The Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface and the relationship of Neanderthals and early modern humans in the Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia

This paper presents the first detailed analysis of the artefacts from the Mousterian level G3 at Vindija Cave and a revision of the artefact analysis for the early Upper Paleolithic levels (j, i) at Velika Pe?ina, both in Croatia. Combined with an assessment of the artefacts from the crucial G1 level at Vindija, results of these analyses are used to argue that the combination of Middle and Upper Paleolithic elements in the upper G complex at Vindija is not necessarily the result of geological mixing but may well represent a natural cultural assemblage. Some Upper Paleolithic elements are possibly derived from the local Mousterian, while others result from extraneous cultural influences into this region. Interestingly, currently available radiocarbon dates indicate that Neanderthals (Vindija level G1) and early modern humans (Velika Pe?ina) were penecontemporaneous in this region at ca. 33 ka, or perhaps somewhat earlier if the radiocarbon dates are taken as minimum age estimates. Therefore some Upper Paleolithic tools associated with the Vindija G1 Neanderthals, such as bone points, may result from imitation of or trade with early modern people. While there is external influence on the development of the early Upper Paleolithic in this region, it exhibits a unique character which does not conform to that of classic Western or Central European Aurignacian.     

Morphology,microhardness, and grinding ability of single-crystal powders

Conclusions A study was made of the variation of the morphology and size of TiC and TaC crystals as functions of cooling rate of solutions of these carbides in molten Al (in the mass crystallization process). TiC and TaC were found for the first time to be characterized by polar as well as by reticular anisotropy of microhardness on their (111) faces. It was confirmed that the slip systems in TiC and TaC are {110} [110] and {111} [110], respectively. It is shown that TiC and TaC single crystals surpass corundum and fused carbides (TiC) in grinding ability and strength of individual grains.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 8(224), pp. 76–80, August, 1981.     

Alumina Nucleation,Growth Kinetics,and Morphology: A Review

The reaction between aluminum and the dissolved oxygen in liquid steel yields the precipitation of alumina crystals with characteristic morphologies and size distributions. Alumina precipitation and growth involve a wide spectrum of time, length, velocity, and thermodynamic supersaturation scales throughout the refining processes. The smallest length and time scales are those quantifying the nucleation kinetics and the initial growth at the highest supersaturation. Further growth and crystal morphology depend on the concentration of surface tension elements which inhibit the crystal's faces suffering further modifications due to washing effects provided by turbulent flows. This step involves longer time, velocity, length, and moderate supersaturations. The final step involves the growth of alumina inclusions through collision–agglomeration–sintering, and capillary processes on the surfaces of argon bubbles under low supersaturations. Jumps of supersaturation, due to late aluminum additions or steel reoxidation, lead to alumina crystals changing their morphology to dendritic-type growth. The present contribution reviews each one of these kinetic phenomena closing with the consequences that alumina precipitation has on the continuous casting process. The content of this review is useful to practitioners and theorists alike.     

Evolution of Constitution,Structure, and Morphology in FeCo-Based Multicomponent Alloys

Constituent phases, melting behaviors, and microstructure of multicomponent (Fe_0.5Co_0.5) _x (Mo_0.1C_0.2B_0.5Si_0.2)_100–x alloys (x = 95, 90, 85, 80, and 70) produced by copper mold casting were evaluated by various analysis techniques, i.e., X-ray diffractometry, scanning electronic microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Metastable Fe₃C- and Cr₂₃C₆-type phases were identified in the chill-cast alloys. A schematic illustration was proposed to explain the evolution of constituent phases and microstructure for the alloys with x = 95, 90, and 85 during the solidification process, which could be applicable to controlling microstructural formation of other multicomponent alloys with similar microstructures by artificially adjusting the composition.     

Rheumatoid synovial cells from intact joints. Morphology, growth, and polykaryocytosis

Synovial cell lines were isolated by instillation of trypsin or chymotrypsin into intact knee joints of patients with persistent rheumatoid effusions resistant to conventional therapy. Morphology and growth in the primary phase were compared with rheumatoid cells isolated from excised synovium and nonrheumatoid synovial cells obtained from intact joints of cadavers or amputated limbs. Cell populations from all sources included varying proportions of macrophage-like and fibroblast-like cells, with only 1-3% multinucleated cells. In medium supplemented with calf serum alone, rheumatoid cells from intact joints showed negligible changes in morphology. However, in the presence of nonrheumatoid, autologous rheumatoid or homologous rheumatoid serum a rapid increase occurred in size of the macrophage-like cells and numbers of polykaryocytes, including some giant syncytial cells. These effects were directly proportional to serum concentration and were identical in fresh or heat-inactivated serum. In most of these rheumatoid cell lines no multiplication occurred, regardless of serum type or concentration. In rheumatoid synovial cells from excised synovium, human serum induced both polykaryocytosis and rapid growth of fibroblasts. Nonrheumatoid synovial cells grew rapidly but few polykaryocytes developed, mostly with less than 6 nuclei. Evidence of viral infection in rheumatoid synovial cells was sought by electron microscopy after stimulation of polykaryocytosis by human serum. In one of the cultures many cells were found with intranuclear particles possessing characteristics of the adenovirus group.     

WC粉末粒度与形貌对硬质合金中WC晶粒度、晶粒形貌与合金性能的影响

探讨了粗颗粒与特粗颗粒两种粒度级别以及平面化表面与球化表面两种形貌特征的WC原料对WC-Co硬质合金中WC晶粒度、晶粒形貌以及合金性能的影响。结果表明,分别采用费氏粒度为11.4￣13.4μm,与22.0￣28.3μm两种粒度级别的WC粉末为原料制备合金,尽管两种合金硬度之间存在明显差别,但是两种合金的晶粒度相差很小,在4.0￣4.3μm之间,同属一种粒度级别。WC原料的原始形貌对合金中WC晶粒形貌与合金性能影响很小,碱金属掺杂原料制备的合金中WC晶粒结晶完整性相对较差。因此,高纯原料是制备高性能硬质合金的基础。     

Morphology, fine structure, biochemistry, and function of the spermatic ducts in marine fish

The spermatic ducts and the testicular efferent ducts were investigated in different marine teleost fish species (Diplodus sargus, Mullus barbatus, Thalassoma pavo, Trachinus draco, Uranuscopus scaber, Sparisoma cretense, Synodon saurus). From the morphological, histological, fine structural and biochemical investigations it appeared that the testicular main ducts and spermatic ducts of the investigated marine fish have the following functions: storage of spermatozoa, monosacharide synthesis for nutrition of spermatozoa, synthesis of steroid glucuronides, synthesis of seminal plasma proteins, formation of a ionic gradient in the seminal fluid and phagocytotic activity. Species-specific differences were only found in the morphology of the gonads and in the histology of the spermatic duct epithelium.     

Double outlet left ventricle. Morphology, cineangiocardiographic diagnosis and surgical treatment

In double outlet left ventricle,both the pulmonary artery and the aortaarisefromthemorphologicleft ventricle. This paper presents the anatomic and cineangiocardiographic features of five patients who had this condition proved at surgery or autopsy. The condition of the first patient was incorrectly diagnosed as transposition of the great arteries with pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect; the anatomic features were correctly interpreted at operation in 1966 and appropriate repair was made, but the patient died postoperatively. The condition of the other four patients was correctly diagnosed. The second patient had Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve and hypoplastic right ventricle in addition to double outlet left ventricle; her condition was not considered operable. Two patients, one with visceroatrial situs solitus, concordant d-loop and dextrocardia, were surgically treated with good long-term results. The fifth patient died 2 years postoperatively and is the first patient reported to have double outlet left ventricle with visceroatrial situs inversus, a discordant d-loop and levocardia. The segmental approach to the classification and diagnosis of connection disorders is discussed and the radiologic criteria by which double outlet left ventricle may be diagnosed considered in detail. The importance of using the radiologic projection (usually left anterior oblique) that profiles the ventricular septum is emphasized because the diagnosis can be established only by delineating the relations of the origins of the great arteries to the ventricular septum. The surgical significance of other anatomic features, including the number, size and position of ventricular septal defects and conal malformations, is also discussed.     

Crystallography,Morphology, and Martensite Transformation of Prior Austenite in Intercritically Annealed High-Aluminum Steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The crystallography and morphology of the intercritical austenite phase in two high-aluminum steels annealed at 850 °C were examined on...     

Morphology of nonmetallic inclusions using silicon,aluminum, and calcium-silicon alloy in steel melt

The process of deoxidation of a 15 kg melt by silicon, aluminum, and calcium-silicon alloy was studied by continuously monitoring the dissolved oxygen potential using a solid electrolyte probe. Stable oxygen potential was established within two minutes, whether the deoxidizer was added onto the melt surface or plunged into the melt. Inclusion morphology was investigated with the help of optical and scanning electron microscopic studies. The inclusion index is dependent on the type of deoxidizer added, but was independent on the mode of addition. Thus, with ferrosilicon addition the index increased significantly which decreased very slowly on holding the melt while deoxidation with aluminum and calcium-silicon alloy resulted in a continuous decrease of the inclusion index. Evidence has been found to show that the reaction between the existing inclusion before deoxidizer addition and the deoxidizers added was also very fast.     

Morphology and function of the parathyroid gland of the caiman, Caiman crocodilus

Leg screws were implanted in 30 tibia diaphysis. 112 days later in the gliding hole there was new lamellar bone round of the screw head, neck of screw and into the both first screw threads. After screw explantation we measured in 8 cases the solidity of the new bone. Under conditions of tension measurement, we use 341 N per millimeter cortical thread surfaces to put out all new bone from the gliding hole. The results of these tension measurements were cylindric fragments. The remodelling into the gliding hole seems to be the results of static stress and dynamic compensation for reaching a defect in living cortical bone.     

前驱物颗粒的形貌对钴粉形貌的影响

研究了球形草酸钴、球形Co（OH）2的制备方法及其颗粒形貌和晶体结构，并以此为前驱物还原制备金属钴粉，对钴粉颗粒形貌与其前驱物颗粒形貌之间的关系进行了分析讨论。     

Kinematic data on primate head and neck posture: implications for the evolution of basicranial flexion and an evaluation of registration planes used in paleoanthropology

Kinematic data on primate head and neck posture were collected by filming 29 primate species during locomotion. These were used to test whether head and neck posture are significant influences on basicranial flexion and whether the Frankfurt plane can legitimately be employed in paleoanthropological studies. Three kinematic measurements were recorded as angles relative to the gravity vector, the inclination of the orbital plane, the inclination of the neck, and the inclination of the Frankfurt plane. A fourth kinematic measurement was calculated as the angle between the neck and the orbital plane (the head-neck angle [HNA]). The functional relationships of basicranial flexion were examined by calculating the correlations and partial correlations between HNA and craniometric measurements representing basicranial flexion, orbital kyphosis, and relative brain size (Ross and Ravosa [1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91:305-324). Significant partial correlations were observed between relative brain size and basicranial flexion and between HNA and orbital kyphosis. This indicates that brain size, rather than head and neck posture, is the primary influence on flexion, while the degree of orbital kyphosis may act to reorient the visual field in response to variation in head and neck posture. Regarding registration planes, the Frankfurt plane was found to be horizontal in humans but inclined in all nonhuman primates. In contrast, nearly all primates (including humans) oriented their orbits such that they faced anteriorly and slightly inferiorly. These results suggest that for certain functional craniometric studies, the orbital plane may be a more suitable registration plane than Frankfurt "Horizontal."     

Morphology and properties of low-carbon bainite

Morphology of low-carbon bainite in commercial-grade high-tensile-strength steels in both isothermal transformation and continuous cooling transformation is lathlike ferrite elongated in the 〈11l〉_b direction. Based on carbide distribution, three types of bainites are classified: Type I, is carbide-free, Type II has fine carbide platelets lying between laths, and Type III has carbides parallel to a specific ferrite plane. At the initial stage of transformation, upper bainitic ferrite forms a subunit elongated in the [−101]f which is nearly parallel to the [lll]_b direction with the cross section a parallelogram shape. Coalescence of the subunit yields the lathlike bainite with the [−101]_f growth direction and the habit plane between (232)_f and (lll)_f. Cementite particles precipitate on the sidewise growth tips of the Type II bainitic ferrite subunit. This results in the cementite platelet aligning parallel to a specific ferrite plane in the laths after coalescence. These morphologies of bainites are the same in various kinds of low-carbon high-strength steels. The lowest brittle-ductile transition temperature and the highest strength were obtained either by Type III bainite or bainite/martensite duplex structure because of the crack path limited by fine unit microstructure. It should also be noted that the tempered duplex structure has higher strength than the tempered martensite in the tempering temperature range between 200 °C and 500 °C. In the case of controlled rolling, the accelerated cooling afterward produces a complex structure comprised of ferrite, cementite, and martensite as well as BI-type bainite. Type I bainite in this structure is refined by controlled rolling and plays a very important role in improving the strength and toughness of low-carbon steels. This paper is based on a presentation made in the symposium “International Conference on Bainite” presented at the 1988 World Materials Congress in Chicago, IL, on September 26 and 27, 1988, under the auspices of the ASM INTERNATIONAL Phase Transformations Committee and the TMS Ferrous Metallurgy Committee.     

Study of Morphology and Magnesium Purity,Formed by Vapor Phase Through Silicothermic Reduction

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - This article describes the influence of temperature profile on the morphology and impurity distributions of magnesium vapor condensation during...     

Ni－Al金属间化合物的快速凝固组织与室温塑性

运用熔体旋转法研究了Ｎｉ－３１ａｔ．％～３７ａｔ．％Ａｌ的快速凝固组织及其室温塑性。结果表明，Ｎｉ－３４ａｔ．％Ａｌ和Ｎｉ－３７ａｔ．％Ａｌ快速凝固时形成等轴晶组织，Ｎｉ－３１ａｔ．％Ａｌ倾向于形成柱状晶组织。其中Ｎｉ－３７ａｔ．％Ａｌ组织全部为马氏体，Ｎｉ－３４ａｔ．％Ａｌ除形成马氏体外，晶界上尚有少量Ｎｉ３Ａｌ相，Ｎｉ－３１ａｔ．％Ａｌ则得到亚稳态层片状组织。Ｎｉ－３７ａｔ．％Ａｌ具有１．４％的伸长率，Ｎｉ－３４ａｔ．％Ａｌ和Ｎｉ－３１ａｔ．％Ａｌ的伸长率仅有０．８％和０．６％。分析了ＮｉＡｌ金属间化合物的组织形成规律和增塑机制。