p,V, T and derived thermodynamic data for toluene,trichloromethane, dichloromethane,acetonitrile, aniline,and n-dodecane

Experimentally determined p,V,T data are reported for toluene, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, aniline, and n-dodecane at 278, 288, 298, 313, and 323 K, except for dichloromethane, for which the highest temperature was 298 K. At each temperature, measurements were done at pressures up to about 280 MPa or (for aniline and n-dodecane) at a lower pressure slightly below the freezing pressure at the temperature of measurement. Values of the isobaric expansivity isothermal compressibility and (for toluene, trichloromethane, dichloromethane, and acetonitrile) internal pressure, derived from the p,V,T data, are presented.     

Structural transformations, reactions, and electronic properties of fullerenes, onions, and buckytubes

We describe the results of extensive quantum molecular dynamics calculations of the properties of fullerenes and microtubules. The topics to be discussed include: (i) stability of C₆₀ isomers and barriers to isomerization; (ii) reactivity of C₆₀ and C₅₈ with C₂ and C₃, and its implications on the formation and growth of fullerenes; and (iii) atomic and electronic structure and doping of semiconducting microtubules. We also discuss the structures, stabilities and atomic transformations of large multishell fullerenes and offer an explanation for the formation of spheroidal “onions” under high fluence electron irradiation conditions. The last results, which involved calculations for up to 15 000 atoms, were obtained using classical three-body potentials.     

Elastic, structural, bonding, and defect properties of zinc-blende BN, AlN, GaN, InN and their alloys

Simple tight-binding simulations, incorporating only the Herman–Skillman atomic term values, are shown to provide valuable information about the bonding, elastic and structural properties of zinc-blende group III-nitrides. Our calculated values of the elastic parameters (viz., bulk modulus, elastic stiffness constants, Kleinman's internal displacement parameter, Keating force constants, etc.) for BN, AlN, GaN, and InN are shown to exist well within the range of values derived from more sophisticated methods. Despite the crude approximations used, the tight-binding method has clearly provided the meaningful trends to the local distortions around isoelectronic impurities and has described reasonably well the bond length variations as a function of composition in ternary alloys.     

Autonomy, security, and inequality: China, India, the United States, and the globalization of science and technology

Perhaps no three countries have benefited from the globalization of science and technology (S&T) more than India, China, and the United States. All three have leveraged the growing internationalization of innovation to offset weaknesses in their own national innovation systems. Still, globalization raises critical questions of autonomy, security, and equality, and in turn the political struggle over these three issues shapes the pace and scope of the globalization of S&T. Significant deterioration on any one of these criterion could lead to substantially less support among policy makers and the public for the globally networked system of innovation that appears to be emerging.     

Preparation and Properties of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Aluminum Terephthalates

Group I–III terephthalates were prepared: KOOCC₆H₄COOH, NaOOCC₆H₄COOH, NaOOCC₆H₄COONa, Mg(OOCC₆H₄COO) · 2H₂O, Ca(OOCC₆H₄COO) · 3H₂O, and Al₂(OOCC₆H₄COO)₃ · 8H₂O. The salts were characterized by differential thermal analysis and IR spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the thermal decomposition of the terephthalates yields metal carbonates or oxides. On heating to 1000°C, aluminum terephthalate converts into submicron-sized -alumina particles.     

Dust explosions-cases, causes, consequences, and control

Dust explosions pose the most serious and widespread of explosion hazards in the process industry alongside vapour cloud explosions (VCE) and boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVE). Dust explosions almost always lead to serious financial losses in terms of damage to facilities and down time. They also often cause serious injuries to personnel, and fatalities. We present the gist of the dust explosion state-of-the-art. Illustrative case studies and past accident analyses reflect the high frequency, geographic spread, and damage potential of dust explosions across the world. The sources and triggers of dust explosions, and the measures with which different factors associated with dust explosions can be quantified are reviewed alongside dust explosion mechanism. The rest of the review is focused on the ways available to prevent dust explosion, and on cushioning the impact of a dust explosion by venting when the accident does take place.     

商业设计只有第一没有第二

许多人将设计和艺术、美术划上等号，似乎一件好的设计就应该等于一幅美丽的图稿．其实不然，美术与美学只是设计的基础（也该是一般大众生活的基础），设计的天空相当广阔，与每个人的生活经历和氛围皆有关连；因此我们可以说“设计是生活，生活是一切”。     

Incentives, Routines, and Self-Command

Virtue, then, being of two kinds, intellectual and moral, intellectualvirtue in the main owes both its birth and its growth to teaching... while moral virtue comes about as a result of habit, whencealso its name is one that is formed by a slight variation fromthe word (habit).... Of all the things that come to us by nature we first acquirethe potentiality and later exhibit the activity... but the virtueswe get by first exercising them.... men become builders by buildingand lyre-players by playing the lyre; so too we become justby doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, braveby doing brave acts. This is confirmed by what happens in states; for legislatorsmake the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this isthe wish for every legislator, and those who do not effect itmiss their mark, and it is in this that a good constitutiondiffers from a bad one.     

Phosphorus,phosphorous, and phosphate

This article distinguishes the terms “phosphorus, phosphorous, and phosphate” which are frequently used interchangeably. We point out the difference between phosphorus and phosphate, with an emphasis on the unit of measure. Expressing a value without the proper name or unit of measure may lead to misunderstanding and erroneous conclusions. We indicate why phosphate must be expressed as milligrams per deciliter or millimoles per liter and not as milliequivalents per liter. Therefore, we elucidate the distinction among the terms “phosphorus, phosphorous, and phosphate” and the importance of saying precisely what one really means.     

Modeling the release, spreading, and burning of LNG, LPG, and gasoline on water

Current interest in the shipment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has renewed the debate about the safety of shipping large volumes of flammable fuels. The size of a spreading pool following a release of LNG from an LNG tank ship has been the subject of numerous papers and studies dating back to the mid-1970s. Several papers have presented idealized views of how the LNG would be released and spread across a quiescent water surface. There is a considerable amount of publicly available material describing these idealized releases, but little discussion of how other flammable fuels would behave if released from similar sized ships. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the models currently available from the United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) can be used to simulate the release, spreading, vaporization, and pool fire impacts for materials other than LNG, and if so, identify which material-specific parameters are required.

The review of the basic equations and principles in FERC's LNG release, spreading, and burning models did not reveal a critical fault that would prevent their use in evaluating the consequences of other flammable fluid releases. With the correct physical data, the models can be used with the same level of confidence for materials such as LPG and gasoline as they are for LNG.     

Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared

Infrared optical constants collected from the literature are tabulated. The data for the noble metals and Al, Pb, and W can be reasonably fit using the Drude model. It is shown that -epsilon1(omega) = epsilon2(omega) approximately omega(2)(p)/(2omega(2)(tau)) at the damping frequency omega = omega(tau). Also -epsilon1(omega(tau)) approximately - (1/2) epsilon1(0), where the plasma frequency is omega(p).     

Synthesis and structure of dodecamolybdates of tetravalent cerium,thorium, uranium,neptunium, and plutonium

A series of isostructural compounds of the composition Na₇H[EMo₁₂O₄₂]·12H₂O, where E(IV) = Ce, Th, U, Np, or Pu, were synthesized and structurally characterized. In the [EMo₁₂O₄₂]^8– heteropolyanion (HPA), the central E(IV) atom is surrounded by six Mo₂O₉ groups, each constituted by two octahedra sharing a common face. The coordination polyhedron (CP) of the central atom is a weakly distorted icosahedron with the mean E(IV)–О bond lengths of 2.498, 2.529, 2.500, 2.490, and 2.488 Å for Ce, Th, U, Np, and Pu, respectively. In the structure of the compounds Na₇H[EMo₁₂O₄₂]·12H₂O, there are two crystallographically independent sodium atoms: Na(1) and Na(2). The oxygen surrounding of the Na(1) atom is formed by the terminal oxygen atoms of two heteropolyanions adjacent along [001], and its coordination polyhedron is an octahedron. The surrounding of the Na(2) atom (a six-vertex polyhedron) is formed by three terminal oxygen atoms of three Mo₂O₉ groups belonging to the same HPA and by three water molecules. The coordination polyhedra of the Na(2) atoms are linked with each other via common oxygen atoms of O_w(2) water molecules to form a chain “winding” around the 3₁ screw axis. The heteropolyanions and Na⁺ cations in the crystal form a framework constructed in a fashion characteristic of Dexter–Silverton type anions, with the coordination via three terminal oxygen atoms of three Mo₂O₉ groups. Excess negative charge of HPA is compensated by the proton localized on one of the six bridging O atoms. In the Mo₂O₉ doubled octahedra, the Mo–O bonds with the О atoms bonded to E(IV) and forming the edge of the common face are sensitive to the kind of the central atom.     

Water-Processable,Stretchable, Self-Healable,Thermally Stable,and Transparent Ionic Conductors for Actuators and Sensors

For emerging biocompatible, wearable, and stretchable epidermal electronic devices, it is essential to realize novel stretchable conductors with the attributes of transparency, low-cost and nontoxic components, green-solvent processbility, self-healing, and thermal stabililty. Although conducting materials–rubber composites, ionic hydrogels, organogels have been developed, no stretchable material system that meets all the outlined requirements has been reported. Here, a series of P(SPMA-r-MMA) polymers with different ratios of ionic side chains is designed and synthesized, and it is demonstrated that the resulting stretchable ionic conductors with glycerol are transparent, water processable, self-healable, and thermally stable due to the chemically linked ionic side chain, satisfying all of the aforementioned requirements. Among the series of polymer gels, the P(SPMA_0.75-r-MMA_0.25) gel shows optimum conductivity (6.7 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹), stretchability (2636% of break at elongation), and self-healing (98.3% in 3 h) properties. Accordingly, the transparent and self-healable P(SPMA_0.75-r-MMA_0.25) gels are used to realize thermally robust actuators up to 100 °C and deformable and self-healable thermal sensors.     

Sustainability: ecological, social, economic, technological, and systems perspectives

Sustainability is generally associated with a definition by the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: "... development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ..." However, there is no mathematical theory embodying these concepts, although one would be immensely valuable in humanity's efforts to manage the environment. The concept of sustainability applies to integrated systems comprising humans and the rest of nature; the structures and operation of the human component (society, economy, law, etc.) must be such that they reinforce the persistence of the structures and operation of the natural component (ecosystem trophic linkages, biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles, etc.). One of the challenges of sustainability research lies in linking measures of ecosystem functioning to the structure and operation of the associated social system. We review the nature of this complex system including its ecological, social, economic, and technological aspects, and propose an approach to assessing sustainability based on Information Theory that bridges the natural and human systems. These principles are then illustrated using a model system with an ecological food web linked to a rudimentary social system. This work is part of the efforts of a larger multidisciplinary group at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory.     

The vapor pressure of indium,silver, gallium,copper, tin,and gold between 0.1 and 3.0 bar

The vapor pressure of several liquid metals was measured using a method based on the gas-controlled heat pipe. Small samples of the test material were placed in a tungsten tube and heated to temperatures above 2900 K. The vapor pressure was measured using a gas-buffered pressure transducer and the vapor temperature was inferred from the tube surface temperature, which was measured with an optical pyrometer. Most of the tests were terminated by the failure of the containment tube. The measured pressures agree well with those calculated by thermodynamic methods from data at lower temperatures.     

Equations of state for helium, hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane at high temperatures and pressures

Equations of state are constructed for He, Ar, H₂, D₂, N₂,O₂, CO, CO₂, and CH₄ in the temperature range of (1–20) × 10³ K and at pressures up to 40 GPa on the basis of the model of canonical equation of state previously proposed by us.     

岁月如歌

时光悄悄流逝,岁月静好,一切安然.悠悠歌声把我们带回那个年代,重温过往的美好时光和设计人生. 让世界充满爱 1985年,一个阳光明媚的下午,市中心展览馆大厅,展厅回响着歌曲《让世界充满爱》,这是我第一次参加这样的大型展览并担任设计布展,正在埋头工作,突然一阵热闹,一群人向隔壁峨眉电影制片厂展位走去,众人簇拥着一位男士,后来听说他就是著名导演米家山,影星潘虹的丈夫.