The friction and wear of high density polythene: The action of lead oxide and copper oxide fillers

A comparison of the friction and wear behaviour of polythenes with and without lead oxide-copper oxide fillers is described. The influence of sliding speed, load and the nature, roughness and temperature of the counterface is investigated.Under certain conditions the mixed filler is found to drastically reduce the wear but not the friction of high density polythene. No such reduction in wear was observed for low density polythene. With high density polythene the improved wear is restricted to high speeds and to relatively smooth steel counterfaces.Suggestions are made as to the wear-reducing action of this filler.     

A simple method for the direct visualization of cell surface-associated lectins and antibodies in freeze fracture electron microscopy

At very low object temperatures organic specimens suffer not only radiation damage but, to a higher extent, charging and heating during electron irradiation due to very low electrical and thermal conductivities of organic materials. The fading of electron diffraction patterns is seriously influenced by the superposition of both effects. For this reason an exact determination of the progress in radiation damage is nearly impossible by direct observations of the diffraction patterns, particularly for obtaining the cryoprotection factors of organics. Charging and subsequently heating cause intrinsic motions of the irradiated areas which also seem to lead to a destruction of the crystallinity. With a suitable preparation of organic specimens, charging and heating effects at very low temperatures could be avoided, and it could be demonstrated that the true cryoprotection was relatively good.     

An evaluation of the cryosectioning of fixed and cryoprotected rat liver

The influence of temperature and speed on cryosectioning was studied by replication of the surfaces of both the sections and the specimen blocks. At 90 mm/s and at temperatures lower than -70°C, specimen block surfaces displayed fracture images similar to those encountered with standard freeze-fracturing procedures; but at a speed of 0.1 mm/s, fracture images were found only at temperatures lower than - 120°C. Replicas of both sides of cryosections never displayed fracture images. The discrepancy between the surface structure of cryosections and specimen blocks is discussed from the aspect of the preservation of ultrastructure of cells.     

Inflated structures : Air-springs and floats

A comprehensive analysis of the characteristics (load and deformation, etc.) of structures consisting of an inextensible tubular envelope filled with a gas, compressed between two rigid surfaces or between a rigid surface and a liquid or pulled down into a liquid by a weight is presented. Such structures can be used as springs or floats. Numerical results, given in a dimensionless graphical form, can be used for engineering design purposes. This analysis of a simple tubular structure can serve as a basis for the study of the behaviour of structures of more complicated shapes.     

新型木脂素的质谱研究（Ⅰ）

本文对合成的6种新型木脂素进行质谱测定，通过系统地比较它们的电子轰击质谱（EIMS），初步归纳了这类化合物的质谱裂解规律。     

Wear of paper slitting blades: an examination of worn blades from paper mills

Examination of worn rotary slitting blades from several paper mills showed that the predominant wear mechanism is abrasion by a two-body mechanism, in which carbide particles are plucked from the surface of the blades, and a three-body mechanism with hard particles released from the paper as dust. The dimensions of abrasion tracks suggest that the three-body mechanism is more common. Quartz, a minor constituent of paper additives, is identified as a hard material in paper dust. Fatigue cracking is a minor factor in blade wear, causing chipping at blade tips, and is attributed to high cyclical stresses in the early stages of wear. Loss of cut quality during wear is attributed to a transition from shear cutting to tensile cutting which pulls out fibres from the paper web. This tranition is a function of changes in wear angle and wear depth at the blade tip, which in turn are affected by slitter machine settings     

On the creep buckling of circular cylindrical shells

Approaches to the creep buckling of clamped circular cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression combined with internal pressure are investigated with special emphasis on the concept of creep stability and the accuracy of the analysis. The instability in creep is discussed first, and it is elucidated that the pertinent phenomena can be analysed by a quasi-static method. Then, the formulation of the problem and the method of calculation of the resulting equations are studied. The influence of the creep laws and the non-linearity in field equations on the creep buckling of shells are also discussed.     

Intracellular imaging of Qdots‐labeled DNA in cyanobacteria

In this contribution, they have attempted to develop a labeling technique for in vivo imaging of functionally active plasmid DNA in cyanobacterial cells through its decoration with semiconductor quantum dots (Qdots) as fluorescent nanoprobes. For that purpose biotinylated plasmid slr2060 DNA was conjugated with Qdots‐streptavidine. The intact DNA was visualized in a single green color by light microscopy. These Qdots‐DNA conjugates were capable of expressing the acyltransferase enzyme. Qdots‐DNA conjugates and confocal microscope imaging technique were adopted to visualize the gene transport across the membrane of the live cyanobacteria cell in real time. Long‐term kinetic study enabled to reveal the steps of extracellular and intracellular microenvironment for plasmid transportation into the live cell. To confirm these processes a confocal microscope and indicator plate assay test were applied in tandem. In this contribution, Qdots‐labeled plasmid DNA was utilized for the first time for long‐term intracellular imaging studies in cyanobacteria species PCC6803. The results showed that the Qdots‐labeled plasmid DNA detection could be used as a powerful labeling technique for visualization of exogenous DNA entry and tracking into living cells by confocal microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:447–452, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Direct modulation of the effective sensitivity of a CCD detector: a new approach to time-resolved fluorescence imaging

In this paper a novel approach to frequency‐domain fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is described. In a CCD camera a single pixel is defined by a charge pattern on a group of electrodes. By modulation of the pattern of voltages defining the pixel structure it is possible to modulate the sensitivity of the CCD at radio frequency. The modulation enhances the noise performance of the CCD, in contrast to the deterioration in performance seen when an intensifier stage is similarly modulated. The new technology has potential applications to a wide range of assays as well as in conventional FLIM applications. Unlike intensifier‐based systems, the directly modulated CCD is physically small, inexpensive, robust and offers superior resolution and noise performance.     

Direct imaging of local atomic ordering in a Pd-Ni-P bulk metallic glass using Cs-corrected transmission electron microscopy

In amorphous alloys, crystalline atomic clusters as small as 1-2 nm are frequently observed as local lattice fringe images by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). These clusters can be understood as local structures of amorphous alloys corresponding to "medium-range-order (MRO)". The MRO structure can be observed only under suitable defocusing conditions of the objective lens in HREM. A clear imaging of the MRO structure is difficult in conventional TEMs, mainly due to the delocalization of the image, caused mainly by the spherical aberration of the objective lens and eventually by the chosen defocus. In the present study, we have examined MRO in a Pd-based bulk metallic glass (Pd(40)Ni(40)P(20)) using a high-resolution TEM (acceleration voltage 200 kV) fitted with a spherical aberration constant corrector (Cs corrector) for aberration correction. We found that when Cs was close to zero and defocus values were near the Gaussian focus, MRO regions with an FCC-Pd structure could be clearly observed with a low image disturbance. Under these conditions, the phase-contrast transfer function was understood to act as an ideal filter function, which distinctly selects specific lattice periods of the FCC-Pd clusters. The obtained atomic images of the glass structure including the FCC-Pd clusters are in good agreement with those expected from image simulation according to our amorphous structure model. In this study, we have demonstrated that the Cs-corrected HREM is a powerful tool to directly image locally ordered structures in metallic glasses.     

Shear force imaging of DNA in a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM)

A near-field scanning optical module has been constructed as an accessory for a Nanoscope IIIa commercial scanning probe microscope. Distance feedback and topographic registration are accomplished with an uncoated optical fibre scanning tip by implementation of the shear force technique. The tip is driven by a piezoelectric actuator at a resonance frequency of 8–80 kHz. A laser diode beam is scattered by the tip and detected by a split photodiode, with lock-in detection of the difference signal. The amplitude ( r ) and phase (τ) responses were characterized as a function of the calibrated tip–sample separation. Using an r cos τ feedback signal, imaging of pUC18 relaxed circular plasmid DNA spread on mica precoated with cetylpyridinium chloride was achieved. The apparent width (28 ± 5 nm) was approximately four times that achieved by scanning force measurements with the same instrument; the apparent height of the DNA (0.6 ± 0.3 nm) was similar with the two techniques. These results demonstrate the applicability of the shear force signal for imaging biological macromolecules according to topography and in conjunction with the optical signals of a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM).     

AFM imaging in solution of protein-DNA complexes formed on DNA anchored to a gold surface

A chemical procedure for anchoring DNA molecules to gold surfaces was used to facilitate the imaging of DNA and DNA-protein complexes in buffer solution by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM). For preparing flat gold surfaces, a novel approach was employed by evaporating small amounts of gold onto freshly cleaved mica to give flat films that were stable under aqueous buffer conditions. The thickness of the investigated films ranged from 1 to 10 nm. For typical films of 4-6 nm, which were stable under aqueous buffer conditions, the root mean square (RMS) roughness ranged between 0.25 and 0.5 nm, as measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This roughness is comparable to that of obtained by the template stripped gold (TSG) technique, which is widely used in scanning probe microscopy but involves more preparation steps. In order to visualize DNA and DNA-protein complexes by TMAFM, the DNA was chemisorbed to the gold surface through a linker carrying a terminal thiol group at the 5'-end of each of the DNA strands. The modified DNA fragments were bound to the gold films and imaged in buffer solution, while unmodified DNA could not be visualized. Since the DNA was not dried during the process, it can be assumed that its native conformation was retained. This mode of anchoring did not prevent interaction with proteins, as confirmed by the observation that the topology of a complex formed by adding the protein to a surface-anchored DNA was the same as that obtained by anchoring a pre-formed complex to the gold surface. We attribute this observation to the fact that the DNA is anchored to the gold surfaces only through its ends, therefore the DNA-support interaction is minimized but imaging is still possible.     

Effects of tip-sample forces and humidity on the imaging of DNA with a scanning force microscope

We have investigated the effects of tip-sample forces and relative humidity when using a scanning force microscope (SFM) to image DNA molecules adsorbed on fresh mica. As the force between the tip and the sample increases, the apparent height of the DNA molecules decreases. After being imaged with high forces, the DNA molecules recover partially in their apparent height, indicating that a plastic deformation of the DNA has been induced by the scanning tip. At low humidities, DNA molecules can be imaged with a force up to 150 nN during the scanning without obvious damages. At higher humidities, however, the DNA molecules can be dissected or swept away by the tip even at a tip-sample force of 30 nN. The net force between the tip and the molecules is the vector sum of several forces, the dominant components of which are the elastic force due to the cantilever bending and the capillary force resulting from the water meniscus formed between the tip and the sample surface. When the relative humidity of the imaging environment is increased, the capillary force becomes stronger.     

三电平逆变器异步电机直接转矩控制

介绍了在二极管钳位三电平逆变器异步电机调速系统中如何采用空间矢量调制与直接转矩控制相结合的控制方法.这种方法能够合理地利用三电平逆变器的开关状态,生成更加精确的电压矢量,降低转矩波动与磁链误差.仿真结果表明了这种方法的有效性.     

Contrast in the electron spectroscopic imaging mode of a TEM

The ratio of inelastic-to-elastic total cross-sections has been measured in an energy-filtering electron microscope for different elements. Formulae for the transmission of elastically and inelastically scattered electrons in part I were used to calculate the optimum conditions for a Z-ratio contrast in the electron spectroscopic imaging mode. Structure-sensitive contrast can be observed for all non-carbon atoms in biological sections when filtering with an energy loss at ΔE ～ 250 eV below the carbon K edge. Model experiments with evaporated layers of different elements on a carbon film allow measurement of the contrast increase. Filtering with the carbon plasmon loss shows a lower phase contrast than with zero-loss filtering. This can be explained by calculating contrast transfer functions for inelastically scattered electrons.     

弹性基础梁弯曲问题有限元解析与直接边界元法解析的研究

对有限元解析方法和直接边界元解析方法开展了相关研究工作,基于弹性基础梁弯曲问题的静态特性的解析公式,通过ANSYS程序验证实例正确性。     

Direct imaging in a water layer of human chromosome fibres composed of nucleosomes and their higher-order structures by laser-plasma X-ray contact microscopy

X-ray contact microscopy with a 300-ps-duration laser-plasma X-ray source has been used to image hydrated human chromosomes. Clearly imaged are individual nucleosomes and their higher-order particles (superbeads), elementary chromatin fibrils c. 30 nm in diameter and their higher-order fibres of various sizes up to c. 120 nm in diameter. The results demonstrate that X-ray microscopy is now capable of opening a new path of investigation into the detailed structures of hydrated chromosome fibres in their natural state.