Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive review regarding global waterpipe use, in order to identify current knowledge, guide scientific research, and promote public policy.

Data sources: A Medline search using as keywords "waterpipe", "narghile", "arghile", "shisha", "hookah", "goza", "hubble bubble" and variant spellings (for example, "hooka"; "hukka") was conducted. Resources compiled recently by members of GLOBALink were used.

Study selection: Every identified published study related to waterpipe use was included.

Data synthesis: Research regarding waterpipe epidemiology and health effects is limited; no published studies address treatment efforts. Waterpipe use is increasing globally, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, where perceptions regarding health effects and traditional values may facilitate use among women and children. Waterpipe smoke contains harmful constituents and there is preliminary evidence linking waterpipe smoking to a variety of life threatening conditions, including pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and pregnancy related complications.

Conclusions: More scientific documentation and careful analysis is required before the spread of waterpipe use and its health effects can be understood, and empirically guided treatment and public policy strategies can be implemented.

     

逛书店

逛书店,恐怕是数字时代少数人的雅致休闲了,当然网络书店藏书更多、搜寻更方便．那类似查字典,说不上休闲。在实体书店,东看看西翻翻,不知不觉过了几小时,在网络书店停几小时要有相当的耐力。     

Latex as a sunscreen carrier in a silicone vehicle

This work comprises a study of the adsorption-desorption of three chemical sunscreens on the polymer surface of the latex Aquacoat, which has a high specific surface. The aim was to delay the release of these filters from the silicone excipient containing them and therefore increasing the substantivity, i.e. prolonging the sunscreening effect.     

Determination of vitamin a in foods ‐ a review

Formerly, few foods were routinely analyzed for vitamin A, but recent emphasis on nutrient requirements, nutrient labeling, and use of dietary convenience foods has created need for determining vitamin A in a variety of foods. There are many vitamin A methods — some suitable for certain products only. For regulatory purposes, the FDA specifies the AOAC method where it is applicable. However, some food analysts and organizations continue with their own vitamin A methods. If possible, a single, widely applicable general method should be used for vitamin A in foods. Vitamin A may be determined by spectrophotometric, colorimetric, and fluorometric procedures. Sometimes chromatography is required as an important part of the method. Colorimetric procedures with SbCl₃ are now most widely used to measure vitamin A (retinol) in foods. If vitamin A content is high enough and extracts sufficiently free of interfering substances, spectrophotometric or flurometric methods are satisfactory. Methods in various stages of development for determining vitamin A in foods are based on flurospectrophotometry, gas‐liquid chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and automation. To estimate total vitamin A nutritional value of certain foods may also require determination of vitamin A isomerization and contents of carotenes, cryptoxanthin, reinaldehyde, and apo‐carotenal.     

瓶子里的健康

近几年，随着越来越多的消费者开始喜欢功能性食品并且开始追求更加健康的饮食，在欧洲市场上，瓶装的功能性饮料满足了消费者对于健康生活的各种要求，从而受到了很多消费者的欢迎。此类产品的市场定位强调对消化功能的帮助以及胆固醇的降低，同时它们还能够降低血压，并抑制胃口变大。这些瓶装健康产品在欧洲和东南亚发展速度很快，而目前看来，在北美，这样的产品发展还有待开发。     

Banach代数上映射的方向导数

设A为一有单位元的复Banach代数，D包含A为非空开集。西方中引入并研究了映射F：D→A的一阶方向导数DF（a）和高阶方向导数D^(n)f(a)。利用Riesz函数演算，证明了它们的一些性质，讨论了它们与内导子δa的关系。特别地，当f∈H（Ω），a∈A且δ(a)包含Ω时，得到了算子δ^(n)F(a)的一个表示。     

Economic effect of a smoke-free law in a tobacco-growing community

Objective

To determine whether Lexington, Kentucky''s smoke‐free law affected employment and business closures in restaurants and bars. On 27 April 2004, Lexington‐Fayette County implemented a comprehensive ordinance prohibiting smoking in all public buildings, including bars and restaurants. Lexington is located in a major tobacco‐growing state that has the highest smoking rate in the US and was the first Kentucky community to become smoke‐free.

Design

A fixed‐effects time series design to estimate the effect of the smoke‐free law on employment and ordinary least squares to estimate the effect on business openings and closings.

Subjects and settings

All restaurants and bars in Lexington‐Fayette County, Kentucky and the six contiguous counties.

Main outcome measures

ES‐202 employment data from the Kentucky Workforce Cabinet; Business opening/closings data from the Lexington‐Fayette County Health Department, Environmental Division.

Results

A positive and significant relationship was observed between the smoke‐free legislation and restaurant employment, but no significant relationship was observed with bar employment. No relationship was observed between the law''s implementation and employment in contiguous counties nor between the smoke‐free law and business openings or closures in alcohol‐serving and or non‐alcohol‐serving businesses.

Conclusions

No important economic harm stemmed from the smoke‐free legislation over the period studied, despite the fact that Lexington is located in a tobacco‐producing state with higher‐than‐average smoking rates.Many studies have shown that smoke‐free laws implemented in US cities are not harmful to business activity. For example, one paper shows that New York City''s 1995 Smoke‐Free Air Act had no adverse effects on restaurant employment growth, which instead was three times higher than the rest of the state from 1993 to 1997.¹ Another study examined sales tax receipts in 15 cities with and without ordinances banning smoking in restaurants from 1986 to 1993, and found that smoke‐free ordinances did not negatively affect restaurant sales.² Similarly, Sciacca and Eckrem³ found that gross restaurant sales in Flagstaff, Arizona, increased between 16% and 25.8% per business 1 year after a smoke‐free ordinance was implemented. Other studies focused on bar and tourism receipts have shown no adverse effects of smoking ordinances on revenues.^4,5,6 A recent study of the El Paso, Texas, US smoke‐free ordinance, the strongest smoke‐free law in that state, found no changes in restaurant or bar revenues on the basis of a comparison of sales tax and mixed‐beverage tax data over the 12 years preceding and 1 year after the law was implemented.⁷ Scollo and Lal⁸ and Scollo et al,⁹ provide a comprehensive review of this literature.On 27 April, 2004, after an unsuccessful legal challenge, Lexington‐Fayette County, Kentucky, implemented a 100% smoke‐free ordinance, prohibiting smoking in all public buildings, including restaurants, bars, bowling alleys and other businesses. Currently, about 37% of the US population is protected by local or state‐wide smoke‐free laws.¹⁰ However, tobacco‐growing states typically have weak tobacco control laws and provide less public protection from secondhand smoke.¹¹ Lexington‐Fayette County was the first community in Kentucky, a national leader in burley tobacco production¹² and cigarette smoking,¹³ to enact such legislation. The purpose of our study is to determine whether the smoke‐free law affected: (1) employment in restaurants and bars in either Lexington‐Fayette or its contiguous counties or (2) the rate of business closures in food and drinking establishments in Lexington‐Fayette County.     

巴拿赫空间中不放大映射的不动点

证明了以下结论：若T是巴拿赫空间X中的闭凸子集D到紧致子集D中的不放大映射，且x1是D中任一点，那么由xn 1=2^-1(xn Txn)所表示的序列{xn}收敛于T的不动点，并由此得到了两个推论。     

啤酒糖化车间的能量回收

<正> 生产啤酒所耗能量极高,尤其是需要大量的热能。首先要加热麦芽浆,然后将麦汁煮沸1～1.5小时,最后用水和冰水或乙二醇将麦汁冷却到发酵温度。在酿酒之前还需用热水加热麦汁等。其中,在麦汁蒸煮和麦汁冷却时会释放出大量能量,如能安装适当的能量回收设备,这些能量便可再次被利用。不论从经济或环保角度考虑,能量回收设备的使用将有助于节省生产成本,同时又减少对环境的污染和原料的浪费。 目前,啤酒厂普遍将工程设计重点放于能量回收方面,这是因为啤酒酿造的能耗实在很高,而糖化车间的节能有限;另外,在常规的酿造方法中,新的节能技术难以实施。一般而     

Hilbert空间中的K-框架

引入了Hilbert空间中K-框架的概念;讨论了Hilbert空间中的框架和K-框架之间的关系;并且研究了K-框架的膨胀.     

中国保健行业还要乱到何时

<正> “对于保健品行业的混乱局面,行业协会也负有不可推卸的责任”,笔者一位朋友在今年6月电话里这样说。这位朋友目前就职于一家保健品企业,目前负责西南地区市场营销。 他向笔者大倒苦水:“在今年6月份,我们公司收到了中国保健食品协会的一份《全国保健食品行业统计信息发布暨表彰大会通知》,通知称这次大会将公布     

《芭比之圣诞颂歌》

这是迪斯尼梦工厂特为今年圣诞准备的一道大餐，一场美轮美奂的视听盛筵。影片改编自查尔斯.狄更斯的小说《圣诞颂歌》，秉承了原著的精髓，故事的主角换成了英国维多利亚时期的美女歌星伊甸。     

麻宫阿波罗

中国时装设计最高奖——“益鑫泰”第6届中国时装设计大奖，于3月30日下午在北京揭晓。     

《芭比之圣诞颂歌》

这是迪斯尼梦工厂特为今年圣诞准备的一道大餐,一场美轮美奂的视听盛筵。影片改编自查尔斯.狄更斯的小说《圣诞颂歌》,秉承了原著的精髓,故事的主角换成了英国维多利亚时期的美女歌星伊甸。     

Identification of a new tadalafil analogue found in a dietary supplement

A new tadalafil analogue, acetaminotadalafil, was detected by HPLC in a bulk powder that is being used as an ingredient formanufacturing dietary supplements. The analogue was isolated by semi-preparative HPLC. A chemical structure of the new compound was elucidated by HPLC, LC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The compound was identified as an acetylatedcompound of aminotadalafil. The structure of the previous unknown compound was confirmed as (6R,12aR)-2-acetamino-6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydro-pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,4-dione and named as acetaminotadalafil.     

Aerobic deterioration in maize silage stored in a bunker silo under farm conditions in a subtropical climate

Whole maize plants at the milk and dough maturation stages were ensiled in August and October 1984, for periods of 45 and 40 days, respectively. Thirteen net bags containing herbage samples were buried at different locations within the silo to determine changes and losses during the conservation period. Thermocouple wires and small-diameter plastic pipes were connected to every bag for temperature and gas measurements. Air penetration in the upper layer was much faster than in the inner parts. Losses in dry matter of 3.9-7.4% were found in well sealed sites in the bunkers, and of up to 36% at locations where air penetrated. The rate of air penetration into the silage and temperature at various sites in the bunker were recorded. Correlation between CO₂, and N₂, contents in the silage was very high (r² = 0.995) whereas oxygen levels were close to zero.