磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的初步研究

以磷石膏为原料,直接采用水热法制备硫酸钙晶须,为磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的工业化生产提供重要理论依据。实验考察反应温度、料浆初始pH、反应时间、料浆浓度及磷石膏粒度对生成硫酸钙晶须的影响,用扫描电镜观察硫酸钙晶须的形貌,并通过偏光显微镜和图像分析软件分析不同反应条件下制备的硫酸钙晶须的直径和长度。结果表明:反应温度为130~140℃,料浆初始pH为4.0,反应时间为4 h,料浆质量分数为5%,原料粒度为50~75μm是生成硫酸钙晶须的最佳反应条件,在此条件下可制备出平均直径为2μm,长径比为42的硫酸钙晶须产品。     

“氨法”纯化磷石膏水热反应制备硫酸钙晶须

以磷石膏为原料,采用"氨法"除杂纯化和水热反应制备硫酸钙晶须,考察磷石膏除杂及制备硫酸钙晶须的工艺条件。结果表明:当磷石膏、碳酸氢氨和氨水的配料比为1.0∶1.0∶0.8,温度T_1、T_2和T_3均为25℃,盐酸浓度2.5 mol·L~(-1),碳酸钙、盐酸的配料比为1∶2.5时,为其除杂最优条件;在此条件下,磷石膏经纯化处理后得到高纯度硫酸钙,其转化率为86.93%,纯度和白度分别是99.5%和99.3%。水热反应的最优条件为反应时间5 h、浆料质量浓度为8%和反应温度150℃;在此条件下制得的硫酸钙晶须平均长径比125.84,单个晶须长径比最大为169.66,对应晶须长度为554.43μm。     

工业废渣磷石膏水热合成硫酸钙晶须的研究

以磷石膏为主要原料,采用水热法制备硫酸钙晶须。应用正交设计对磷石膏生产硫酸钙晶须中各参数进行优化。研究反应时间、反应温度、晶种及晶型助长剂用量等对硫酸钙晶须制备的影响。结果表明：在原料粒径小于 175 μm,初始pH为4的情况下,反应温度为130 ℃,反应时间为4 h,晶种和晶型助长剂用量分别为磷石膏质量的10%和30%时,制备出了长径比为70~100的硫酸钙晶须。经XRD和TG-DTG分析可知,合成的产物为半水硫酸钙晶须。     

磷石膏常压酸溶液法制备二水硫酸钙晶须

以固体废弃物磷石膏为原料,利用常压酸化法制备二水硫酸钙晶须.采用均匀设计实验与单因素实验相结合的方法,研究了反应温度、料桨含固量、反应时间和盐酸质量分数对产物的影响,并且借助透射偏光显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器对产物进行表征.实验结果表明,最佳反应条件为:反应温度80℃,料浆含固量0.20 g·mL-1,反应时间10 rain,HCI质量分数20％.在此条件下制备出了外观均匀、长径比达到138.46且纯度在99.8％以上的的二水硫酸钙晶须产品,研究结果对磷石膏的高值化利用具有指导意义.     

脱硫石膏重结晶过程控制生长高纯硫酸钙晶须

利用硫酸钙在盐酸溶液中溶解结晶特点,采用重结晶技术对脱硫石膏进行提纯处理,并通过溶解结晶过程控制实现硫酸钙晶须的可控生长。研究了固液比、盐酸浓度、反应温度、反应时间等工艺条件对脱硫石膏成分和颗粒级配的影响,经重结晶技术制备的硫酸钙晶须白度值由44.7%提高至94.5%,纯度达99%以上。在氯化镁、KH570、油酸等媒晶剂的结构导向作用下,优化结晶时间制备了形貌规整、高长径比的硫酸钙晶须。     

磷石膏水热合成法制备硫酸钙晶须工艺研究

研究了以磷石膏为原料水热合成法制备硫酸钙晶须的工艺条件。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为磷石膏占总物料的质量分数为3.0%、反应体系p H 4.0、反应温度135℃、反应时间3.0 h;该条件下,硫酸钙晶须外观形貌规整,分散均匀,平均白度为96.99%,平均直径为0.15μm,平均长径比为63.89;用所得硫酸钙晶须制得的晶须纸性能优异。     

磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的研究

以磷石膏和硫酸为原料,采用常压酸化法制备硫酸钙晶须。考察硫酸用量、反应时间、反应温度、磷石膏用量等因素对硫酸钙晶须的影响。通过极差分析,得出优化工艺条件:反应温度为103℃,反应时间为30 min,搅拌速度为280 r/min,原料磷石膏、硫酸、水的质量配比为1∶4.6∶35。在该条件下,晶须产率为31.36%,晶须平均长径比为95,白度为65.8%,硫酸钙纯度达到93.61%。     

硫酸处理磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的研究

用硫酸对磷石膏进行净化的同时制备硫酸钙晶须。结果表明,采用粒度为90～71μm的磷石膏与30%的硫酸混合,在温度为78℃,固液比为0.2 g/mL条件下反应30 min,制得的硫酸钙晶须产量较大,形貌较好、较均匀。     

利用脱硫石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的实验研究

以脱硫石膏为原料,通过重结晶法制备了硫酸钙晶须。研究了固液比、盐酸浓度、重结晶时间以及反应温度对晶须形貌的影响,在偏光显微镜下观察晶须的形貌并计算晶须的平均长径比。结果表明,当固液比为1∶12、盐酸浓度为2mol/L、重结晶时间为3h、反应温度为90℃时,硫酸钙晶须大小较均匀,平均长径比为40.23。XRD分析显示,晶须的主晶相为二水硫酸钙。在此基础上初步探索了硫酸钙晶须对半水石膏的增强效果,制品抗压强度可达6.28MPa,较空白样提高20.07%。     

磷石膏中钙的富集及硫酸钙晶须的制备

采用常压酸化法对磷石膏进行除杂和溶解,研究了除杂和溶解的最佳条件,以使磷石膏中的钙尽可能多地富集于溶解液中。浓缩溶解液,制得硫酸钙晶须。实验结果表明,硫酸溶解磷石膏的最佳条件为:1g磷石膏在70℃下放置于20mL质量分数为50%的硫酸中,溶解5h;盐酸溶解磷石膏的最佳条件为:1g固相在70℃下放置于30mL浓度为2mol/L盐酸中,溶解4h。制备得到的半水硫酸钙晶须的长径比约为20~80,产率达72.66%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.