激光焊接瞬态小孔与运动熔池行为模拟

提出了一种三维瞬态小孔与瞬态熔池相结合的激光小孔焊接耦合数学模型.该模型综合考虑了多重反射菲尼尔吸收、小孔界面上的间断边界条件、金属蒸气/等离子体的辐射传热、Marangoni力、固-液相间的摩擦力、浮力、粘性力、蒸发潜热、熔化/凝固潜热,以及热传导、对流、辐射等多种因素对激光小孔焊接过程的耦合作用.采用水平集方法和快速扫描方法对小孔演化方程进行求解,得到了三维瞬态小孔形貌;并采用SOLA方法求解了瞬态熔池的三维传热和流动过程.结果表明,该模型能够较好地模拟激光小孔焊接中瞬态小孔和熔池的动态演化行为.     

激光深熔焊接抛物面小孔模型

激光深熔焊接由于其无与伦比的优良特性成为高功率激光工业应用的主要方面.在假设小孔为旋转抛物面结构的基础上,通过分析小孔内的压力平衡、蒸发压力、表面张力、能量平衡、小孔壁的温度以及小孔底部的能量平衡问题,采用数值迭代方法求解出小孔的深度和宽度.将焊接中的理论分析由假设小孔形状为圆柱面只能适合低速焊接推广到中高速焊接.计算了在不同焊接速度下小孔的深度、宽度以及与焊接试验的焊缝深度,与焊接试验中得到的结果进行了比较,理论计算结果也比较吻合实际焊接情况.     

钛合金激光焊接过程中等离子体光信号的检测与分析

通过试验的方法探讨了钛合金激光焊接过程中的等离子体光信号与焊接质量的关系，结果分析表明，钛合金的激光焊接过程比低碳钢产生更强烈的等离子体云，等离子体光信号可以较好地反映焊接过程的稳定性和焊接质量的变化。焊接质量良好时，等离子体光信号幅值在某一固定值上下波动，当改变焊接参数使焊接熔深或熔宽改变时，信号的平均幅值亦有明显改变；当较大间隙或错边存在时，等离子体光信号的平均值明显降低，但两种信号的特征不尽相同，前者造成等离子体光信号剧烈动荡而均值很低，而后者一定范围内，随着错边量增加，信号幅值逐渐减小。上述试验结果表明，可以用等离子体光信号的幅值高低和波动大小作为焊接质量实时监测和控制的特征信号。     

CO2激光焊接不锈钢光致等离子体动态特性分析

光致等离子体是CO2激光焊接中一个重要的物理现象，它与焊接的稳定性、焊接质量及能量利用率等都有密切的关系。利用高速摄像及光信号监测两种手段对等离子体的动态变化过程及其对焊接稳定性的影响进行了深入的研究。提出了等离子体的变化每个周期内分为四个阶段，而影响焊接稳定性的根本原因是等离子体在穿透与未穿透之间的波动。     

激光深熔焊接光致等离子体的控制

激光深熔焊接过程中，光致等离子体对激光能量有显著的屏蔽作用，严重影响了焊接质量，因此，对等离子体的控制技术成为研究的热点。本文在简要介绍等离子体形成、分类的基础上，系统归纳了国内外几种控制等离子体的方法，并对这几种方法进行了比较。其中，详细介绍了真空焊接法。     

机械产品焊接过程中受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接小孔动态行为分析

将视觉传感器应用于受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接技术,检测小孔的动态行为,为调整机械产品的焊接工艺参数提供依据。结果表明:一个脉冲周期会对应产生一个小孔,每个小孔都依次经历了出现、长大、缩小和闭合,且小孔位置偏移量由刚穿孔时的最大逐渐变为闭合时的最小。     

激光深熔焊接小孔的反射吸收

采用高速摄影的方法清晰、完整地观测了激光深熔焊接GG17玻璃时的小孔，并根据观测到的小孔的形状和尺寸，计算比较了小孔孔壁的反射吸收以及由于热传导和对流所引起的热损失，分析了小孔形成时平衡表面张力的主要作用力，建立了基于小孔孔壁前沿能量平衡的自适应模型，为系统研究激光深熔焊接时的小孔效应提供了一种新的方法和手段。     

大功率盘形激光焊接过程等离子体图像特征分析

研究一种基于等离子体图像特征的大功率盘形激光深熔焊质量分析及检测的新方法．以大功率盘形激光焊接Type 304不锈钢板为试验对象,应用高速摄像机摄取焊接过程中的等离子体图像,通过图像处理技术提取等离子体的面积和高度特征．以熔宽作为衡量焊接过程稳定性的因素,对比焊接过程中等离子体图像和焊接试件的熔宽变化,研究相邻等离子体...     

TC4钛合金激光深熔焊小孔形貌特征的有限元精细分析

针对TC4钛合金激光深熔焊接的特点,建立了适合小孔尺寸精度的微米级精细计算模型.结合TC4钛合金材料属性,利用能量分布与小孔形貌特点相类似的高斯旋转曲面体热源进行加载,得到了随激光焊接工艺参数改变而变化的小孔形貌及瞬态温度分布特征.通过分析瞬态过程小孔前后沿、小孔径向以及小孔深度方向的特征尺寸及温度分布,得出了对TC4钛合金激光焊接小孔形貌影响最大的工艺参数.通过分析各工艺参数的影响规律,提出了TC4钛合金激光焊接得到最佳小孔形貌或温度分布的工艺参数取值范围.     

光纤激光焊接熔池和小孔的高速摄像与分析

采用主动光源和光学窄带滤光片等辅助器件,利用高速摄像技术对光纤激光焊接过程中的熔池和小孔进行了拍摄,获得了较为清晰的熔池和小孔图像,以及不同激光功率下光纤激光焊接熔池和小孔的实际尺寸,可以为光纤激光焊接熔池和小孔的模拟提供可靠的参考依据。对高速摄像图片和焊缝熔深波动以及焊缝形貌进行了分析。结果表明:小孔前沿附近是光纤激光焊接过程中飞溅产生的主要区域;利用高速摄像可以监测焊缝的熔深变化;熔池温度最低的区域为熔池后部的中轴线两侧,而非熔池边界处。     

利用等离子体反翘控制穿孔等离子弧焊中小孔的稳定性

利用高速摄影照片试验研究了等离子弧焊接时小孔形成过程中等离子体反翘的变化情况,以及小孔尺寸与等离子体反翘之间的关系.结果表明,等离子体反翘随着小孔的形成而不断变强,喷射角不断变大;随小孔尺寸的增大,等离子体反翘逐渐变弱,喷射角逐渐减小.通过分析等离子体反翘与小孔尺寸的关系,根据等离子体反翘导电特性设计了一种简单适用的探针法检测小孔状态的电路,可以检测出小孔的不同状态.提出了一种新的穿孔等离子弧焊中小孔稳定性的控制思想.     

等离子弧焊小孔行为的反翘电压检测

在穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中,小孔稳定性对焊接过程的稳定和优质的焊缝成形是非常关键的。文中采用无源探针对由等离子弧梯度电压和等离子鞘层电压构成的等离子反翘(等离子云)电压进行检测。根据等离子鞘层理论,随等离子反翘长度和角度变化的反翘电压可以反映小孔的状态信息及其形成、坍塌过程。文中讨论了检测信号的特征,以及材料、探针位置、焊接电流,等离子气流等因素对检测信号的影响。试验证明,该方法可以有效的预测小孔信息和焊缝熔透情况。     

NTWV-based sensing keyhole dimension in plasma arc welding

During stable keyhole plasma arc welding, the pilot arc and the transferred arc exist at the meantime, and the arcs can be considered as a composition of two parts inside and outside the nozzle, respectively. Under the mechanical constriction and thermal contraction effects, the inside arc has certain arc length, electron density and arc profile etc. inducing constant tungsten-to-nozzle voltage. However, the arc outside the nozzle diverges at about 5 degrees and has certain characteristics similar to the free arcs. The nozzle-to-workpiece voltage （NTWV） depends mainly on the length of the arc, which gets bigger as increasing of the weld penetration and keyhole size. The NTWV sensor is developed for monitoring NTWV in real time. The welding experiments are designed to get different penetrations and keyhole sizes. It is found that as the weld penetration and the keyhole size increase, NTWV also increases linearly. The NTWV signals can be used as the feedback variable in automatic control of keyhole plasma arc welding.     

Analysis of keyhole geometry in plasma arc welding

The key problem for numerical simulation of plasma arc welding （PAW） process is to develop a suitable and adaptive volumetric heat source mode which reflects the physical characteristics of keyhole PAW. To this end, the keyhole geometry under different PAW process conditions must be predicted. In this paper, a mathematical model for determining the keyhole shape is developed with considering the mass and momentum conservation of the in-keyhole plasma jet as well as the pressure equilibrium at the plasma jet/liquid metal boundary. A suitable heat source model related to the keyhole shape is applied to the calculation of PAW weld dimensions. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Behavior of vapor/plasma within the keyhole and above the workpiece during CO_2 laser penetration welding

In this paper, a high-speed camera and an optical emission monitor were used to study the behavior of vapor/plasma during CO2 laser welding of SUS304 stainless steel. Results of optical emission from vapor/plasma show that two characteristic frequency bands exist, 100-500 Hz and 1 500-3 500 Hz. At the same time, the changing images of vapor/plasma and bottom pool also confirm that there are two different fluctuation frequency bands. One of the frequency bands represents the characteristic of vapor/plasma within the keyhole, and it is within 167-500 Hz. Another frequency band is within 1 500-3 500 Hz, and it obviously derives from the shielding gas. Some factors may cause these frequency differences between the keyhole plasma and the shielding gas plasma. One of them is that the vapor/plasma pressure within the keyhole will increase slowly.     

小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感技术研究

小孔等离子弧焊接是一种高能量密度的高效焊接方法。小孔的稳定性是影响小孔型等离子弧焊接过程稳定性和接头质量的重要因素。在焊接过程中及时获取表征熔池小孔特征行为的信息．就成为等离子弧焊接研究的前沿课题。介绍了小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感检测原理，指出利用声音信号、电弧孤光强度、尾焰电压、熔池图像信号、多传感信息融合和等离子云导电性都能在一定条件下实现小孔状态的检测．并分析了这些传感方法的特点。     

Modeling the keyhole shape and dimension in plasma arc welding

It is of great significance to model the keyhole shape and dimensions to optimize the plasma arc welding process parameters. In this study, through employing a combined volumetric heat source mode, the weld pool in keyhole plasma arc welding is determined firstly, and then the dynamic force-balance condition on the interface between the plasma jet and the molten metal is dealt with in describing the keyhole formation inside the weld pool. The effects of welding current on the shape and size of keyhole are numerically analyzed. The sharp transformation from a partial keyhole to a full-penetration keyhole is quantitatively demonstrated.     

A computer-based control system for keyhole plasma arc welding

A new kind of control system for keyhole plasma arc welding （K-PAW） was developed based on the computer and the Graphics Language--LabVIEW. It can set and output the required current waveforms with desired decreasing slopes so that the corresponding ＂opening and closing＂ of keyhole can occur periodically. With this control strategy of welding current waveforms, the workpiece is fully penetrated while no burn-through Occurs. Keyhole plasma arc welding experiments were conducted to verify the stability and reliability of the developed system.