异种铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺的研究

目的 研究搅拌头转速和轴套下压量对异质铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头的组织及力学性能的影响。方法 采用回填式搅拌摩擦点焊技术对7050铝合金和2524铝合金进行搭接焊试验,焊接完成后利用光镜、体式显微镜、扫描电镜对组织进行观察,另外,测试拉伸剪切载荷和显微硬度分布,最后对断裂行为进行了研究。结果 接头区域可以分为焊核区、热力影响区、热影响区、母材4个区域,焊核区晶粒呈细小等轴状,热力影响区晶粒呈粗大长条状。随搅拌头转速的增大,拉剪载荷降低,当转速为1500 r/min时拉剪载荷值最高,其值为7.499 44 kN。热影响区的显微硬度比母材低,最小值为HV106。接头的断裂方式可以分为剪切型断裂、塞型断裂、剪切-半环型断裂。结论 在一定工艺参数范围内,通过适当降低搅拌头转速能显著提高接头的拉剪载荷,轴套下压量对接头的断裂方式影响显著。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织和力学性能分析

目的 研究7020铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)的结构和机械性能。方法 采用搅拌摩擦焊对铝板进行对接焊试验,具体形式为单面焊双面成型。采用拉伸机和显微维氏硬度仪对试样进行力学性能测试;利用蔡司金相、光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪研究母材和焊接接头的微观组织。结果 在硬度上,母材>热影响区>焊核区,热影响区平均硬度约为94HV,母材平均硬度为99HV,焊核区平均硬度最低为78HV,焊核区出现“S”缺陷,在一定程度上弱化了焊核区性能;7020铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度为235 MPa,屈服强度为158 MPa,屈强比为0.67,伸长率为7%,焊接系数可以达到73.8%;母材的抗拉强度为325 MPa,屈服强度为278 MPa,屈强比为0.86,伸长率为25%;焊接接头中心显微组织主要由胞状树枝晶体组成,显微结晶依次呈现为平面晶、胞状晶、树枝状晶、等轴晶;铝合金母材和焊接接头的金属相组成均为α?Al+Mg2Si;焊接接头断口呈现比较明显的韧性断裂特征。结论 铝合金搅拌摩擦焊可以获得性能比较优良的焊接接头,为其他铝合金材料的FSW焊接提供技术参考。     

喷丸改性对7050铝合金FSW接头性能的影响

对5 mm厚的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行喷丸表面改性处理,并对喷丸前后的接头进行残余应力测量、低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究喷丸改性对焊接接头残余应力分布和焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,喷丸处理提高了接头表面粗糙程度,但接头表层及近表层产生硬化层,二次喷丸处理后的表层硬度值达198HV。二次喷丸最高硬度值比焊接态高33.1%。喷丸引入的残余压应力随喷丸次数增加而增大,最大压应力值位置也移向板材更深处。焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对焊接态均降低,表明喷丸改性提高了接头两微区抗疲劳断裂的能力。     

转速对水下搅拌摩擦焊接7A04-T6铝合金组织与性能的影响

对7A04-T6铝合金板进行水下搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW),研究转速对水下FSW接头组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:水下FSW接头的硬度最小值均位于热机械影响区。高转速条件下(950r/min)接头的硬度分布呈现"W"形,焊核区平均硬度值高于低转速条件下(475,600,750r/min)接头的硬度值。当焊速恒定为235mm/min,转速从475r/min提高到750r/min时,接头焊核区的析出相随转速的增大逐渐粗化,接头抗拉强度系数从89.71%降低到82.33%;当转速升高到950r/min时,析出相发生固溶时效,呈现细小弥散的分布特征,接头的强度系数提高到89.04%。接头具有较高的应变硬化能力,塑性伸长率较高。水下FSW接头的拉伸断口均呈现微孔聚合和解理混合断裂特征。     

3003铝合金薄板超高转速搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能

采用超高转速搅拌摩擦焊设备对3003铝合金薄板进行了焊接,研究了焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明:在旋转速度为11 000r·min-1、焊接速度为1 000mm·min-1的工艺参数下,可获得焊接变形小、热影响区窄、焊缝表面成型良好的焊接接头;焊核区的显微硬度达到了35HV,且焊接接头的抗拉强度达到了94.7 MPa,焊接接头的微观形貌显示其内部不存在隧道、裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。     

7075铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为及性能研究

目的 针对7075–O铝合金高焊速、高转速搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷多、质量差等问题,研究焊接接头材料流动对焊缝性能的影响。方法 选用焊接速度1 000 mm/min,搅拌转速分别为1 000、1 200、1 600、1 700 r/min的条件对7075–O铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。同时,利用Fluent软件模拟7075–O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动场分布,分析焊接材料流动与缺陷形成的关系。结果 利用7075–O铝合金三维流动模型,预测出高焊速条件下焊缝前进侧形成一个低压区,孔洞等缺陷易出现在此区域,数值模拟预测与试验结果吻合。在高焊接速度1 000 mm/min、焊接转速1 200 r/min时,焊缝表面光滑平整,焊核区域的硬度分布更加均匀。结论 随着搅拌转速从1 000 r/min增大到1 700 r/min,热输入量逐渐增大,孔洞缺陷由隧道型孔洞转变为不连续的小孔。同时,随着搅拌转速的增大,焊缝高硬度区域的宽度先增大而后降低。当搅拌转速为1 200 r/min时得到了优质的焊接接头,焊缝焊核区硬度分布均匀,硬度值最高为176HV。     

焊接速度对 7A52 铝合金 FSW 组织及力学性能的影响

目的在保证搅拌速度一定时,针对8 mm厚的7A52铝合金,在不同焊接速度下采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)进行焊接试验,研究其焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。方法利用搅拌摩擦焊机进行对接焊接,焊后制取金相试样观察焊接接头宏观形貌和显微组织,并测定其力学性能。结果7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头焊核区的面积随着焊接速度的增大而增大,当焊接速度为250mm/min时,焊接接头的焊核区面积最大,焊核区的显微组织都为细小的等轴晶,焊接接头横截面的焊核区呈明显"洋葱环"的形貌,而热力影响区的结构特征则呈现出了较高的塑性变形流线层。焊接接头显微硬度分布都呈现出"W"形变化,在焊接速度为150 mm/min时,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度能达到452 MPa,达到了母材抗拉强度的89%。结论通过对不同焊接速度下7A52铝合金FSW焊接接头的组织和性能进行研究,得到了不同焊接速度下焊接接头组织和力学性能。     

搅拌针偏移量对A356/6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的影响

对6mm厚的A356-T6/6061-T6异种铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊工艺进行了试验研究,采用OM、SEM、万能拉伸试验机、显微硬度仪等分析了搅拌针偏移量对搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明:搅拌针的偏移量在-0.4~0.4mm范围内均可获得外表美观、内部无明显缺陷的搅拌摩擦焊接头;焊核区两种材料的分界线非常清晰,分别由焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区组成,混合区主要分布在前进侧的焊核区;焊核区由晶粒细致的等轴晶组成,随厚度方向从上而下细化程度逐渐增加。搅拌针向6061侧偏移,有利于焊核区面积、接头强度以及延伸率的增加。当搅拌针向6061偏移0.4mm时,焊核区较-0.4mm时面积增大10%,接头强度和延伸率分别达到210MPa和8.8%,分别为A356母材的74.6%和65.2%;同时,接头断裂位置由返回侧逐渐向前进侧转移,断口位置与焊缝区最低硬度区相吻合;向A356侧偏移时,两侧的热影响区宽度变窄,硬度值增大。     

6005A铝合金挤压型材搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳性能

对6005A-T6铝合金挤压型材进行焊速为1000 mm/min的搅拌摩擦高焊速焊接,研究了对接面机械打磨对接头组织和力学性能的影响.结果 表明,与生产中常用的焊前打磨处理相比,尽管对接面未机械打磨的接头焊核区的"S"线更明显,但是两种接头的硬度分布和拉伸性能相当,拉伸时都在最低硬度区即热影响区断裂.高周疲劳实验结果表...     

静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊2A14-T4铝合金T形接头的组织和性能

采用静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊技术实现了8.5 mm厚2A14-T4铝合金T形接头的焊接,研究了接头的宏观成型、显微组织及力学性能.结果表明:焊缝表面呈现光滑无弧纹特征,焊缝外部和内部未发现焊接缺陷;SSFSW T形接头截面焊接区域形貌整体呈现两头宽、中间窄的"开口哑铃"状,焊核区晶粒表现为取向随机的等轴晶,焊核区平均晶粒尺寸表现为第二次焊核区最大,焊接重合区次之,第一次焊核区最小.焊核区再结晶机制以几何动态再结晶为主并伴随有部分连续动态再结晶;热机影响区较窄且晶粒被拉长变形,热影响区组织晶粒长大粗化;焊接过程中第二相粒子的析出粗化造成焊核区硬度降低,硬度最低点出现在第一道焊缝热影响区与热机影响区的交界处;接头的硬度较低区域和结构尺寸引起的应力集中导致T形接头底板与筋板容易萌生裂纹、发生断裂;断口中存在较多的撕裂棱以及大小不一的韧窝,在韧窝中存在尺寸不均匀的第二相颗粒,断口呈现韧性断裂特征.     

Residual stress distribution and microstructure in the friction stir weld of 7075 aluminum alloy

In order to study the relationship between residual stress (RS) and the microstructure of friction stir weld (FSW), RS profiles through thickness in the un-welded aluminum alloy 7075 plate and in middle layer of its FSW joint were determined nondestructively by the short-wavelength X-ray diffraction (SWXRD) and neutron diffraction. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the FSW joint were also studied by optical microscopic analysis, and microhardness and tensile strength measurements. RS profiles measured by the two methods had the same distribution trend. The maximum tensile RS tested by SWXRD and neutron diffraction in transverse and longitudinal direction occurred in the weld nugget. Microhardness in the direction perpendicular to the weld line showed a “W” shape distribution. Position of the local maximal extremum of RS in thermo-mechanically affected zone corresponded to that of minimal microhardness. The grain-refined strengthening caused by the recrystallization in the weld nugget kept the joint from fracturing at this region notwithstanding the maximum tensile RS. And the tensile fracture occurred near the boundary of welding zone and thermo-mechanically affected zone where minimum of hardness and maximum of RS appear at the same position.     

压铸态AZ91D镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺对4mm厚的压铸态AZ91D镁合金进行对接工艺实验,搅拌头旋转速率1500r/min,焊接速率120mm/min;使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对焊接接头微观组织进行了研究。结果表明:焊缝外观成形美观,但内部存在贯穿型隧道状孔洞缺陷;焊核区为典型的变形-再结晶组织,为细小、均匀的等轴晶;机械-热影响区为变形-部分再结晶组织,热影响区组织形貌与母材相近但伴有轻微的长大现象;焊核区与机械-热影响区的过渡具有以下特征:在前进侧呈现"突变"特征,在后退侧呈现"渐变"特征。     

Effects of friction stir welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded secondary aluminum 6061 alloy

Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of friction stir welding on microstructure and properties of recycled Aluminum 6061 alloy, whose alloy content varied from that of primary alloy. The alloy was processed at tool speed and feed ranges of 530 rev/min–1320 rev/min and 40 mm/min–100 mm/min respectively. Microstructure examination; tensile test and Vickers microhardness evaluation were carried out. Microstructure of the alloy was in four zones including: base metal, heat affected zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and stirred zone. Average grain size of unprocessed material was 93 μm. Processing the alloy at 530 rev/min and 100 mm/min resulted in grains of average size 93 μm, 183 μm and 7 μm; in base metal, heat affected zone and stirred zone respectively. Tensile failure occurred in heat affected zone; that was exposed to high heat. The alloy hardness decreased to a minimum in heat affected zone, followed by a brief rise in thermo-mechanically affected zone, to another maximum in stirred zone. Processed zone hardness was inversely proportional to tool speed and directly proportional to feed rate. Increase in the speed and decrease in feed, increased heat which deteriorated the properties.     

Conventional and in situ tensile test of friction stir welded steel – Optimization of processing parameters

In the present investigation, steel plates were joined at different tool traversing speed by friction stir welding keeping other parameters same. Microstructural characterization was carried out with optical and scanning electron microscopes. At weld nugget pearlite and bainite were present within ferrite matrix. Thermo‐mechanically and heat affected zones microstructure consisted of pearlite and ferrite. Second phase area fraction and matrix grain size at different regions were varied depending on welding parameters. Weld nugget exhibited substantial improvement in microhardness with respect to base metal. In this respect heat affected zone revealed minimum microhardness and was below base metal value. Tensile tests were carried out on standard and miniature specimens in scanning electron microscope. Highest joint efficiency to the tune of ～82 % and ～120 % of that of base metal obtained for standard and miniature specimens, respectively machined from weld fabricated at lowest welding speed. With increment in welding speed assembly strength was reduced for both types of specimens. Standard specimens failed from heat affected zone and miniature specimens failed through centre of weld nugget. Apart from matrix grain size and second phase area fraction, precipitation of microalloyed carbide / carbonitride was responsible for altering the joint strength.     

Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA7039 aluminum alloy

A high strength Al–Zn–Mg alloy AA7039 was friction stir welded by varying welding and rotary speed of the tool in order to investigate the effect of varying welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties. The friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters have great influence on heat input per unit length of weld, hence on temperature profile which in turn governs the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. There exits an optimum combination of welding and rotary speed to produce a sound and defect free joint with microstructure that yields maximum mechanical properties. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing welding speed/ increasing rotary speed i.e. with increasing heat input per unit length of welded joint. The high heat input joints fractured from heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side while low heat input joints fractured from weld nugget along zigzag line on advancing side.     

The microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al–Zn–Mg alloy in as welded and heat treated conditions

High strength aluminium alloys generally present low weldability because of the poor solidification microstructure, porosity in the fusion zone and loss in mechanical properties when welded by fusion welding processes which otherwise can be welded successfully by comparatively newly developed process called friction stir welding (FSW). This paper presents the effect of post weld heat treatment (T₆) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 7039 aluminium alloy. It was observed that the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) showed coarser grains than that of nugget zone but lower than that of heat affected zone (HAZ). The decrease in yield strength of welds is more serious than decrease in ultimate tensile strength. As welded joint has highest joint efficiency (92.1%). Post weld heat treatment lowers yield strength, ultimate tensile strength but improves percentage elongation.     

Residual stress and microstructural features of friction-stir-welded GL E36 shipbuilding steel

The purpose of the present study was to fulfil the knowledge gap concerning residual stresses evaluation of friction stir welded GL E36 shipbuilding steel. Plates of 6?mm thickness were welded using two different welding speeds (1 and 3?mm?s^?1) at a constant rotational speed of 500?rev?min^?1. This led to different thermal cycles and the objective is to analyse the resulting microstructures and residual stress states. Therefore, in this work, residual stresses were evaluated by X-ray diffraction; metallography and microhardness testing were performed to support these measurements. Results showed that welds produced with different heat inputs have distinguishable residual stress distributions. Increases in the welding speed led to higher residual stress and microhardness in the stir zone.     

Study on the microstructure in a friction stir welded 2519-T87 Al alloy

The microhardness, grain size and distribution of the precipitates in various zones of a 2519-T87 aluminum alloy welded joint welded by friction stir welded were investigated. The dynamic recrystallization occurred in the weld nugget zone and the size of recrystallized grains was smaller than that in the thermo-mechanically affected zone, besides, θ′ and θ phase precipitated. The thermo-mechanically affected zone was divided into three ones: the zone close to the thermo-mechanically affected zone, where coarse θ′ precipitates were observed; the middle zone, where the mainly θ precipitates appeared; and the zone close to the heat-affected zone, where both thin θ′ and θ precipitates were observed. In the heat-affected zone, the size of θ′ precipitates was less than those in the base metal zone. On the transverse cross-section of welded joint the microhardness curve shows a W-shape.     

Residual strains and microstructure development in single and sequential double sided friction stir welds in RQT-701 steel

Single and double sided partial penetration friction stir butt welds, in a rolled, quenched and tempered steel (RQT-701), were produced at The Welding Institute (TWI) under controlled process conditions. The residual strain distributions in the longitudinal and transverse directions have been measured using energy dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The measured strains were indicative of longitudinal tensile residual stresses at levels greater than the 0.2% yield stress of the parent metal in both the single and double pass welds. In both cases, the maximum tensile strain was found in the parent metal at the boundary of the heat affected zone (HAZ). Microstructural analysis of the welds was carried out using optical microscopy and hardness variations were also mapped across the weld-plate cross-section. The maximum hardness was observed in the mixed bainite/martensite structure of the weld nugget on the advancing side of the stir zone. The minimum hardness was observed in the HAZ.