金属材料冲裁过程的有限元模拟

介绍了利用弹性有限元对金属冲裁加工模拟的基本原理,包括弹塑性大变形木匠,裂破坏模拟以及网格重划分等技术,利用商业化有限元程度DEFORM－2D^TM对不锈钢（AISI304）板料的冲裁工艺进行了模拟,模具采用刚体模型,工件采用弹塑性模型,材料断裂破坏采用Cockroft-Latham破坏准则,分析了冲裁过程中裂纹生成、扩展以及材料断裂分离的过程,冲载力的变化等,模拟结果中的材料断裂和冲裁力的变化与已发表文献中的实验结果一致。     

Description of numerical techniques with the aim of predicting the sheet metal blanking process by FEM simulation

A numerical formulation of the blanking process in 2D is presented in this article. A finite element software called BlankForm has been developed to simulate the blanking process. Several approaches to model ductile damage and fracture have been investigated and are presented in this paper. In particular, some details are provided about a discrete cracking method that has been developed to take the propagation of one or several cracks into account. Our formulation is evaluated on an axisymmetric blanking experiment. The importance of remeshing is demonstrated. Coupled and uncoupled damage models are benchmarked, and two methods for fracture simulation are analysed, namely the previous discrete cracking method, and a widely used method in blanking applications, the element kill method. It is shown that more realistic results are obtained when the discrete cracking method is used.     

精密冲裁成形仿真技术研究进展

精密冲裁是在普通冲裁基础上发展起来的一种先进的金属精密塑性成形工艺,是一个局部剧烈塑性大变形的过程.材料在狭小的凸凹模间隙附近形成塑性剪切带,发生剧烈的剪切流动,使成形过程的数值模拟存在许多难点.本文从延性损伤、韧性断裂准则及裂纹萌生与扩展仿真3个方面回顾了相关技术在精密冲裁成形过程数值模拟中的研究进展.     

板材冲挤复合成形模拟与裂纹预测

板材冲挤复合成形是一种厚板近净形成形工艺,在汽车零部件精密成形制造中有着广阔的应用前景。文章采用刚塑性有限元法对板材冲挤成形工艺进行了模拟,确定了板材冲挤变形的速度场、等效应力场和等效应变场,揭示了板材冲挤工艺的成形特点。基于J.W.Hancock与A.C.Mackenzie提出的断裂判剧和数值模拟分析,预测了板材冲挤成形裂纹产生位置和主要影响因素。通过实验测定板材冲挤成形中裂纹产生情况,验证了模拟分析结果,对于板材冲挤复合成形工艺设计有指导意义。     

Failure characteristics of a dual-phase steel sheet

Failure in ductile sheet metal structures is usually caused by one, or a combination of, ductile tensile fractures, ductile shear fractures or localised instability. In this paper the failure characteristics of the high strength steel Docol 600DP are explored. The study includes both experimental and numerical sections. In the experimental sections, the fracture surface of the sheet subjected to Nakajima tests is studied under the microscope with the aim of finding which failure mechanism causes the fracture. In the numerical sections, finite element (FE) simulations have been conducted using solid elements. From these simulations, local stresses and strains have been extracted and analysed with the aim of identifying the fracture dependency of the stress triaxiality and Lode parameter.     

法向应力对板料成形极限影响的研究进展

在板料成形过程中应力状态对板料(板材和管材)的成形极限有很大影响,通过对板料施加法向应力可以提高板料的成形极限。文章综述并分析了法向应力对板料成形极限影响的理论模型、有限元模型以及实验研究方面的进展。理论模型方面的主要进展,是根据经典塑性失稳理论和M-K理论,建立了考虑法向应力影响的成形极限理论模型,可以准确地预测法向应力对板料成形极限的影响;有限元分析的主要进展,是在韧性断裂准则的基础上,利用体单元建立了考虑法向应力影响的数值模型;有关实验研究方面只是初步的探索,还有待进行深入的研究;对影响法向应力提高板料成形极限的因素进行了总结分析。     

Blanking tool wear modeling using the finite element method

One of the main objectives of the numerical process design in metal forming is to develop adequate tool design and establish process parameter in order to increase tool life and to improve part quality and complexity while reducing manufacturing cost. The prediction of tool wear in sheet metal blanking/punching processes is investigated in this paper using the finite element method. A wear prediction model has been implemented in a finite element code in which the tool wear is a function of the normal pressure and some material parameters. A damage model is used in order to describe crack initiation and propagation into the sheet. The distribution of the tool wear on the tool profile is obtained and compared to industrial observations. Furthermore, a numerical investigation has been carried out to study the effect of tool wear on the burr formation.     

Prediction of damage in small curvature bending processes of high strength steels using continuum damage mechanics model in 3D simulation

Sheet metal bending of modern lightweight materials like high-strength low-alloyed steels (HSLA) is one major challenge in metal forming, because conventional methods of predicting failure in numerical simulation, like the forming limit diagram (FLD), can generally not be applied to bending processes. Furthermore, the damage and failure behaviour of HSLA steels are changing as the fracture mechanisms are mainly depending on the microstructure, which is very fine-grained in HSLA steels composed with different alloying elements compared to established mild steels. Especially for high gradients of strain and stress over the sheet thickness, as they occur in small curvature bending processes, other damage models than the FLD have to be utilised. Within this paper a finite element (FE) 3D model of small curvature bending processes is created. The model includes continuum damage mechanics model in order to predict and study occurring failure by means of ductile coherence loss of the material and crack formation with respect to influencing process parameters. Damage parameters are determined by inverse numerical identification method. The FE-model is strain based validated considering the deformation field at the outer bending edge of the specimen by using an optical strain measurement system. The Lemaitre based damage model is calibrated against the experimental results within metallographic analysis adapting the identified damage parameters to the bending process und thus adjusting the crack occurrence in experiment and simulation. Using this model the bendability of common HSLA steel, used for structural components, is evaluated with respect to occurring damage and failure by numerical analysis.     

国产锆合金板料冲裁间隙的有限元分析

锆合金常用于制作核电设备的重要元器件。为了提高国产锆合金板料冲裁的产品质量与模具寿命,针对锆合金板料价格昂贵和各向异性明显的特点,利用有限元模拟软件研究不同冲裁间隙下的冲裁效果。通过试验测得国产锆合金的材料参数,利用有限元软件模拟分析在冲裁过程中冲裁力、冲裁功和工件断面质量随冲裁间隙变化的趋势;研究合理冲裁间隙的取值、以及厚向异性系数对合理冲裁间隙和断面质量的影响;通过裂纹扩展方向分析和实物断面分析验证了模拟分析的正确性。结果表明,厚度为0.47 mm锆合金板料的合理冲裁间隙为0.035 mm;厚向异性系数的变化对合理冲裁间隙的取值没有明显影响,但是对工件断面质量有显著影响。     

A New Method to Calculate Threshold Values of Ductile Fracture Criteria for Advanced High-Strength Sheet Blanking

A new approach is presented in this paper to calculate the critical threshold value of fracture initiation. It is based on the experimental data for forming limit curves and fracture forming limit curves. The deformation path for finally a fractured material point is assumed as two-stage proportional loading: biaxial loading from the beginning to the onset of incipient necking, followed plane strain deformation within the incipient neck until the final fracture. The fracture threshold value is determined by analytical integration and validated by numerical simulation. Four phenomenological models for ductile fracture are selected in this study, i.e., Brozzo, McClintock, Rice-Tracey, and Oyane models. The threshold value for each model is obtained through best-fitting of experimental data. The results are compared with each other and test data. These fracture criteria are implemented in ABAQUS/EXPLICIT through user subroutine VUMAT to simulate the blanking process of advanced high-strength steels. The simulated fracture surfaces are examined to determine the initiation of ductile fracture during the process, and compared with experimental results for DP780 sheet steel blanking. The comparisons between FE simulated results coupled with different fracture models and experimental one show good agreements on punching edge quality. The study demonstrates that the proposed approach to calculate threshold values of fracture models is efficient and reliable. The results also suggest that the McClintock and Oyane fracture models are more accurate than the Rice-Tracey or Brozzo models in predicting load-stroke curves. However, the predicted blanking edge quality does not have appreciable differences.     

A finite element based model for the description of aluminium sheet blanking

Weight reduction is becoming increasingly important in engineering design. For this reason there is increased use of aluminium in different industries. High demands are placed on the technological process of sheet aluminium blanking. This paper presents results from a numerical model validated by experiment which illustrate the effects of some process parameters on blanking forces and edge quality. The blanking process is split into three different stages. An appropriate numerical model is necessary to describe the state of the sheet in each of these stages. The model for the blanking process presented in this paper is based on ideas of fracture mechanics. The validation of the numerical model with the results of associated experiments is an essential part of the presented approach. The combination of numerical simulation and physical testing results in a reduction of the necessary experimental effort.     

薄板精密冲裁的变形过程和机理研究

本文构建了料厚为0.3mm的薄板精密冲裁变形有限元模型,运用该模型研究了薄板精密冲裁变形过程,分析结果显示冲裁断面质量与生产实际非常接近.论文分析了薄板精密冲裁变形过程中的静水应力的分布特征、影响机理.研究表明,强压边条件增加了静水压应力区域的范围和程度,从而延迟了裂纹的初始和发展,提高了冲裁断面的质量.     

基于响应曲面法的QSTE460板料冲裁工艺参数优化

以冲压零件作为分析对象,基于响应曲面法设计板料冲裁的模拟试验,利用DEFORM-2D模拟软件对板料的冲裁变形过程进行有限元模拟,建立了冲裁工艺参数与冲裁断面光亮带长度之间的数学模型。通过模拟结果的分析得知:冲裁间隙与模具刃口圆角半径对光亮带长度的交互式影响最大。将冲裁速度、冲裁间隙以及模具刃口圆角半径作为设计变量,以光亮带长度作为优化目标,利用Design Expert软件对响应曲面模型进行优化,得到板料冲裁的优化参数:冲裁速度为14.04 mm·s-1,冲裁间隙为8.99%t(t为板料厚度),模具刃口圆角半径为1.25%t,光亮带长度的响应值为0.834 mm。此外,利用冲压模具进行试验验证,试验值与响应值之间的相对误差为11.8%,验证了响应曲面法应用于板料冲裁工艺参数优化的准确性。     

应用韧性断裂准则预测不同材料的胀形极限

为了准确地预测板料成形极限 ,将韧性断裂准则引入到有限元模拟中。在有限元模拟获得的应力应变场基础上 ,应用韧性断裂准则预测板料断裂的发生。本文应用作者提出的韧性断裂准则及材料常数的确定方法预测了铝合金板和钢板的半球形凸模胀形的成形极限。与实验结果比较表明 ,该方法能在较宽的材料范围内预测胀形成形极限。     

基于光亮带长度的冲裁凸模磨损的仿真预测

磨损是冲裁模具常见的一种失效形式,以预减振盖板零件为分析对象,利用Pro/E软件建立板料冲裁的几何模型,应用Deform-2D模拟软件对板料的冲裁过程进行有限元仿真,分析了冲裁过程中的应力分布状态,研究了冲裁工艺参数对零件光亮带长度及凸模磨损深度的影响。仿真结果表明:光亮带的长度随着冲裁间隙与凸模刃口圆角半径的不断增大而减小,而随着冲裁速度的逐渐增大而增加;凸模的磨损深度随着冲裁间隙的不断增加而减小,而随着凸模刃口圆角半径与冲裁速度的增大呈现出逐渐增加的变化趋势。此外,设计了一副冲压级进模进行试验验证,光亮带长度的模拟值与试验值分别为0.569与0.518 mm,两者之间的相对误差为9.85%,从而验证了利用光亮带长度间接衡量模具磨损情况的可行性。     

精冲压边与间隙的有限元模拟优化研究

运用DEFORM2D软件对板料精冲过程中压边与间隙进行了数值模拟分析。将NormalC＆．L断裂准则应用于预测精冲韧性断裂,分析了不同压边力、压边方式、反顶力以及冲裁间隙对材料涡流流动特性、冲裁断面圆角和撕裂带的影响;根据模拟结果提出了新的工艺建议。     

剪挤成形工艺分析及数值模拟研究

为了研究不同剪挤成形工艺参数对成形零件质量的影响,本文使用Deform 2D有限元软件建立二维轴对称模型,采用Ludwik硬化流动应力模型和能够同时反映空穴损伤发展和空穴形状变化对损伤程度影响的韧性损伤模型,进行剪挤成形弹塑性有限元分析.分析归纳出板厚、凸凹模间隙、凸模半径、压边力和反顶力等工艺参数对剪挤成形质量和成形...     

Evaluation of forming limit in viscous pressure forming of automotive aluminum alloy 6k21-T4 sheet

A ductile fracture criterion is introduced into numerical simulation to predict viscous pressure forming limit of the automotive body aluminum alloy 6k2 l-T4. The material constant in the ductile fracture criterion is determined by the combination of the viscous pressure bulging （VPB） test with numerical simulation. VPB tests of the aluminum alloy sheet are carried out by using various elliptical dies with different ratios of major axis to minor axis（β）, and the bugling processes are simulated by the aid of the finite element method software LS-DYNA3D. On the basis of the stress and strain calculated from numerical simulations, the forming limits of bulging specimens obtained are predicted by the ductile fracture criterion, and compared with experimental results. The fracture initiation site and the minimal thickness predicted by the ductile fracture criterion are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

金属板材成形中拉深损伤模拟的两种求解方法

讨论用数值模拟预测板材成形中发生拉深损伤破坏的两种不同的求解方法。第一种是采用完全耦合的弹塑性破坯模型的动力显式数值方法。基于状态参量的不可逆热力学过程 ,完全耦合的本构方程考虑各向同性强化和拉深。这些已引入有限元软件ABAQUS/E用于对金属成形的模拟。在数值技术方面 ,隐式积分方法被用来对本构方程的局部时间积分 ,动力显式技术用于求解总体平衡方程。第二种方案是采用简化的损伤模型的方法 ,被称为逆法 (InveseApprch)。I.A被限定在考虑各向同性强化和损伤的塑性全量理论基础上的简单的本构关系。做比例加载和临界损伤达到以后的损伤饱和假定 ,可以得到损伤演化方程的封闭解。这两种损伤模型在编程中的实施采用两种方式 :计算中考虑或不考虑损伤作用 ,也就是耦合的或非耦合的计算。文中给出一些算例来说明每种损伤模型的优点     

板料成形极限的理论预测与数值模拟研究

本文针对目前板料成形极限的实验、理论计算和数值模拟方法以及成形极限应力图的研究进展 ,进行了综述与分析 ,提出了通过数值模拟方法预测板料成形极限所存在的一些问题。认为找到一种能够尽量减少对外部条件的依赖 ,从而更本质地反映材料性能的方法。