were probed by WAXS, whereas HAp grain size distribution changes were evaluated by SAXS. The results demonstrate the important role of the organic matrix that binds together the HAp crystallites in responding to heat exposure. This is highlighted by the difference in the thermal behaviour between human dental tissues and synthetic HAp powders. The X-ray analysis results are supported by thermogravimetric analysis. The results concerning the HAp crystalline architecture in natural and synthetic HAp powders provide a reliable basis for deducing the heating history for dental tissues in the forensic and archaeological context, and the foundation for further development and optimization of biomimetic material design.     

Low-temperature ozone exposure technique to modulate the stoichiometry of WOx nanorods and optimize the electrochromic performance

A low-temperature ozone exposure technique was employed for the post-treatment of WO(x) nanorod thin films fabricated from hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) and ultrasonic spray deposition (USD) techniques. The resulting films were characterized with x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The stoichiometry and surface crystallinity of the WO(x) thin films were subsequently modulated upon ozone exposure and thermal annealing without particle growth. The electrochromic performance was studied in a LiClO(4)-propylene carbonate electrolyte, and the results suggest that the low-temperature ozone exposure technique is superior to the traditional high-temperature thermal annealing (employed to more fully oxidize the WO(x)). The optical modulation at 670?nm was improved from 35% for the as-deposited film to 57% for the film after ozone exposure at 150?°C. The coloration efficiency was improved and the switching speed to the darkened state was significantly accelerated from 18.0?s for the as-deposited film to 11.8?s for the film after the ozone exposure. The process opens an avenue for low-temperature and cost-effective manufacturing of electrochromic films, especially on flexible polymer substrates.     

Removal of pyridine from liquid and gas phase by copper forms of natural and synthetic zeolites

Zeoadsorbents on the basis of copper forms of synthetic zeolite ZSM5 and natural zeolite of the clinoptilolite type (CT) have been studied taking into account their environmental application in removing harmful pyridine (py) from liquid and gas phase. Sorption of pyridine by copper forms of zeolites (Cu-ZSM5 and Cu-CT) has been studied by CHN, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, FTIR spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TG, DTA and DTG) and analysis of the surface areas and the pore volumes by low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen. The results of thermal analyses of Cu-ZSM5, Cu-(py)(x)ZSM5, Cu-CT and Cu-(py)(x)CT zeolitic products with different composition (x depends on the experimental conditions of sorption of pyridine) clearly confirmed their different thermal properties as well as the sorption of pyridine. In the zeolitic pyridine containing samples the main part of the pyridine release process occurs at considerably higher temperatures than is the boiling point of pyridine, which proves strong bond and irreversibility of py-zeolite interaction. FTIR spectra of Cu-(py)(x)zeolite samples showed well resolved bands of pyridine. The results of thermal analysis and FTIR spectroscopy are in a good agreement with the results of other used methods.     

In Situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the thermal degradation of isotactic poly(propylene)

The conformational change of isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) during the thermal degradation process has been carefully studied by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. This new method of studying thermal degradation of iPP not only shows the conventional kinetic parameter information of thermal degradation such as the degradation activation energy DeltaE and the degradation factor n, which are in accord with the results of traditional thermogravimetry experiments, but also indicates that many significant molecular structure changes occur during the thermal degradation process that come from some characteristic absorption band changes of in situ FT-IR. A multivariate approach, principal components analysis (PCA), is applied to the analysis of infrared (IR) data, and the results further confirm the multi-step processes of the thermal degradation of iPP. Above all, this is a new application to polymer thermal degradation by in situ FT-IR that connects the intermediate conformational change with final results during thermal degradation.     

Temperature prediction of space flight experiments by computer thermal analysis

Life sciences experiments are especially sensitive to temperature. A small temperature difference between otherwise identical samples can cause various differences in biological reaction rates. Knowledge of experimental temperatures and temperature histories help to distinguish the effects of microgravity and temperature on spaceflight experiments compared to ground based studies, and allow appropriate controls and sensitivity tests. Up to the present time, the Orbiter (Space Shuttle) has not generally provided temperature measurement instrumentation inside ambient lockers located in the Mid-deck of the Orbiter, or inside similar facilities such as Spacehab and Spacelab, but many pieces of hardware do have temperature recording capability. Most of these temperatures, however, have only been roughly measured or estimated. Such reported experimental temperatures, while accurate within a range of several degrees Celsius, are of limited utility to biological researchers. The temperature controlled lockers used in spaceflight, such as Commercial-Refrigeration Incubation Modules (C-R/IMs), severely reduce the mass and volume available for test samples and do not necessarily provide uniform thermal environments. While these test carriers avoid some of the experimental temperature variations of the ambient lockers, the number of samples which can be accommodated in these temperature controlled units is limited. In the present work, improved models of thermal prediction and control were sought. Temperatures are predicted by thermal analysis software using empirical temperatures recorded during STS-57. These temperatures are compared to data recorded throughout the mission using Ambient Temperature Recorders (ATRs) located within several payload lockers. Additional test cases are undertaken using controlled ground experiments to more precisely determine the reliability of the thermal model. The approach presented should increase the utility of various spaceflight carriers in the support of biological and material science research and ground control studies done in preparation for flight.     

乙酯官能化聚酰亚胺的热致重排及其对CO2的吸附性能

先使两种含有邻羟基和大体积结构的二胺单体3,3’-二氨基-4,4’-二羟基四苯基甲烷(DDTPM)和9,9-双(3-氨基-4-羟基苯基)芴(BAHPF)分别与六氟二酐(6FDA)进行低温溶液缩聚反应并经化学酰亚胺化得到两种乙酯官能化的聚酰亚胺(PI),然后在425℃氮气氛围中进行热处理制备出相应的热致重排(TR)聚合物。使用红外光谱仪(FTIR)、核磁共振波谱仪(NMR)、热重分析仪(TGA)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)以及Autosorb iQ2等手段表征两种PI和TR聚合物的结构和性能,研究了乙酯官能化聚酰亚胺的热致重排及其CO₂吸附性能。结果表明：PI(DDTPM-6FDA)和PI(BAHPF-6FDA)都发生了部分热致重排反应,且含有两个苯基的PI比含有芴基的PI具有更宽的重排温度范围。它们均具有较高的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)和较宽的晶面间距。TR(DDTPM-6FDA)和TR(BAHPF-6FDA)的比表面积分别为198和582 m²/g,孔径为0.42和0.44 nm,均为微孔聚合物材料,后者对CO₂的吸附能力更强。     

Structural and gas-sensing properties of nanometre tin oxide prepared by PECVD

A low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) technique has been employed to produce ultrafine tin oxide powders. The structural features and phase transition of this material have been characterized using differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The oxygen absorption behaviour and gassensing properties have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrical measurements. Thick film gas sensors made from such ultrafine SnO₂ powders yield better sensitivities than those of normal undoped SnO₂ gas sensors. A gas-sensing reaction mechanism is also proposed.     

Characterisation of molecular beam epitaxy-grown InGaAs multilayer structures using photoluminescence

Molecular beam epitaxy-grown InGaAs/GaAs multilayer structures were used to characterise for their indium composition, quantum well widths and energy levels in quantum wells employing low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. The effect of surface segregation and thermal desorption of indium atoms in these structures which changes the intended square well and barrier profiles is demonstrated. These shape changes in the well and barrier must be taken into account to correctly predict the quantum well energy level positions and hence the indium composition and the quantum well width.     

Photothermal Radiometry and Diffuse Reflectance Analysis of Thermally Treated Bones

Different fields such as archaeology, biomedicine, forensic science, and pathology involve the analysis of burned bones. In this work, the effects of successive thermal treatments on pig long bones, measured by photothermal radiometry and diffuse reflectance are reported. Measurements were complemented by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Samples were thermally treated for 1 h within the range of 25 °C to 350 °C. The thermal diffusivity and reflectance increase in the low-temperature range, reaching a maximum around 125 °C and decaying at higher temperatures. These results are the consequence of complex modifications occurring in the inorganic and organic bone structure. For lower temperatures dehydration, dehydroxilation, and carbonate loss processes are dominant, followed by collagen denaturing and decompositions, which have an influence on the bone microstructure.     

Relationship between transition of fracture mode of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic and glass transition temperature of its resin

In this study, the correlation between the stress–strain behavior of a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) and the temperature at which the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is generated is investigated. First, CFRP ([?45/45]_2s laminate) specimens were heated at several temperatures to induce thermal damage, i.e. a HAZ. Subsequently, tensile tests were conducted on the specimens with thermal damage. Then, microscopy and X-ray measurements were carried out to discuss the stress–strain responses from a microscopic viewpoint. The results of strain measurement during thermal treatment indicated that the strain increases with increasing temperature. The tensile tests showed that the CFRP specimens subjected to thermal damage during heating at a high temperature fractured in the ductile mode, whereas the fracture mode of the CFRP specimens with low-temperature thermal damage was discontinuous. Microstructure observation using X-ray tomography showed that the debonding between the carbon fibers and the resin matrix induced by heating to above the glass transition temperature was responsible for the continuous fracture mode.     

玻璃纤维－环氧树脂预浸料质量控制方法的研究

利用化学分析、红外光谱(IR)、热分析(DSC、TGA)、体积排斥色谱(SEC)等分析技术研究了S2高强玻璃纤维-环氧树脂预浸料在高温(45℃)储存条件下化学特性的变化规律,从而为选择预浸料的质量控制方法提供依据。      

玻璃纤维－环氧树脂预浸料质量控制方法的研究

利用化学分析、红外光谱(IR)、热分析(DSC、TGA)、体积排斥色谱(SEC)等分析技术研究了S2高强玻璃纤维-环氧树脂预浸料在高温(45℃)储存条件下化学特性的变化规律,从而为选择预浸料的质量控制方法提供依据。     

On Low-Temperature Structural Phase Transitions

We comment on zero- and low-temperature structural phase transitions, expecting that these comments might be relevant not only for this structural case. We first consider a textbook model whose classical version is the only model for which the Landau theory of phase transitions and the concept of “soft mode” introduced by Ginzburg are exact. Within this model, we reveal the effects of quantum fluctuations and thermal ones at low temperatures. To do so, the knowledge of the dynamics of the model is needed. However, as already was emphasized by Ginzburg et al. in eighties, a realistic theory for such a dynamics at high temperatures is lacking, what also seems to be the case in the low-temperature regime. Consequently, some theoretical conclusions turn out to be dependent on the assumptions on this dynamics. We illustrate this point with the low-temperature phase diagram, and discuss some unexpected shortcomings of the continuous medium approaches.