基于差分盒维数的空间目标图像分割算法

基于差分盒子维数提出了一种针对空间目标的图像分割算法.首先根据空间环境目标自然背景与空间目标人造结构的特点差异,从分形理论的相似性上对星空背景进行分析,利用像素邻域灰度方法得到目标和背景的边界.其次,在对给定阈值及该阈值下图像的差分盒维数关系进行分析的基础上,提出基于灰度方差的阈值选择方法.最后给出空间目标图像分割算法的流程,通过诸多仿真空间图像处理验证该分割算法是有效的.     

基于邻域灰度差值的二维Otsu分割方法研究*

针对传统二维灰度直方图的阈值分割方法中区域划分像素易丢失、运算速度慢等不足,通过深入分析图像中邻域灰度偏离的情况,并充分考虑像素的空间灰度信息,提出一种利用像素邻域灰度差值的新方法构建二维直方图;基于二维类间方差法实现了图像二维Otsu分割方法,并给出了相应算法的实现步骤。以生物图像中的鱼体分割为实例对方法进行了实验验证,结果表明算法分割效果良好,运算速度提高较明显。     

基于图像像素间空间信息的加权模糊阈值分割算法

模糊理论对处理模糊不确定性的事件具有得天独厚的优势,而阈值分割算法是一种简单有效的算法,因此基于模糊理论的阈值分割在图像分割领域中得到广泛的应用。但是多数的阈值分割算法对于灰度图像的处理往往仅利用图像的灰度水平值而未考虑像素的空间邻域信息,大大地增加了灰度图像的目标和背景的误分比率。针对此问题提出一种引入空间信息的加权模糊阈值分割算法,在考虑像素的灰度水平值的同时,将像素与其邻域像素的空间关系作为权重来共同对该像素作用,设计出新的模糊分割函数。实验证明该算法具有较好的稳定性和鲁棒性,对多数图像的梯度的灰度直方图接近单峰的图像和灰度峰值分布距离较远、两峰数量悬殊的双峰图像,均能得到很好的分割效果。     

基于粒子群优化算法的最佳熵阈值图像分割

研究图像的空间信息和灰度的信息图像分割,从中提取感兴趣的目标.针对传统阈值算法虽然考虑了图像的空间信息,但是由于解空间维数增加,搜索范围增大,导致了计算时间延长,求解最优阈值的速度较低,同时传统二维熵的计算中只考虑了像素的概率,忽略了灰度的概率,导致分割不准确.为了充分利用灰度图像的灰度信息和空间信息,提高分割精确度和最优阈值的求解速度,提出一种基于粒子群算法的阈值分割方法(PSO-SDAIVE算法).算法对传统的二维直方图进行改进,生成差值属性灰度直方图,同时对灰度均值和二维熵的计算进行改进,生成空间差值属性信息值熵(SDAIVE),最后用粒子群算法来搜索SDAIVE的最大值.对头部CT图像进行分割进行了仿真,实验结果表明,能够对图像进行准确的分割,而且运行时间明显较短,证明粒子群优化的图像分割算法是可行和有效的.     

一种嵌入局部信息的快速KFCM聚类分割算法

针对核空间模糊局部C-均值聚类分割算法时间复杂性过大而不适合实时场合图像分割需要的问题,提出了一种核空间局部模糊C-均值聚类分割的快速算法。利用像素与其邻域像素之间的空间距离信息和灰度方差信息构造一种加权共生矩阵;将图像像素的一维直方图以及像素与邻域像素之间的二维共生直方图相结合构造了一种新的核空间模糊C-均值聚类分割目标函数,并对其推导获得隶属度和聚类中心迭代表达式;将图像像素采用该算法聚类所得隶属度进行邻域滤波处理,以便改善该算法的抗噪性能。实验结果表明,该分割算法相比核空间局部模糊C-均值聚类分割更有利于实时场合和大幅面图像分割的需要。     

基于遗传算法的二维最大类间方差图像分割算法

为解决传统二维最大类间方差(Otsu)阈值分割算法处理图像时计算复杂度高、实时性差、易受噪声干扰等问题,本文将遗传算法应用到二维Otsu法中,提出一种基于遗传算法的最大类间方差法的灰度图像分割算法.二维Otsu算法考虑了图像的灰度信息及邻域空间的相关信息,以保证图像分割的精度;利用遗传算法则能提高运算速度.因此,基于遗传算法的最大类间方差法的灰度图像分割算法兼有二者优点,不仅提高运算速度而且能保证图像分割精度.     

基于分形特征和阈值分析的图像边缘检测

针对传统的边缘检测算法对噪声敏感且伪边缘较多,提出一种基于分形特征和阈值分析的图像边缘检测方法。该方法利用改进的毯覆盖算法计算出图像的分形特征,将图像的灰度分布映射到分形维数空间上,再根据提取的分形特征图进行阈值分析,获得高低两个阈值,将像素值分为非边缘、弱边缘和强边缘3类,再对弱边缘像素进一步加以判断。实验结果与其他算法相比较表明,该算法检测出来的图像边缘伪边缘和噪声最少。     

一种具有抗噪性的图像分割方法

基于图论的图像分割方法对有噪声污染的图像必须先进行预处理,算法自身不能抑制噪声。针对该问题,提出一种具有抗噪性的图像分割方法。该方法将图谱划分测度作为划分目标与背景的阈值分割准则,采用基于灰度值的权值矩阵代替基于图像像素个数的权值矩阵,描述像素之间的关联,并在图权计算中增加像素点与其邻域的空间相关信息,以提高算法的抗噪性。实验结果表明,使用该方法进行图像分割具有较好的分割效果,抑制噪声能力较强。     

数字分形图像分形维数计算

针对数字图像分形维数计算准确度较低问题,为提高图像精确性,消除噪声,设计了基于图像处理和分形维数计算的一体化系统.对具有分形特征的数字图像进行了灰度转换、去噪、阈值分割和轮廓提取处理,得到二值轮廓数字图像;利用计盒维数算法,统计一系列不同像素边长的正方形覆盖二值轮廓数字图像,根据像素数量和正方形个数之间的关系,确定数字图像的分形维数.结果表明,对分形图像的处理简单、方便,通过对kochsnow曲线、Sierpinski垫片等有规则分形图像分形维数的仿真计算,验证了方法的准确性、可靠性和简便性,能为数字图像分形维数的计算提供可靠工具.     

一种基于相容粒度空间的图像分割方法

定义归一化邻域方差,选取它和像素灰度值、邻域均值作为图像相容粒度空间的条件属性,构造出基于条件属性的相容粒度空间.根据相容关系进行图像粒化,定义相容决策粒间距离测度函数,利用思维进化算法(MEA)最优选取阈值,合成决策粒,实现对目标区域的提取,完成图像分割.实验结果表明所提出算法去噪效果明显,具有较好的稳定性和收敛速度.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.