COMPUTER SIMULATION ON INTERMITTENT DRYING OF ROUGH RICE

This study applied a partial differential equation model with newly-developed thin layer equations to simulate batch re-circulating dryers under different drying conditions, which are combinations of four parameters: drying air temperature, drying air absolute humidity, drying period duration, and tempering period duration. The moisture change and the drying rate, which were of particular concern with respect to the simulated data, were investigated. Validation drying tests were carried out in a lab scale re-circulating rice dryer. Two sets of experiment were performed involving different drying parameters to simulate re-circulating rice dryers which are extensively used in Asian countries. Comparing these two experimental data with two simulated drying curves respectively, it revealed they are quite consist with each other under the same drying conditions. Drying air temperature, drying air humidity, drying period duration and tempering period duration significantly influenced the drying rate. Under the same drying condition, the tempering period duration effect was insignificant to the drying rate in drying zone as the drying air humidity or temperature increased. And, a higher initial moisture content obtained higher time and energy efficiency for the re-circulating rice dryers.     

INTERMITTENT DRYING OF ROUGH RICE

Abstract

This work obtains thin-layer drying data for rough rice from 108 treatments. A thin-layer drying equation is also derived using these data with drying air absolute humidity, drying air temperature, tempering time interval and drying time interval as the independent variables. In addition, an intermittent drying equation is developed to predict the drying behavior of rough rice in a re-circulating type rice dryer.     

FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF THE THERMO-HYDRO STRESSES IN A VISCOELASTIC SPHERE DURING DRYING

The objective of this study is the formulation of a finite element model that could be used to analyze the stress crack formation in a viscoelastic sphere resulting from temperature and moisture gradients during the drying process. Numerical solutions to the simultaneous moisture and heat diffusion equations describing moisture removal and heat intake process for the sphere are obtained. The distribution and gradients of temperature and moisture developed inside the sphere during drying are established. The calculated temperature and moisture gradients are used in a finite element analysis of the thermo-hydro viscoelastic boundary value problem to simulate the stresses in the body.

The model is used to solve a sample problem of drying a soybean kernel. The simulated drying curve for the soybean model is obtained and compared favorably with the experimental results reported in the literature. Tangential stress, as a criteria for failure, is shown to change from compressive to tensile stress as it approaches the surface. It reaches its peak value at the surface in one hour and then decays slowly. The effect of different drying conditions is studied and the results are discussed.     

THE STUDY OF INTERRUPTED DRYING TECHNIQUE FOR ROUGH RICE

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to study the optimum strategy of the interrupted drying technique for rough rice. The effects of interrupted drying on drying rates, cracking enhancement ratios, and the performance of a commercial circulating rice dryer were evaluated. The results indicated that the required interrupted period of grains with moisture of ranging from 18 to 20% was 2 around 3 hours. The interrupted drying technique can significantly increase the drying rate. The dryer performance e.g. fuel-consumption rate, drying rate, and drying time were all affected by interrupting the drying process, as expected.     

MODELING OF ROUGH RICE DRYING IN THIN VERTICAL COLUMNS

ABSTRACT

The solution of classical diffusion equation based on the assumption of average moisture diffusion coefficient did not adequately represent natural convection drying of rough rice in thin vertical columns exposed on both sides to hot air. Instantaneous moisture diffusivity coefficients determined from experimental drying curves decreased continuously with an increase in exposure duration and were linearly related to moisture ratio. The proponionality constant which was called apparent moisture diffusion coefficient was distinctly related to air temperature, relative humidity, and initial moisture content of rough rice. The modified moisture diffusion model using the instantaneous moisture diffusion coefficient was found to best represent the moisture removal from bulk rough rice.     

FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF THE THERMO-HYDRO STRESSES IN A VISCOELASTIC SPHERE DURING DRYING

The objective of this study is the formulation of a finite element model that could be used to analyze the stress crack formation in a viscoelastic sphere resulting from temperature and moisture gradients during the drying process. Numerical solutions to the simultaneous moisture and heat diffusion equations describing moisture removal and heat intake process for the sphere are obtained. The distribution and gradients of temperature and moisture developed inside the sphere during drying are established. The calculated temperature and moisture gradients are used in a finite element analysis of the thermo-hydro viscoelastic boundary value problem to simulate the stresses in the body.

The model is used to solve a sample problem of drying a soybean kernel. The simulated drying curve for the soybean model is obtained and compared favorably with the experimental results reported in the literature. Tangential stress, as a criteria for failure, is shown to change from compressive to tensile stress as it approaches the surface. It reaches its peak value at the surface in one hour and then decays slowly. The effect of different drying conditions is studied and the results are discussed.     

THE STUDY OF INTERRUPTED DRYING TECHNIQUE FOR ROUGH RICE

The purpose of this research was to study the optimum strategy of the interrupted drying technique for rough rice. The effects of interrupted drying on drying rates, cracking enhancement ratios, and the performance of a commercial circulating rice dryer were evaluated. The results indicated that the required interrupted period of grains with moisture of ranging from 18 to 20% was 2 around 3 hours. The interrupted drying technique can significantly increase the drying rate. The dryer performance e.g. fuel-consumption rate, drying rate, and drying time were all affected by interrupting the drying process, as expected.     

A COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF THIN-LAYER DRYING KINETICS OF ROUGH RICE

ABSTRACT

Rough rice at about 21% (wet basis) was dried at various conditions of temperatures and evaporating capacities of air. The influence of both parameters on drying rate has been studied. At high temperatures, high drying rates can be achieved with low evaporating capacities. In addition, desorption isotherms of rough rice were measured at 35, 60 and 85°C and the experimental isotherms data were fitted using a modified Pfost equation.

A compartmental model was developed to simulate the grain moisture content. Heat and mass transfer coefficients were optimized using a Nelder & Mead method. Internal mass transfer coefficient was written as an exponential function of the average moisture content and temperature of the grain and the external mass transfer coefficient as a function of air temperature. The compartmental approach predicts very well the average moisture content with a mean error of about 5% in static and dynamic conditions.     

A COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF THIN-LAYER DRYING KINETICS OF ROUGH RICE

Rough rice at about 21% (wet basis) was dried at various conditions of temperatures and evaporating capacities of air. The influence of both parameters on drying rate has been studied. At high temperatures, high drying rates can be achieved with low evaporating capacities. In addition, desorption isotherms of rough rice were measured at 35, 60 and 85°C and the experimental isotherms data were fitted using a modified Pfost equation.

A compartmental model was developed to simulate the grain moisture content. Heat and mass transfer coefficients were optimized using a Nelder & Mead method. Internal mass transfer coefficient was written as an exponential function of the average moisture content and temperature of the grain and the external mass transfer coefficient as a function of air temperature. The compartmental approach predicts very well the average moisture content with a mean error of about 5% in static and dynamic conditions.     

MODELING OF ROUGH RICE DRYING IN THIN VERTICAL COLUMNS

The solution of classical diffusion equation based on the assumption of average moisture diffusion coefficient did not adequately represent natural convection drying of rough rice in thin vertical columns exposed on both sides to hot air. Instantaneous moisture diffusivity coefficients determined from experimental drying curves decreased continuously with an increase in exposure duration and were linearly related to moisture ratio. The proponionality constant which was called apparent moisture diffusion coefficient was distinctly related to air temperature, relative humidity, and initial moisture content of rough rice. The modified moisture diffusion model using the instantaneous moisture diffusion coefficient was found to best represent the moisture removal from bulk rough rice.     

THIN-LAYER DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF ROUGH RICE AT LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

Thin-layer drying characteristics of rough rice were determined at temperature ranging from 11.8 to 51 °C and for relative humidities ranging from 37.1% to 91.3%, with initial moisture contents in the range of 24.7 to 41.6% dry basis. An oven, a self contain air conditioning unit, recently developed in Japan, was used for this experiments. With this apparatus, very smooth drying curves were obtained. The data of sample weight, and dry and wet bulb temperatures of the drying air were recorded continuously throughout the drying period for each test. The drying process was terminated when the moisture content change in 24 h was less than 0.2 % d.b. (weight change was less than 0.05 g). The final points were recorded as the dynamic equilibrium moisture contents.

The drying data were than fitted to the Page model. The model gave a very good fit for the moisture content with an average standard error of 0.294 % d.b¨ Both the drying parameters, K and N, are function of drying air temperature and relative humidity. The effect of variable initial moisture content was also described effectively by the empirical Page model. The drying time employed had a large effect on the K and N values. The results presented here, over typically 5 day drying, will be useful in the long term moisture transfer process occurring during ventilated storage.     

THIN LAYER AND DEEP BED DRYING OF LONG GRAIN ROUGH RICE

ABSTRACT

The paper presents new data for thin-layer drying characteristics of Thai long grain rough rice measured under various conditions of drying air temperature (35 to 60?°C), drying air relative humidity (30 to 70 % ) and the initial moisture content of rough rice (20 to 40 % dry basis). Empirical equations were developed using the instantaneous weight, the weight loss and drying time, with temperature, relative humidity and initial moisture content of rough rice as the independent variables. A computer program was developed to simulate the deep-bed drying process. The thin-layer drying equation developed before was used in the computer simulation. Experimental data from the fixed bed dryer were compared with the results from the calculation.     

THIN-LAYER DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF ROUGH RICE AT LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

Abstract

Thin-layer drying characteristics of rough rice were determined at temperature ranging from 11.8 to 51 °C and for relative humidities ranging from 37.1% to 91.3%, with initial moisture contents in the range of 24.7 to 41.6% dry basis. An oven, a self contain air conditioning unit, recently developed in Japan, was used for this experiments. With this apparatus, very smooth drying curves were obtained. The data of sample weight, and dry and wet bulb temperatures of the drying air were recorded continuously throughout the drying period for each test. The drying process was terminated when the moisture content change in 24 h was less than 0.2 % d.b. (weight change was less than 0.05 g). The final points were recorded as the dynamic equilibrium moisture contents.

The drying data were than fitted to the Page model. The model gave a very good fit for the moisture content with an average standard error of 0.294 % d.b? Both the drying parameters, K and N, are function of drying air temperature and relative humidity. The effect of variable initial moisture content was also described effectively by the empirical Page model. The drying time employed had a large effect on the K and N values. The results presented here, over typically 5 day drying, will be useful in the long term moisture transfer process occurring during ventilated storage.     

STUDY ON ROUGH RICE FISSURING DURING INTERMITTENT DRYING

The Assuring of rough rice during intermittent drying was studied through experimental and numerical methods. The moisture distribution inside the rice kernel during drying and tempering was obtained by diffusion model. The moisture gradients were used to analyze the hydro stresses in the rice kernel during intermittent drying.

Discontinuing the drying process with tempering can decrease the hydro stresses in the rice kernel. Decreased unit drying time or increased intermittent ratio caused decrease of the stresses in the rice kernel during intermittent drying. Less fissured rice was also observed by discontinuing the drying process in the experiments. Higher intermittent ratio or lower unit drying time caused lower percentage of fissured rice in the experiments.     

THIN LAYER AND DEEP BED DRYING OF LONG GRAIN ROUGH RICE

The paper presents new data for thin-layer drying characteristics of Thai long grain rough rice measured under various conditions of drying air temperature (35 to 60 °C), drying air relative humidity (30 to 70 % ) and the initial moisture content of rough rice (20 to 40 % dry basis). Empirical equations were developed using the instantaneous weight, the weight loss and drying time, with temperature, relative humidity and initial moisture content of rough rice as the independent variables. A computer program was developed to simulate the deep-bed drying process. The thin-layer drying equation developed before was used in the computer simulation. Experimental data from the fixed bed dryer were compared with the results from the calculation.     

STUDY ON ROUGH RICE FISSURING DURING INTERMITTENT DRYING

Abstract

The Assuring of rough rice during intermittent drying was studied through experimental and numerical methods. The moisture distribution inside the rice kernel during drying and tempering was obtained by diffusion model. The moisture gradients were used to analyze the hydro stresses in the rice kernel during intermittent drying.

Discontinuing the drying process with tempering can decrease the hydro stresses in the rice kernel. Decreased unit drying time or increased intermittent ratio caused decrease of the stresses in the rice kernel during intermittent drying. Less fissured rice was also observed by discontinuing the drying process in the experiments. Higher intermittent ratio or lower unit drying time caused lower percentage of fissured rice in the experiments.     

DEHUMIDIFICATION DRYING OF HIGH-MOISTURE ROUGH RICE IN A RADIAL-FLOW, CIRCULAR BIN

An experimental radial-flow, circular bin dryer with a dehumidifier was fabricated and tested for rough rice drying. Results showed that high-moisture paddy could be dried to 14% moisture content (wet basis) over a 24 h drying span at an average drying rate of 0.5%/h. The open-cycle system's specific moisture extraction rate and the dehumidifier's coefficient of performance were within the usual range of values cited for similar conventional systems or equipment. The quality of the dehumidifier-dried and naturally dried paddy was similar with respect to minimum grain Assuring, The system was found to be a technically feasible, more energy-efficient and safer alternative to electrical resistance heating in the conditioning of ambient air for drying under humid tropical conditions.     

DEHUMIDIFICATION DRYING OF HIGH-MOISTURE ROUGH RICE IN A RADIAL-FLOW,CIRCULAR BIN

Abstract

An experimental radial-flow, circular bin dryer with a dehumidifier was fabricated and tested for rough rice drying. Results showed that high-moisture paddy could be dried to 14% moisture content (wet basis) over a 24 h drying span at an average drying rate of 0.5%/h. The open-cycle system's specific moisture extraction rate and the dehumidifier's coefficient of performance were within the usual range of values cited for similar conventional systems or equipment. The quality of the dehumidifier-dried and naturally dried paddy was similar with respect to minimum grain Assuring, The system was found to be a technically feasible, more energy-efficient and safer alternative to electrical resistance heating in the conditioning of ambient air for drying under humid tropical conditions.     

增韧复合材料的G_Ⅰ断裂韧性有限元模拟

采用Abaqus有限元仿真软件建立二维壳单元模型以及内聚力模型,运用双线性本构模型以及二次名义应力准则,对以聚酰亚胺为增韧层的复合材料进行GⅠ断裂韧性模拟,同时通过改变法相刚度、能量释放率等参数探讨对复合材料性质的影响。结果表明,模拟结果与实际情况在曲线趋势上大体一致,随着能量释放率的增大,层间韧性也随之增大,主要是纤维的抽拔、断裂等塑性屈曲对能量的吸收所致。而法相刚度对于层间失效后的脆性断裂影响显著,较大的法相刚度会导致载荷-位移曲线上下波动较大,呈现出层间脆性特性。     

ADAPTIVE AND STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN DRYING

ABSTRACT

The focus of this paper is on the use of new advances in the finite element method to model and analyze drying problems, with emphasis on biological, food and grain materials. It presents the current status of the use of numerical analysis for such process, and emphasizes the need and advantages of incorporating adaptive and stochastic strategies into the finite element analysts. The existing literature on the application of the adaptive and stochastic finite elements is reviewed in conjunction with the relevant advances in this area. A new perturbation-based stochastic methodology far nonlinear and transient drying problems is formulated and presented in detail. The specific application of this new methodology to drying is under development. In conclusion, tracks for future research in this field are proposed.