盐度对聚丙烯疲劳性能的试验研究

为了研究聚丙烯在不同盐度水环境与循环荷载耦合作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展特性及机理,采用疲劳试验机捕捉裂纹扩展(MTS)、电镜扫描断面(SEM)相结合的方法对两种聚丙烯材料(共聚聚丙烯,无机纳米碳酸钙聚丙烯)进行三点弯曲Ⅰ型裂纹的疲劳试验测试。结果表明,两种聚丙烯材料在三种盐度水环境下裂纹扩展至一定范围时均出现明显的阻裂效应,而一旦通过阻裂效应点后裂纹的扩展将沿着稳定线性阶段、失稳快速阶段及最终断裂的方向发展。与空气中相比,盐度的增大对两种聚丙烯初始裂纹扩展速率影响明显,而当裂纹扩展至稳定线性阶段后盐度的增大对扩展速率的影响很小。通过电镜扫描发现,两种聚丙烯断面沿扩展方向均出现一定程度的水解与腐蚀。总的来说,盐度对两种聚丙烯材料疲劳性能影响不大。     

PP-R材料在准静态加载下的断口形貌研究

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及宏观断口形貌法观察无规共聚聚丙烯(PP-R)试件在高周期疲劳以及准静态载荷作用下的Ⅰ型试件断面与复合型试件断面的显微组织形貌与宏观断口组织,对PP-R材料的断裂机理进行研究。结果表明:PP-R材料在准静态Ⅰ型与复合型两种准静态加载方式下,裂纹在稳定扩展区域属于韧性断裂;裂纹在高速扩展区域属于脆性断裂;疲劳裂纹预制阶段属于韧性断裂。     

无规共聚丙烯材料的复合裂纹扩展研究

采用MTS810型材料试验机,对PP-R材料进行了复合裂纹扩展机理的研究,并对裂纹扩展路径以及断口形貌进行了分析。实验的裂纹类型包括I型、偏离中心20mm、偏离中心40mm三种。实验结果表明,在准静态实验工况下:预制疲劳裂纹长度在1.5mm以下时,即处于疲劳迟滞区域,三类裂纹呈现脆断特征;预制疲劳裂纹长度在3mm以上时,裂纹尖端走出疲劳迟滞区域,三类裂纹都能得到稳定裂纹扩展量,断口出现明显的韧性断裂特征。     

2.25Cr1Mo和2.25Cr1MoV钢高温疲劳裂纹扩展规律研究

对2.25C r1M o和2.25C r1M oV钢在常温到500℃的温度区间内的多个温度上进行疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试和分析,对疲劳断口形貌进行观察,得到了两种材料的高温疲劳裂纹扩展规律。结果表明:两种材料高温下疲劳裂纹扩展规律基本一致;裂纹扩展速率随着温度的升高而增大;疲劳裂纹扩展方式由穿晶型为主向沿晶型为主转变。     

交变载荷作用下纤维增强密封复合材料界面脱黏研究

界面脱黏是纤维增强密封复合材料界面破坏的主要表现形式,其可视为一种特殊的裂纹扩展。本文基于剪滞模型研究了纤维增强密封复合材料中纤维和基体界面在交变载荷作用下的裂纹扩展规律。在考虑疲劳加载引起的脱黏界面损伤和损伤分布不均匀性以及材料泊松比影响的基础上,建立了等效Paris公式,得到了疲劳裂纹扩展长度、扩展速率、界面上摩擦系数和加载次数之间的关系。     

16MnR钢高温疲劳裂纹扩展行为试验研究

对16MnR钢在常温、150℃、300℃和425℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了测试和分析,得到了四种温度下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律。结果表明：该材料在150℃和300℃的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比常温和425℃时低,425℃时疲劳裂纹扩展速率最高。     

凹凸棒石/弹性体协同改性无规共聚聚丙烯性能

以无规共聚聚丙烯(PP–R)为基料,采用纳米凹凸棒石(APT)和聚烯烃弹性体(POE)协同改性,通过熔融共混法制备出PP–R/POE/APT三元复合材料,研究了APT和POE对PP–R材料的协同改性效果。升温淋洗分级检测结果表明,单纯添加弹性体POE对PP–R进行改性,增加了室温下可溶物的含量,让PP–R复合材料中的分子链分布更加均匀,进而能够增强PP–R材料在室温下的抗冲击性能。结晶性能测试结果表明,APT与弹性体POE协同改性效果比单纯添加弹性体POE的效果明显;添加了2% APT纳米粒子和20% POE弹性体组合后,提高了材料的熔融温度与结晶温度,同时细化了PP–R中的α晶型,有利于提高材料的韧性。     

S135钻杆钢扭转疲劳寿命及断裂特征

针对钻杆在循环应力下的疲劳问题,测定了S135钻杆钢扭转疲劳寿命,得到了扭转疲劳的Δτ-N的曲线,应用统计分析方法得到扭转疲劳寿命公式,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对疲劳断口进行了观察和分析。结果表明:扭转疲劳裂纹萌生于光滑试样表面,且疲劳源的大小随切应力幅值的增加而增加,在疲劳源与疲劳裂纹扩展处的微观形貌特征为典型纯滑移型断裂。     

电工陶瓷材料裂纹扩展规律的研究

本文应用双扭法研究了四种电瓷材料静态疲劳裂纹扩展规律。试验结果表明:在空气介质中,所有试验电瓷材料均存在明显的裂纹亚临界扩展现象,且随裂纹尖端应力强度因子(K_1)增大呈现三个阶段关系。在不同介质中,裂纹扩展的敏感性按下列顺序变小:水、空气和煤油。试验还表明电瓷材料静态疲劳裂纹扩展规律与材料的配方、环境和受力等因素有关。     

PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击的裂纹萌生韧性及裂纹扩展韧性

研究了PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击的裂纹萌生韧性及裂纹扩展韧性.结果显示:质量分数为5%和10%的POE-g-MAH对PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击裂纹萌生阶段增韧效果十分明显,裂纹源为锥窝韧性断裂形貌,但对裂纹扩展阶段的影响不大,其裂纹扩展断面为补丁状脆性断裂特征;15%质量分数以上的POE-g-MAH对PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击裂纹萌生及扩展阶段的增韧效果均十分明显.裂纹扩展断面具有抛物线韧性断裂形貌.锥窝形貌是裂纹源区多核心生长伴随基体塑性变形的结果.裂纹扩展断面的抛物线形貌则是主裂纹扩展面与次级断裂源相交的结果.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。