污染河流中固化处理后底泥重金属酸稳定性研究

重金属污染物进入水体后逐渐富集于底泥中,经疏浚处理后的底泥需对重金属进行固化处理,才能进一步填埋或资源化利用。经固化处理后的底泥(以下简称处理后底泥),其性质可能随着环境因素发生改变,使处理后底泥中的重金属等有害物质从固化体中释放到环境,再次给生态环境及人类健康带来巨大风险。以处理后底泥为研究对象,通过连续改变处理后底泥-浸提液的pH,研究重金属的溶出与浸提液pH之间的定量关系。当处理后底泥-浸提液pH较高时(大于5.5),处理后底泥-浸提液体系中各重金属元素的含量均较低;当处理后底泥-浸提液pH下降至5.5左右时,体系中的Cu、Zn、Ni等几种重金属元素大量溶出。处理后底泥对Cu、Zn、Cr和Cd有较强的固定能力,但是对Ni和Pb的固定能力有待加强。此种底泥的有效酸缓冲容量为0.999 meq/g,对外来酸带来的pH变化有较强的缓冲能力。     

膨润土对水泥固化体中Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) 及Cr(VI)浸出的影响

为了确保含重金属废弃物在水泥基材料中的安全资源化利用,研究了在不同p H条件下纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)及Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属的固化效果及加入膨润土后的影响。结果表明:除Cr(Ⅵ)之外,纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)及Cd(Ⅱ)的固化效果较好,当重金属的掺量达到5‰时,即便在p H=3的强酸条件下,其浸出毒性仍然低于国家标准。加入膨润土后,可进一步降低水泥基材料中各重金属的浸出率,当膨润土掺量为30%、酸性条件下,28d龄期固化体中Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出浓度分别降低了60.9%、51.3%及53.3%,CH峰值下降、AFt峰值明显增高,但膨润土对Pb(Ⅱ)有负效应,酸性溶液中的浸出量高于中性溶液。     

膨润土对水泥固化体中Pb(Ⅱ),Zn(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ)及Cr(Ⅵ)浸出的影响

为了确保含重金属废弃物在水泥基材料中的安全资源化利用,研究了在不同p H条件下纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)及Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属的固化效果及加入膨润土后的影响。结果表明:除Cr(Ⅵ)之外,纯水泥对Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)及Cd(Ⅱ)的固化效果较好,当重金属的掺量达到5‰时,即便在p H=3的强酸条件下,其浸出毒性仍然低于国家标准。加入膨润土后,可进一步降低水泥基材料中各重金属的浸出率,当膨润土掺量为30%、酸性条件下,28d龄期固化体中Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出浓度分别降低了60.9%、51.3%及53.3%,CH峰值下降、AFt峰值明显增高,但膨润土对Pb(Ⅱ)有负效应,酸性溶液中的浸出量高于中性溶液。     

茅洲河清淤后底泥重金属污染特征及风险评价

为对比研究茅洲河清淤前后底泥重金属污染特征变化,评价底泥重金属生态风险,本文优选20个特征断面开展分析研究。结果表明,茅洲河底泥中Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Hg和Cd的平均含量均超过深圳市土壤环境背景值,所提取的两个主成分的累积贡献率为72.27%,生态风险值由大到小分别为:Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Pb。表明电镀企业工业污染、大气沉降、水上交通是茅洲河底泥重金属污染的主要来源;除Cd外,清淤工程对降低底泥重金属生态风险有显著的效果。     

黄石市青山湖底泥重金属污染评价分析

为了解黄石市青山湖底泥中重金属含量、污染程度以及各种污染物的浓度分布规律,对青山湖2,3,4号湖底泥中8种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Ni、As、Hg)进行了实地采样和分析研究。参照国家土壤环境质量标准,利用单项污染指数评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对底泥中的重金属污染程度进行了评价,并分别对表层和深层底泥中的重金属污染物浓度分布规律进行了分析比较。结果表明,青山湖底泥中主要的重金属污染物是Cd和As,其次是Cu、Zn、Hg、Ni、Cr、Pb,且深层底泥受重金属污染程度明显小于表层底泥。     

长江中下游抚河流域沉积物重金属分布特征及来源

为分析抚河流域沉积物重金属分布特征及来源,于2021年7月对江西省抚河流域干流及主要支流进行采样,测定了该流域沉积物中Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、U、Zr的含量。利用多元统计方法,对重金属含量数据进行主成分分析、相关性分析、绝对主成分—多元线性回归模型和正定因子矩阵模型等分析。结果显示Zr、U、Cd三种重金属在流域内上游含量较高,Cr最高值出现在下游地带,Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb均在中游宜黄水与抚州市区段出口交汇处取得最大值。来源分析表明Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb主要来源于工业活动污染,Cd、U、Zr主要来源于自然岩石风化,Cr主要来自农业活动,Ni主要来自工农业复合污染。Pb同位素分析表明流域内沉积物Pb元素主要来源于工业活动。     

不同重金属污染物对两种发光菌的毒性测试研究

为了快速检测重金属污染物毒性对人体的危害,以及不同重金属毒性的大小,选用费氏弧菌和鳆鱼杆菌作为指示生物,通过实验室培养,对包括Hg、Pb、Cd、Mn、Cu、Cr和Zn在内的7种重金属污染物进行毒性测试,通过计算样品的发光抑制率来表征毒性大小。结果表明,重金属毒性物质对发光菌的发光均有抑制作用,并且随着毒性物质浓度的增加,发光菌的发光强度逐渐减小,其发光抑制率与所测试的毒性物质的毒性及浓度呈现正相关关系。     

北运河底泥污染物评价及资源化利用研究

为了解北运河底泥物理性质和污染程度,采用柱状取样设备,在北运河断面开展现场底泥采集,测定底泥物理性质、营养盐及重金属含量。结果表明:有机质、总氮和总磷平均值分别为30.39 g/kg、0.161%和0.174%,参照评价标准,分别为一级断面、三级断面和四级断面。重金属Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、As平均值分别为0.39、86.55、29.09、199.82、52.27、33.86、8.26 mg/kg,均超过北京市土壤重金属背景值,地累积指数法评价结果表明,上游段重金属偏中度污染,其中Cd和Zn为中度污染;中下游段为轻度污染。重金属平均含量处于轻度污染以下,污染程度不严重。底泥满足农用地回用和筑堤材料要求,开拓了资源化利用途径。     

再生水回灌条件下地下水重金属污染特征

为了探讨再生水回灌条件下的地下水中重金属Fe、Mn、Pb、Se、Sr、Zn含量变化情况,在郑州回灌试验场采集并分析了再生水、河水、土壤水和地下水样品(共106个),研究了土壤水和地下水中重金属在再生水回灌过程中的变化情况。结果表明:地下水中Fe、Mn、Sr背景含量较大;回灌1 a后,Fe、Sr含量有所减小,但Mn、Pb、Se、Zn含量有所增大;再生水回灌引起的重金属含量增大的范围为地面以下15.0～20.0 m;引起地下水中重金属含量变化的原因除再生水的回灌以外,还有场地土壤和地下水中较高的重金属背景。     

湖北鄂州城市湖泊底泥重金属空间分布特征与污染评价

以湖北省鄂州市某湖泊底泥重金属为研究对象,在调查和分析的基础上,采用地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数对底泥中的重金属分布以及污染状况进行评价。结果表明:从柱状底泥纵向分布来看,该湖底泥重金属含量整体上呈现从上到下递减的变化趋势,上层底泥重金属含量最高;从空间分布上看,3个湖区重金属污染程度排序是西湖区域＞东湖区域＞中湖区域。地质累积指数评价结果显示该湖底泥重金属主要以无污染—中度污染为主,底泥中重金属污染程度的大小排序为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Ni＞Cr＞Hg＞As;潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果显示底泥中As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn生态风险水平较低,Cd和Hg存在着不同程度的潜在生态风险,Cd的潜在生态风险最高。研究成果为该湖泊的污染调查和评价分析提供参考,并为湖泊后续的保护和水环境系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

引滦入津工程黎河河道表层沉积物重金属形态及风险分析

对引滦入津工程黎河段表层沉积物和两岸尾矿中重金属特征进行研究。结果表明:受两岸尾矿砂影响,黎河河道表层沉积物的矿物组成及重金属特征与尾矿砂相一致,重金属含量依次为FeMnZnPbCuCd。重金属形态分析表明:Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn残渣态占绝对优势,Pb以可交换态和残渣态为主,Cd仅有可交换态和碳酸盐结合态。采用风险评价准则法(RAC)和平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)评价,结果均表明表层沉积物中Pb和Cd对环境具有非常高风险,其潜在的毒性风险应引起重视。     

东湖沉积物中重金属垂向分布特征及污染评价

为了掌握武汉东湖的水环境状况,以沉积物为研究对象,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了不同湖域沉积物柱状样中9种重金属(Cd、Zn、As、Cu、Co、Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni)含量,对重金属元素的垂向分布特征进行了研究,并采用地累积指数法对重金属的污染程度进行评价。结果表明:沉积物中9种重金属元素含量排序为MnCrPbZnNiCuCoAsCd;垂向分布特征为Cr、Ni的含量随沉积物深度增加而增加,Cu、As、Cd的含量随沉积物深度增加而减少。地累积指数评价表明,郭郑湖西岸污染最为严重,汤菱湖最轻,累积较为严重的是Cr、Mn、Cd和Pb,其中Cd和Pb达到中度污染程度。     

Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated aquatic sediments using indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: A feasibility study

The removal of heavy metals from contaminated river sediments was studied using suspension leaching under laboratory conditions and percolation leaching in a pilot plant. The leaching potential of indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was compared with acid treatment. Bioleaching with elemental sulfur as substrate was found to be better than treatment with sulfuric acid for the solubilization of all metals tested. The physical and chemical properties of the sediments used in this study did not affect leaching capacity under optimum conditions in the laboratory.Under the practical conditions in the pilot plant, the redox state of sludge had a considerable influence on leaching efficiency. In a deposited oxic sediment with good permeability, about 62% of the metals tested were removed by percolation leaching after 120 days. Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Mn were sufficiently leached to enable treated sediments to be reused as soil. In a freshly dredged anoxic sediment, only a total of 9 % of metals were removed. The results indicate that freshly dredged sediments need to undergo pretreatment before percolation leaching to improve mass transfer and to activate the leaching active bacteria.     

太子河沉积物重金属污染地积累指数法评价

沿太子河布置34个采样断面,取沉积物样品对其重金属（Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd）含量进行检测和分析,并应用地积累指数法对太子河沉积物重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明：太子河上游断面（本溪市区段和葠窝水库部分断面）沉积物中重金属含量较高;Cd的污染偏重,Cu和Pb其次,Zn无污染;与10年前相比,太子河本溪市区段重金属污染程度有所缓解。     

南昌市湖泊重金属源识别及污染特征风险评价

为了解南昌市湖泊重金属污染特征现状,论文以青山湖、象湖及前湖为研究对象,在分析湖泊水体及沉积物重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb水平的基础上,采用因子分析、地质累积指数与综合潜在生态风险指数对湖泊重金属污染水平进行评价,并结合主成分分析等统计方法判别各研究水域重金属污染源。结果表明水域中Cr、Cd与Pb为主要重金属污染元素,前湖面临着最为严重的水体重金属污染。沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb存在不同程度风险,各湖泊中沉积重金属风险程度从大到小均为Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn。前湖生态风险程度最大,其次是象湖。主成分分析表明湖泊重金属主要来源于交通运输与废水废气排放。因此为避免进一步污染,应合理规划交通,控制汽车尾气排放,提升污水治理水平。     

Evaluation of heavy metal inhibition of activated sludge by TTC and INT-electron transport system activity tests.

TTC and INT-electron transport system activity tests were compared for assessing heavy metal inhibition of activated sludge. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Ag+ measured via TTC test were lower than those measured via INT test, which indicates that the INT-electron transport system activity test was less sensitive to heavy metal toxicity than the TTC test. Tested heavy metals brought about similar decrease in TTC-electron transport system activity and COD removal rate, but less decrease in INT-electron transport system activity than COD removal rate, which suggests that the TTC-electron transport system activity is a better parameter for reflecting heavy metal inhibition of activated sludge than INT-electron transport system activity. The ranking of tested heavy metals in order of decreasing toxicity based on TTC test was Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+, and the ranking based on INT test was Hg2+, Ag+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+.     

Assessment of sediment quality and pore water ecotoxicity in Kebir Rhumel basin (NE-Algeria): a combined approach

The objectives of this study are to use different approaches to assess the current pollution status in the wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. First, sediment trace metal contents were measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Then, sediment quality was assessed on the basis of contamination assessment indexes such as: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination factor (C(f)), Contamination degree (C(d)), Sediment Pollution Index (SPI) and SEQ guidelines (Consensus Sediment Quality Guidelines). In addition, several toxicity tests (Daphnia magna mobility inhibition acute test-48 h, Aliivibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition acute test - 15/30 mn and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition chronic test - 72 h) were conducted to assess sediment pore water ecotoxicity. Trace metal concentrations followed the order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Indexes used indicate varying degrees of sediment quality. Igeo, C(f), C(d) and SPI reveal a polymetallic contamination dominated by two or more elements in which Cd, Cu and Pb are of greatest concern. SEQ guidelines showed that biological effects on fauna would likely be observed occasionally and/or frequently for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn contents. Test organisms exposed to sediment pore water showed that the algal P. subcapitata test was more sensitive than the D. magna and A. fischeri tests. Hence, algal growth inhibition proved to be the most sensitive response to contaminants present in sediment extracts but a significant relationship with trace metal contents was not demonstrated.     

Role of bottom sediments in the secondary pollution of aquatic environments by heavy-metal compounds

The results of long‐term investigations into the concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd) in the bottom sediments of the Dnieper reservoirs and the Dnieper–Bug estuary are considered. Maximum quantities of the metals studied are characteristic of southern water bodies located within industrial zones (the Zaporozh’e and Kakhovka reservoirs as well as the Dnieper–Bug estuary). The highest concentrations of the metals studied occurred in the clay silts (Fe, 11 600–32 400; Mn, 1504–3450; Cu, 38.9–85.5; Zn, 89.8–186.5; Cr, 48.6–193.0; and Cd, 1.9–4.4 mg kg^‐1 dry weight). Accumulation of heavy metals in the bottom sediments is an important factor in the self‐purification of aquatic environments. However, this process is reversible and therefore provides a constant threat of secondary water pollution. Secondary water pollution is observed in summer and autumn when water consumption increases. The concentrations of heavy metals increase by a factor of 1.5–3 after the drawdown of the water level. The main reason for the rise in the concentrations of metals is exchange between the bottom sediments and the water column. The rate of heavy metal migration is connected with the forms of occurrence in solid substrates and pore solutions in the bottom sediments, as well as with physico‐chemical conditions arising at the sediment/water boundary. Therefore, our investigations concentrated on the study of the fractional distribution of heavy metals among solid substrates and their forms of occurrence in interstitial solutions. This distribution depends, most of all, on the chemical properties of metals as well as the chemical and mineralogical composition of the sediments and the chemical properties of pore solutions. Most of the supply of Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cd is associated with oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese (Mn, 74–93%; Zn, 43–70%; Fe, 27–59%; and Cd, 28–41%). Most copper and chromium is bound to organic matter and to scarcely soluble minerals. In the interstitial solutions studied, metals (except manganese) are found mainly as complex compounds with dissolved organic matter of a different molecular weight. Nevertheless, the fraction of complexes with a relatively low molecular weight (500–5000 Da) prevailed (40–70%). Dissolved manganese in the pore solutions consists chiefly of free (hydrated) ions Mn²⁺ (80–95%). The results obtained were used for a comparative evaluation of heavy metal mobility and the exchange ability of their associated compounds in the bottom sediment–water system.     

浸提时间对城市污泥重金属浸出特性的影响

在研究含工业废水污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni含量的基础上,应用固体废物浸出毒性方法,以不同浸出时间对污泥中重金属的浸出特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:污泥中Mn和Zn含量较高,其次为Cu和Ni,而毒性较大的Pb和Cr含量较低.浸提时间对污泥中重金属的浸出具有重要影响,污泥中的Zn、Cu、Ni最大浸出浓度在8h时,而Fe和Mn随着浸提时间增加而增加;浸提时间对污泥中重金属浸出量的影响因该重金属的化学性质不同而存在较明显的差别,这可能与浸提过程中的吸附-解吸过程、络合-解离过程和溶解-沉淀/共沉淀等因素有关.