计算机模拟在建筑节能设计中的应用

依据DBJ13—62—2004《福建省居住建筑节能设计标准实施细则》,从节能率、成本、建筑热舒适性、节能方案适宜性等方面对比分析了规定性指标节能设计法与动态权衡计算设计法的优劣。得出计算机仿真模拟技术在建筑节能设计中应用的重要性。     

建筑热工设计对建筑节能的要求

影响建筑节能设计的因素很多,如用地因素、墙体因素、窗户因素、屋顶因素等。通过对其影响因素的分析．指出了建筑热工设计对建筑节能的要求。     

A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations

The computer model ‘SIMULEX’ is designed to simulate the escape movement of thousands of individual people through large, geometrically complex building spaces. The model is intended for use both as a research and design tool to analyse the evacuation of large populations through a wide range of building environments.The computer program assigns a variety of attributes to each individual in the building population. These attributes include a co-ordinate position, angle of orientation, and a walking speed for each person. Specific algorithms that facilitate the simulation of escape movement include distance mapping, wayfinding, overtaking, route deviation, and adjustments to individual speeds due to the proximity of crowd members. These algorithms contribute to a computer package that displays the building plan and the position and progress of individual building occupants as they walk towards, and through the exits.     

A comprehensive model for streamlining low-energy building design

Building designers are often limited in their ability to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, due to a lack of information on the environmental performance of building components as well as inconsistencies in the way in which this information is derived. Whilst numerous tools exist to help facilitate the low-energy building design process, these typically require large investments of time and money that are often beyond those available within any particular project. This paper describes an approach for streamlining the design process to reduce building life cycle energy consumption. Building assemblies are ranked based on an assessment of the life cycle energy requirements associated with their use within a building. This facilitates early stage assessment, negating the need for a resolved design before the relative energy requirements of alternate design solutions are known. Previous work assessed the initial and recurring embodied energy as well as the operational energy requirements for heating and cooling associated with the use of a range of building assemblies, using a simplified house model. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of variations to the floor area, shape and orientation of this model, to test the reliability and applicability of the ranking approach across a broad range of circumstances. It was found that these variations did not influence the ranked order of the assemblies in terms of their life cycle energy requirements. Thus, the ranking of assemblies appears to provide an appropriate approach for streamlining the selection of construction elements during the building design process.     

A multicriteria model for building performance and design

A multicriteria model is described for assisting designers in the choice of form and construction of parallelopiped open plan office buildings at the scheme design stage of building design. The model considers four performance criteria: thermal load, daylight availability, planning efficiency and capital cost. Pareto optimal dynamic programming optimization is employed. The model's form and implementation and some typical results are described.     

A green roof model for building energy simulation programs

A physically based model of the energy balance of a vegetated rooftop has been developed and integrated into the EnergyPlus building energy simulation program. This green roof module allows the energy modeler to explore green roof design options including growing media thermal properties and depth, and vegetation characteristics such as plant type, height and leaf area index. The model has been tested successfully using observations from a monitored green roof in Florida. A preliminary set of parametric tests has been conducted on prototypical 4000 m² office buildings in Chicago IL and Houston TX. These tests focus on evaluating the role of growing media depth, irrigation, and vegetation density (leaf area index) on both natural gas and electricity consumption. Building energy consumption was found to vary significantly in response to variations in these parameters. Further, this response depended significantly on building location (climate). Hence, it is evident that the green roof simulation tool presented here can serve a valuable role in informing green roof design decisions.     

住宅建筑节能设计相关问题探讨

为了早日实现"十一五"规划中的节能目标,住宅建筑的节能设计成为目前建筑设计中的重要部分。本文阐述了住宅工程建筑节能的主要内容、控制要点,分析了当前住宅工程建筑的实际情况,并结合实际工作经验提出了对墙体、屋面、地面、房屋结构、门窗等方面节能设计的技术措施。     

建筑能耗分析用逐日气象数学模型的建立

为给建筑能耗分析工作提供可靠依据。选取长春市１０年（１９７８￣１９８７）的６项逐日气象参数,建立了东北地区的６维疏系数混合回归模型。经检验,由该模型模拟得出的气象参数反映了实测值所具有的规律和特性。     

建筑节能与建筑设计中的新能源利用

针对当前国内外建筑节能状况进行了简要介绍,从建筑节能的途径入手,探讨了建筑节能的具体措施,提出一种依赖太阳能供暖的建筑物构思,并作了具体阐述,对促进建筑节能工作的深入开展具有积极意义。     

A decision model for the design of building enclosures

In building enclosure design, decisions are made on the basis of physical units (fire resistance, sound transmission losses, risk of condensation and so on) as well as such variable quantities as economic units. Such multi-attributed decisions can be made by a process of exclusion. In this process, the performance of design alternatives, for each objectives, considered, is assessed and normalized by means of utility transformations. Each alternative is then compared with the others generated in the design. The mathematical development of the Decision by Exclusion model is presented in detail.     

An enhanced linear regression-based building energy model (LRBEM+) for early design

The design community lacks simple, data-driven energy assessment tools to explore energy-efficient alternatives during the early stages of building design. A promising option is to utilize a whole building energy simulation engine (e.g. EnergyPlus) within a Monte Carlo simulation framework to develop a linear regression-based building energy model (LRBEM) that can predict idealized heating and cooling loads based on parameters relevant to early design. Previous work was limited to medium-sized US commercial office buildings with rectangular geometries. A key limitation is addressed in this paper by considering complex geometries. A reformulated model, LRBEM+, is developed and tested with a suite of building geometries that represent limiting cases. The resultant relative error between LRBEM+ and EnergyPlus is generally less than 10%. Furthermore, LRBEM+ correctly predicts the direction and magnitude of changes in heating and cooling loads in response to changes in the most influential early design parameters.     

建筑节能设计

通过对我国建筑能耗的分析,强调了我国加强建筑节能的必要性,从建筑设计和细部构造设计入手提出了进行节能设计的策略,指出推广和使用节能建筑必将产生较好的经济和社会效益。     

A high-resolution domestic building occupancy model for energy demand simulations

Energy use in the home is a major source of carbon emissions and is highly dependent on the activities of the residents. More specifically, the timing of energy use, particularly electricity, is highly dependent on the timing of the occupants’ activities. Thus, in order to model domestic demand profiles with high temporal resolution, for example, in the context of designing and assessing demand side management systems (including the time-shifting of demand), it is of great benefit to take account of residents’ behaviour in terms of when they are likely to be using household appliances, lighting and heating. This paper presents a thorough and detailed method for generating realistic occupancy data for UK households, based upon surveyed time-use data describing what people do and when. The approach presented generates statistical occupancy time-series data at a ten-minute resolution and takes account of differences between weekdays and weekends. The model also indicates the number of occupants that are active within a house at a given time, which is important for example in order to model the sharing of energy use (shared use of appliances, etc.) The data from the model can be used as input to any domestic energy model that uses occupancy time-series as a base variable, or any other application that requires detailed occupancy data. The model has been implemented in Excel and is available for free download.     

A basic economic model of building design

This paper develops simple analytical models of building design which focus on the issue of determining the optimal scale and internal cost allocation for a large building project. The basic result obtained is that, from the viewpoint of maximising profit, scale and allocation decision problems are separable if and only if individual preferences for space are independent of the overall scale of the project. under these conditions the optimal design problem does display a recursive separability: optimal scale is determined by the behavior of expected revenues and costs at the construction boundary and, given this scale, the designer can turn to the issue of capital allocation within the project. This latter problem splits into a series of separate optimisation problems at each level of the construction.     

绿色建筑节能设计在公共建筑中的探索

节约能源是实现科技进步,实施可持续发展的重要措施．．基于绿色建筑、节能设计的基本概念原理,阐明了我国必须重视建筑节能的原因。介绍了公共建筑的能耗特点,对其节能现状进行总结。指出公共建筑节能设计的重要性,提出了从建筑设计的本源上进行节能设计,把节能作为每个建筑物的标准配置来进行设计。探索公共建筑的节能设计的措施和方法,从建筑的选址布局、体形系数控制、自然通风采光、围护结构对建筑节能设计进行分析,并提出设计技术的手法及其应用可能的前景.     

工业建筑节能设计探索：深圳美丝化纤厂节能设计

工业建筑节能设计是建筑节能的重要领域.设计中,与建筑节能有关的技术问题受到多方面因素的影响与制约.本文分析了工业建筑节能设计的难点,阐述了深圳美丝化纤厂的节能设计,实践表明该节能设计效益显著,值得推广.     

A computer model for the design of window shading devices

An efficient way of determining some of the glazing related variables is described, thus enabling thermal performance to be considered easily at the early design stage when inexpensive measures of heating and cooling can be advocated and tested.     

Energy in context: A multicriteria model for building design

A model is proposed for the representation and comparison of design alternatives which puts energy efficiency in a context of performances in other criteria. The model utilizes notions of decision and performance spaces and multicriteria Pareto optimization. A simple example is described.     

基于KPCA-WLSSVM的建筑能耗预测模型

为降低建筑能耗影响因素间复杂相关性对模型性能的影响,建立了一种基于KPCAWLSSVM的建筑能耗预测模型。利用核主元分析(KPCA)对输入变量进行数据压缩,消除变量之间的相关性,简化模型结构;进一步采用加权最小二乘支持向量机(WLSSVM)方法建立建筑能耗预测模型,同时结合一种新型混沌粒子群-模拟退火混合优化(CPSO-SA)算法对模型参数进行优化,以提高模型的预测性能及泛化能力。通过将KPCA-WLSSVM模型方法应用于某办公建筑能耗的预测中,并与WLSSVM、LSSVM及RBFNN模型相比,实验结果表明,KPCA-WLSSVM模型方法能有效提高建筑能耗预测精度。     

浅谈住宅建筑节能设计

结合当前建筑节能的必要性,分析了当前节能住宅和节能技术存在的问题,并提出了搞好住宅建筑节能设计的对策,以达到在住宅建筑设计中更好地利用自然能源,从而提高住宅建筑中的能源利用效率。