土体渗透变形及渗透破坏过程中分形特征初探

根据天然土体及室内配制土样颗粒分析、干密度、渗透、渗透变形试验结果,基于土体分形理论计算了土体质量分维数,土体孔隙度、不均匀系数、中值粒径、干密度、渗透系数与分维数关系密切。当分维数较大时,表示小于某粒径颗粒累积含量较少,颗分曲线越平缓,土体有粗化现象,不均匀系数及中值粒径都在增大,孔隙度减小,干密度增大。利用土体分维数可判断出土体渗透破坏形式（如管涌、流土）,土体发生渗透破坏后分维数减小,渗透破坏过程中分维数逐渐减小,并随流失颗粒粒径的增大而加速减小。     

上覆压力对深厚覆盖层地基渗透及渗透稳定性的影响

为了研究不同上覆压力对深厚覆盖层中管涌型土层的渗透及渗透稳定性影响,利用土体渗流—应力耦合装置,在施加不同上覆压力(0、0.3、0.5、0.7 MPa)的条件下,对缺级配砂砾石进行渗透破坏试验。结果表明,随着上覆压力的增大,土体在渗透破坏过程中,局部的渗透特性变化和渗流场分布均存在差异性,反映了细土颗粒被运移和填充孔隙的情况不同,从而影响了水力坡降在局部的分配情况;上覆压力的增大使得土体稳定渗流阶段和渗透破坏阶段的渗透性出现不同程度的减小,临界坡降和破坏坡降的变化与上覆压力之间存在相同形式的非均匀变化关系。     

干密度及初始含水率对含细粒土砾红层重塑土渗透性的影响

了解含细粒土砾红层边坡在不同雨强条件下干密度及初始含水率对渗透性的影响将有助于边坡稳定性分析。为此,特剔除含细粒土砾中粒径大于2 mm以上的颗粒,制备了不同干密度及初始含水率的5组重塑土试样并做了变水头渗透试验。试验结果表明,渗透速度—水力坡降曲线、渗透系数—水力坡降曲线具有明显的三段线特征,干密度对第一、二转折点水力坡降的影响大于初始含水率;同一干密度条件下,初始含水率对渗透速度—水力坡降曲线中第二段曲线斜率k影响最大;同一初始含水率条件下,干密度对第一段曲线斜率a、第三段曲线斜率b影响最大。     

无粘性土及粘性土渗透破坏试验与渗透变形分析

针对堤坝土体渗透变形出现后内在隐患会加速渗透破坏发展问题,根据土的渗透稳定理论,对砂砾石、砂性土和粘性土等堤坝填筑材料的渗透破坏发展过程做了物理模型试验,并论证了不同性质土体在各个阶段的稳定性。结果表明,渗透破坏是逐步发展的过程,先出现局部变形,随着水头增加,局部变形区域逐渐扩大,引起了整体变形,接着变形区连通上下游,当水头继续增大时土体破坏失稳;渗透破坏锋面附近往往出现坡降集中现象,为渗透破坏的继续发展提供动力。     

粗粒含量对砾石土渗透和变形参数的影响

粗粒含量对砾石土的工程特性有较大影响。通过统计分析数个工程中砾石土坝料的相关试验资料,总结了砾石土粗粒含量对其渗透和变形参数的影响规律,发现砾石土渗透特性与粗粒含量P_5有一定相关性,P_530%时,随着粗粒含量的增加,砾石土渗透系数随之增大,渗透破坏坡降有减小趋势,粗粒含量在30%～50%范围时砾石土的允许渗透坡降一般均大于3.5。随着粗粒含量的增加,压缩模量、内摩擦角和参数K随之增大,参数n呈微小的减小趋势;粗粒含量与参数R_f、G、F、D及粘聚力c基本不相关。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的非饱和土体导热系数研究

以非饱和土体为研究对象,通过四参数随机生长法(QSGS)对土体的微观结构重构。根据土体各相及相间的热传导方程,建立求解非饱和土体有效导热系数的数学模型。基于格子Boltzmann方法的D2Q4模型对该模型进行求解。研究结果表明:土体的有效导热系数随饱和度的增加而增大,且冻土的变化幅度远大于未冻土。土体的有效导热系数随孔隙率的增加而减小,孔隙率较小时其下降速率较快。在土颗粒分布均匀、各向同性且孔隙率相等的情况下,土颗粒大小对土体有效导热系数的影响不显著。当片状土颗粒排列平行于传热方向时,其有效导热系数要大于排列垂直于传热方向的土体。     

土壤固化剂在陕北淤地坝渗透破坏治理中的应用

砂土区淤地坝破坏的主要形式是渗流,在淤地坝的反滤体中运用土壤固化剂能够防止渗透破坏的发生。为探寻一种最优配比的无机固化剂,以陕西省榆林市靖边县沙旋沟淤地坝筑坝土料为例,通过原土料和添加不同配比固化剂土料的渗透破坏试验,对比分析不同配比固化剂的完全破坏临界水力坡降来寻找最优配比的固化剂,并将选出的最优固化剂应用于模型坝的试验中来检验固化剂的实际效果。结果表明,所有土料渗流流速在渗透破坏前均随水力坡降的增大而增大;添加固化剂降低了土样的渗流流速,增加了土样的抗渗能力和稳定性,其中添加5%的无机复合固化剂土样的效果最好;在模型试验中,添加无机复合固化剂的土料对于"坝后流泥"现象具有一定的修复效果。     

对均质土坡滑裂面位置变化规律的定性分析

针对在土坡稳定性分析中最危险滑面的位置受众多因素的影响,采用临界滑动场理论分析了粘聚力、内摩擦角、土体重度、边坡高度及水平地震系数对不同坡比时均质土坡最危险滑面位置的影响.结果表明,滑面位置随粘聚力增大、内摩擦角减小而逐渐变深,坡高愈大滑面位置浅,重度影响轻微,随水平地震系数的增加坡顶处深度增大、在坡脚处深度减小.     

海上临坡宽浅式筒型基础承载特性研究

采用有限元分析方法,分析砂土中海上临坡大直径宽浅式筒型基础在单一荷载作用下极限状态承载特性和土体破坏特征,复合荷载作用下的基础变形和土压力分布情况。研究表明:筒基竖直极限承载力随坡角和临坡距线性变化,当临坡距大于0.2D时,水平极限承载力折减小于15%。当边坡坡角小于30°时,临坡距离对弯矩极限承载力影响不大。复合荷载作用下,埋深4 m以上临坡侧筒基外壁土压力随临坡距的增加而增加,其余侧壁土压力受临坡距变化影响较小。     

纳子峡混凝土面板堆石坝垫层及主堆石区渗透变形室内试验分析

根据大通河纳子峡面板砂砾石坝的工程特点和料场情况,对纳子峡水电站下游C1料场B、F区及河床的天然砂砾石土科做了筛分试验,绘制了土料的颗粒级配曲线,得出C1料场B、F区土料满足垫层设计要求,且F区土料更优；同理天然砂砾石亦满足主堆石区料设计要求.根据设计要求的颗粒级配、砂土的相对密度、压实度等,对垫层2A1、砂砾石料区3B1土料做了渗透变形试验,发现土料渗透变形破坏均经历了土样保持原状、细颗粒浮动、形成渗漏通道及土样完全破坏4个阶段,绘制了流速-渗透坡降双对数曲线图,据此求得了垫层2A1、主堆石区3B1土料的临界坡降,再根据现行规范取安全系数2 0,从而求得垫层2A1、主堆石区3B1土料允许渗透坡降分别为0.463、0.163.     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.