Further developments in crude oil processing

The processing conditions for obtaining high oil quality and yield in continuous caustic refining of the following crude oils are given: tallow, palm, fish, rapeseed, and sunflower. pH Monitoring of reaction mixture assures proper caustic dosage. pH Set point range for various crudes is noted.     

我国原油加工发展前景探讨

本文主要分析了我国原油产量的形势,并提出劣质重油加工的方向.     

Sunflower oil

The paper describes sunflower oil, its fatty acid composition, analytical characteristics, uses, applications in products, and advantages and problems associated with its use. Specific processing conditions, including flow diagrams, to produce satisfactory finished products are discussed. The presentation emphasizes developments since 1976, anticipated changes in technology and a forecast of changes that may lie ahead.     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in crude and processed borage oil from different processing stages

The pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of crude borage oil and borage oil from different processing stages was determined by GC-MS. The results showed that no pyrrolizidine alkaloids were present above a detection limit of 20 ppb. The reduction factors for pyrrolizidine alkaloids at various stages in the oil refining process were determined by means of spiking experiments using the commercially available pyrrolizidine alkaloid crotaline. It was shown that the pyrrolizidine content in crude borage oil was reduced overall by a factor of about 30,000 in the refining process.     

Sunflower processing technique

A great deal of interest has recently been shown in sunflower seed as an oilseed erop. The introduction of new Russian seed varieties with higher oil content have helped to stimulate this interest, particularly in the flax and cottonseed growing areas. This paper presents background material pertinent to the subject of sunflower processing. Such things as seed structure, oil and meal quality and certain economic considerations are included. Processing techniques currently used are discussed and comparisons made with the processing of other oilseeds. Brief mention is made of storage and handling of the seeds, meal and oil. Extraction is discussed briefly, but since it is successful only if the seed is properly prepared, seed preparation and handling prior to extraction are stressed. Sunflower seeds are nearly 30% hulls and these hulls are high in crude fiber content. For this reason, dehulling and hull separation practices are important aspects of processing sunflowers. Expeller operating variables are also important where prepressing is part of the process. These processes are stressed. Direct solvent extraction and prepress solvent extraction methods are currently being used successfully. Features of both methods and their applicability are discussed along with seed preparation needed for each method. One of nine papers to be published from the Symposium on Solvent Extraction Techniques for Soybean and Other Seeds, presented at the AOCS Meeting, Minneapolis, October, 1969.     

原油高价运行下我国基础油生产技术的探讨

回顾了2002年到2006上半年国际原油价格.指出了我国润滑油基础油生产技术在当前原油高价运行下存在的问题:对于传统基础油生产工艺.炼制原油种类的增多导致基础油的质量下降以及设备腐蚀;对于基础油加氢工艺,主要是装置开工率不足.提出要充分了解哪些原油适合传统的基础油生产工艺,对不同的原油应采取分炼、分输、分储,加大对基础油加氢工艺的科研力度,掌握高档基础油结构性质,提高我国润滑油的生产技术水平,缓解原油价格增长给润滑油行业带来的压力.     

原油加工过程中的腐蚀及对策

以胜利原油为例,分析了原油炼制过程中的腐蚀特点及有效的防护措施。     

高氯原油加工问题分析及对策

对现有炼油装置因氯带来的腐蚀问题进行分析,氯化物产生的盐酸腐蚀、NH4Cl垢下腐蚀和氯化物应力腐蚀开裂等问题会造成催化剂中毒和对炼油装置带来不利影响。提出了解决上述问题的对策,以确保装置生产安稳长满优运行。     

加工高硫原油产生污水的性质及其处理工艺

对加西原油加工过程产生污水的性质进行分析,该污水具有pH大、硫化物含量低、氨氮含量低、含油量低、COD含量高的特点。在污水处理场原有设施上,通过调节pH、增加絮凝剂投加量、增加生化池葡萄糖投加量、调节生化池温度等措施,使加西原油加工期间所产生的污水全部达标排放。     

高含硫原油加工设备防腐技术进展

自1997年以来,我国石化行业中炼制的原油中高含硫原油的比例逐渐增大,硫对设备的腐蚀问题得到了各炼油企业的重视.本文主要介绍了目前常用的防腐蚀措施和技术.     

塔河原油加工对减压设备腐蚀分析

对减压设备加工塔河油后产生的腐蚀状况进行分析,认为塔河原油属于高含硫、含盐的低品质原油,密度大、粘度高、硫含量高、沥青质高、金属含量高,对设备的腐蚀影响较大,应加强防腐措施,确保设备的长周期平稳运行.     

Membrane processing of crude vegetable oils: Pilot plant scale remoyal of solvent from oil miscellas

The recovery of solvents used in the extraction step of edible oil processing is required for economical, environmental, and safety considerations. The miscella (mixture of extracted oil and solvent) exits the extractor at 70 to 75 wt% solvent content. Currently, the solvent is recovered by distillation. This paper reports the results of a study on separation of vegetable oils from commercial extraction solvents using various types of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Solvent permeation rates and separation performances of various RO and UF membranes were determined by using ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and hexane as the solvents. One membrane exhibited a flux of 200 GFD (ethanol) with 1% oil remaining in the permeate. However, hexane rapidly deteriorated all but one of the membranes tested. The membrane that was compatible with hexane had a low flux and unacceptably low oil retention. Industrial-scale membranes were also evaluated in pilot plant trials. A hexane separation was attempted with a hollow-fiber membrane unit, and it was noted that the pores of the fibers swelled almost closed. Some of the commercially available membranes selectively removed solvent (ethanol or isopropanol) from the edible oil miscellas with reasonable flow rates. The research reported has shown that membranes manufactured from polyamide were the least affected by hexane. Fluxes achieved during solvent-oil separations were increased by increases in either temperature or pressure and decreased by increases in oil concentration in the feed. The processing temperature affected the percentage of oil in solution in either ethanol or isopropanol as well as the viscosity of the feed. Both of these factors in turn influenced the flux achieved. Approximately 2 trillion Btu/yr could be saved using a hybrid membrane system to recover solvents used in the extraction step of crude oil production. Studies to date report marginal success. The development of hexane-resistant membranes may make this application viable.     

原油降凝剂中间体的合成及处理

报道了原油降凝剂中间体的合成及如何清除中间体中阻聚剂的新方法。     

Sunflower oil and its applications

Sunflower is one of the oldest oilseeds in the Americas. It is the state flower of Kansas State and constitutes a significant segment of oilseeds produced in the former Soviet Union Block. Sunflower is admired worldwide for its vibrant beauty and is an important source of food. Its oil is viewed as a healthy vegetable oil and its seeds contain a wide range of nutrients that are enjoyed as a tasty snack as well as nutritious ingredient in many foods, such as health bars, salad garnish and spreads similar to peanut butter. Sunflower is an important crop choice for US growers from the northern plains of Dakotas to Texas panhandle. The oil has very good taste and appearance. Today, there is the traditional sunflower oil, which is high in linoleic acid content that makes it excellent for both domestic and industrial use. The high linoleic acid content makes the oil unstable in industrial or institutional frying. Mid‐oleic sunflower, which contains higher oleic acid and lower level of linoleic acid than the garden variety sunflower oil is more suitable for industrial and institutional frying along with the applications such as salad oil and cooking oil. High oleic sunflower oil, that contains 80% or higher oleic acid and very low linoleic acid, is one of the most stable oils for all applications, including industrial and institutional frying, and also for industrial non‐food applications such as lubricant, as transformer oil and various other applications.