烟草主要病虫害消长动态研究

1995～ 1999年在永安市开展了烟草花叶病 (TMV)、青枯病、烟蚜及其主要天敌的消长调查工作 ,初步掌握了烟草二病一虫的发生规律和发生特点。花叶病和青枯病的发生面积逐年扩大 ,病情消长随着烟株的生长发育而扩展加重 ,发病率和病情指数同时上升 ,基本在烟叶生长后期到达高峰。花叶病在苗床期就已大量侵染 ,是大田期主要的病害侵染源 ;青枯病的扩展速度很快 ,具有暴发性和毁灭性的特点 ;烟蚜在高海拔烟区呈现典型的单峰消长 ;在低海拔烟区属于双峰消长 ,两峰期相差 2 0～ 2 5d。掌握了烟蚜主要天敌的消长规律及其对烟蚜的控制作用 ,蚜茧蜂是烟蚜的重要寄生性天敌 ,是田间的优势种群 ,寄生率 9.0 %～ 17.7% ,最高达 87.3% ,峰期比烟蚜滞后 5～ 15d ,呈现明显的跟随现象 ;蜘蛛、黄足蚁形隐翅虫与烟蚜的相关系数为 0 .874 4和 0 .74 9[1] ,达到极显著水平 ;瓢虫和草蛉属于后期的天敌种群 ,对烟蚜起了一定的控制作用     

200O-201O年女西服外轮廓造型的演变分析

以女西服为主要研究客体,运用电脑绘图软件及数学统计方法对2000-2010年11年间的女西服外轮廓造型的历史演变轨迹进行测量和分析,总结出女西服外轮廓造型变化的规律,这对于女西服的历史研究、预测及其结构设计都具有一定的理论意义和实用价值.     

生物农药"力杀死"对烟青虫和烟蚜的药效试验

为更有效地防治烟田害虫,测定了生物农药4%“力杀死”乳油对烟青虫和烟蚜的室内毒力和田间药效。结果表明,4%“力杀死”乳油对烟青虫和烟蚜的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.896 mg/L和0.03mg/L。4%“力杀死”乳油2500倍液对烟蚜的校正防效,施药后第4d和第6d达98%以上,和“甲胺磷”2000倍液没有显著差异;对烟青虫的防效低于烟蚜,但施药后第5d时,2500倍“力杀死”的防效达79.4%,与“甲胺磷”没有显著差异。     

不同体色烟蚜的消长动态及对药剂的敏感性

对江淮烟区未施药烟田中烟蚜的发生情况进行了２年调查，结果表明，烟蚜种群数量消长呈明显的双峰型；红色烟蚜在第２个高峰期是主要类型。同时用浸渍法分别检测了红、绿色烟蚜对３种药剂的敏感性，发现红色烟蚜敏感性低。     

2000年烟草病毒病大发生概况与原因分析

介绍了2000年河南省烟草病毒病流行的概况和新特点,分析了病毒病大发生的原因.苗期持续干旱、高温天气及5月异常冷气流是2000年病毒病大发生的最大诱因,烟蚜提前迁飞、蚜虫防治不彻底、烟田有机质含量逐年下降、防病栽培措施未采纳、地下害虫及根黑腐病等因素都导致烟草病毒病危害加重.     

取食CMV烟株的烟蚜谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性变化

以取食健康烟苗的烟蚜为对照,测定了取食黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)烟草病苗的烟蚜谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的活性。结果表明:①取食健康和发病烟苗的烟蚜GSTs比活力差异达显著水平;②分别以1-氯-2,4-二硝基苯(CDNB)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)为底物时,发病烟草上饲养的烟蚜与健康烟草上饲养的烟蚜比较米氏常数(Km)值有显著提高,表明发病烟苗上烟蚜的GSTs对CDNB和GSH的亲和力均明显下降;③发病烟苗上饲养的烟蚜CarE比活力显著高于健康烟苗上饲养的烟蚜,分别为0.3618和0.1858μmol/mg.min,且烟蚜CarE比活力的个体间分布也存在显著差异。     

利用草青蛉防治烟蚜效果初步观察

烟蚜是烟叶生产中重要害虫之一.据我们连续数年调查记载,烟蚜在烟田的自然发生规律:一般年份五月中、下旬有翅蚜由越冬寄主大量向烟田飞迁,进行繁殖,六月下旬至七月下旬为早烟田蚜量高峰期,七月下旬以后,早烟田蚜量趋于下降,大批烟蚜则转向更适合其     

烟蚜在田间的自然消长与生物学研究

烟蚜Myzus persicae,即桃蚜,也是为害蔬菜的蚜虫种类之一,是世界上危害烟草最严重的害虫。其为害寄主范围极广,据国外报导有几百种,国内报导也有170种以上。通过系统调查,基本明确烟蚜在各寄主植物上的消长规律、烟蚜与各生态因子之间的关系,主要生活习性等。一年中烟蚜的消长规律:桃树是烟蚜的主要越冬寄主,在桃树上3月1日开始出现干母;4月1日开始出现干雌;4月底开始出现有翅迁移蚜,迁往春菜田及烟苗床;烟田内7月6日开始出现来自烟苗床及春菜田的有翅蚜,8月间为烟蚜发生盛期,9月间为发生末期;秋季桃树上10月14日开始出现来自秋菜田及烟田的性蚜,10月底开始出现越冬卵,11月底性蚜绝迹。烟蚜在一年中适宜发生的温湿度范围为6.16至28.6℃及40%至86.5%。每头烟蚜成活期平均5—6天;胎生期平均4—6天;胎生蚜量平均16—18头;每头雌性蚜一般产卵10粒左右,多者达15粒。     

20%“烟虫一次净”乳油防治烟蚜药效试验

烟蚜是云南省烟草的重要害虫之一 ,为筛选出有效的药剂 ,于 1999年在云南省弥勒县烤烟旺长期进行了 2 0 %“烟虫一次净”药剂防治烟蚜的药效试验。 2 0 %“烟虫一次净”乳油稀释 2 0 0 0倍对蚜虫的防治效果在药后第 5d、10d分别达到 92 .1%和 95 .2 % ,均显著地高于对照药剂 2 5 %“避蚜雾”的防治效果     

10%一遍净防治烟蚜药效试验报告

1997～1998年在许昌、漯河、三门峡、平顶山分别做了10%一遍净防治烟蚜的小区试验及大田示范.小区试验表明10%一遍净可湿性粉剂防治烟蚜,每公顷喷150～300g对烟蚜防效均非常显著,对有翅蚜药后1天防效为62%和79%,对无翅蚜防效为88%和89%.药后15天,对有翅蚜和无翅蚜防效仍可达98%和89%.300g/hm2 10%一遍净大田防治示范表明移栽后1个月之内对有翅蚜和无翅蚜都有显著防效,防效分别在80%～95%之内,10%一遍净可湿性粉剂可在生产上大面积推广应用.     

Trends in cigarette smoking: the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980-1982 through 2000-2002.

This paper reports population-based secular trends in smoking prevalence and tobacco exposure among smokers. The Minnesota Heart Survey (MHS) assessed smoking in probability samples in the seven-county Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Five surveys were conducted in 1980-1982, 1985-1987, 1990-1992, 1995-1997, and 2000-2002 using similar sampling strategies and consistent protocols. Participants were metropolitan area residents of Minnesota, aged 25-74 years, with the addition of 75-84-year-olds in the last three surveys. In men, age-adjusted self-reported prevalence of current smoking steadily declined from 32.9% in 1980-1982, to 23.0% in 1995-1997, and to 20.6% in 2000-2002. In women, self-reported smoking was 31.8% in 1980-1982, 18.5% in 1995-1997, and 19.5% in the latest survey. Age-adjusted self-reported quantity of cigarettes consumed among smokers declined over the same period. Changes from 1995-1997 to 2000-2002 were not significant. Compared with Whites, Black participants had higher levels of smoking and later onset of the decline in smoking prevalence. A decline in smoking prevalence seems to have leveled off or reversed between the two most recent survey periods (1995-1997 through 2000-2002). Focus on smoking cessation should continue, especially in the subpopulation that smokes more than the majority.     

Effects of stage of oestrous cycle and progesterone supplementation during culture on maturation of canine oocytes in vitro

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of progesterone supplementation and stage of oestrous cycle on in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocytes. Oocytes were cultured in medium supplemented with 0, 2000, 4000 or 8000 ng progesterone ml(-1) (Expt 1; n=274 oocytes) or 0, 20, 200 or 2000 ng progesterone ml(-1) (Expt 2; n=789 oocytes). In Expt 3, oocytes (n=1202) were cultured in a bi-phasic system of meiotic arrest followed by IVM, both in the presence of 0, 20, 200 or 2000 ng progesterone ml(-1). Rates of meiotic resumption for Expt 1 ranged from 40.0% to 58.5%; there were no significant differences among groups. In Expt 2, rate of meiotic resumption was significantly lower in the 2000 ng progesterone ml(-1) treatment (35.5%) compared with the 200 ng progesterone ml(-1) treatment (54.0%; P<0.05). There were no significant differences in rates of maturation to metaphase II among treatments in Expt 1 (1.8-8.6%) or Expt 2 (8.4-14.7%); however, oocytes collected from ovaries of bitches in oestrus and dioestrus had higher rates of maturation to metaphase II than did oocytes from bitches at pro-oestrus or anoestrus (P<0.01). In Expt 3, no differences were observed in rates of maturation among treatment groups. Rates of maturation to metaphase II of oocytes from bitches in dioestrus were significantly higher than those from bitches in pro-oestrus (P<0.01). These results indicate that supplementation of culture medium with progesterone either during maturation or during meiotic arrest before maturation does not increase the rate of IVM of canine oocytes. However, stage of oestrous cycle is a key factor in the selection criteria for meiotically competent canine oocytes for use in in vitro experiments.     

Short communication: Diurnal profiles of conjugated linoleic acids and trans fatty acids in ruminal fluid from cows fed a high concentrate diet supplemented with fish oil, linseed oil, or sunflower oil

Trans-18:1 and 18:2 isomer composition in ruminal fluid during the daily feeding cycle was examined in 3 cows fed a high concentrate diet (35:65) with 5% (DM basis) sunflower oil (SO), 5% linseed oil (LO), or 2.5% fish oil (FO) in a 3 x 3 Latin square with 3 4-wk periods. Grass hay and concentrate mixtures were fed at 0900, 1300, and 1700 h daily. Ruminal fluid was collected at 0900, 1100, 1300, 1500, 1700, 2000, and 0000 h. Feeding SO resulted in the greatest mean concentrations (% of total fatty acids) of trans10,cis12-18:2 and cis9,trans11-18:2. In particular, trans10,cis12-18:2 with SO was greater at 1500 (0.29%), 2000 (0.34%), and 0000 h (0.25%) relative to 0900 h (0.07%). Cis9,trans11-18:2 concentration increased from 0.47% at 0900 h to a peak of 2.06% at 1100 h; it remained greater than the percentage determined at 0900 h at 1300 (1.4%) through 0000 h (1.1%). Concentration of trans11,cis15-18:2 was greatest with LO, ranging from 3.3% (0900 h) to a peak of 11.4% at 2000 h. Mean trans10-18:1 concentration ranked by diet was SO > FO > LO. Peak trans10-18:1 with SO was observed at 1700 h (14.9%) compared with 0900 h (5.1%). Trans11-18:1 did not differ with diet or time. Stearic acid decreased over time with all diets reaching minimum concentrations at 1700 to 2000 h relative to 0900 h. Feeding FO, however, decreased mean 18:0 concentration 4-fold compared with LO or SO. The moderate effect on concentration of trans-18:1 coupled with accumulation of 18:2 intermediates and the decrease of 18:0 over time suggest that oils reduced the biohydrogenation of 18:2 isomers to trans-18:1.     

新型澳毛和毛油FHWL-2000的研制和应用

根据和毛油的作用,开发了一种可完全生物降解的环保型和毛油.介绍了新型澳毛和毛油FHWL-2000配方的主要成分和研究方法,通过对不同细度澳毛毛条的实际使用,比较了用进口和毛油在同等条件下的试验结果.试验结果表明,FHWL-2000的综合性能均超过目前澳毛制条厂家所使用的进口和毛油,平均成条率提高了0.5%～0.6%,纤维长度有所提高,离散率和短毛含量则有所降低,能为毛条生产企业提高效益,是一种非常具有潜力的新型澳毛制条和毛油.     

不同年份烤烟主要化学成分及部分中、微量元素比较

比较了2000～2004年和1983～1984我国烤烟中部烟叶主要化学成分及部分中微量元素含量。结果显示:中部烟叶烟碱和总氮含量由1983～1984的平均1.0%左右增加至2000～2004年平均2.5%～3.0%和2.0%左右,还原糖则由24.43%下降到22%左右,钾、氯离子含量总体差异不大,但一些产区的变化十分明显;烤烟镁含量没有明显变化,钙含量明显下降,锌和锰含量均有所增加。     

Effects of biologically active food additives with different contents of vitamins on the vitamin status in humans

The comparative study of influence of two biologically active food additives with the different contents of vitamins is carried out: a drink "Zolotoi Shar", the dose of vitamins in which makes 50-90% from recommended daily consumption, and "Vitabalance 2000", the contents of vitamins in which at 2-17 of time exceeds need of organism. The use of both additives within 3 weeks resulted in increase of levels of vitamins C, A, E, B2, B6 and carotenoids in blood serum. However if in case of consumption of a drink an authentic level was reached only for vitamin C and beta-carotene, in a case "Vitabalance 2000" for all investigated vitamins except vitamin A. Thus, if the consumption of a drink has lowered frequency of deficiency of 3-4 vitamins, but has not allowed to liquidate it completely, in case of "Vitabalance 2000" consumption the simultaneous deficiency 3-4 vitamins. The received data allow to believe the biologically active food additives containing vitamins in amounts exceeding recommended consumption, are convenient for fast liquidation of hypovitaminoses, and the preparations containing vitamins in doses making 30-50% from need of organism, are acceptable for daily filling of insufficient consumption of vitamins with a usual diet for a long time.     

Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins,dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue

Human adipose samples collected in Tokyo, Japan in 1970 and 2000 were analyzed for the presence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the concentrations in the two groups were compared. As far as we know, the concentrations of the PBDD/Fs in adipose tissue from the general Japanese population are reported for the first time. Three PBDD/F congeners were found in the following adipose tissues: 2,3,7,8-TeBDD, 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeBDF. The median concentrations (ranges) of three PBDD/Fs in 1970 and 2000 were 5.1 (3.4-8.3) and 3.4 (1.9-5.3) pg/g lipid wt (l.w.), respectively. For PBDEs, seven PBDE congeners were determined in the following samples: 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28), 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), 2,2',4,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154), and 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-183). Median concentrations (ranges) of PBDEs showed a significant increase from 29.2 (6.8-78.4) pg/g l.w. in 1970 to 1288 (466-2,753) pg/g l.w. in 2000. BDE-47, the major congener of PBDEs, was 56.2% and 35.6% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively, whereas the BDE-153 was < 1% and 29.7% of the total in 1970 and 2000, respectively. This may indicate that the source of PBDEs had changed during this period. Further analysis of archived human samples from 1970 to 2000 is needed to describe the details of the contamination trends of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the Japanese population. Furthermore, PBDD/F monitoring, particularly 2,3,7,8-TeBDD and 2,3,7,8-TeBDF, may give more toxicological information based on TeCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs).     

Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility from the National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2000 and 2006 studies

Concern about Salmonella contamination of food is compounded by fear that antimicrobials traditionally used to combat the infection will become useless due to rising antibiotic resistance. Livestock, in particular swine, often are blamed for illnesses caused by Salmonella and for increasing antibiotic resistance due to use of antibiotics in pigs. As part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2000 and 2006 studies, swine fecal samples were cultured for Salmonella. These samples were collected from 123 operations in 17 states in 2000 and from 135 operations in 17 states in 2006. At each operation, 50 and 60 fecal samples were collected from late finisher pig pens in 2000 and 2006, respectively. Salmonella isolates were characterized to determine serogroup and serotype and were tested for susceptibility to a panel of 17 and 15 antimicrobial drugs in 2000 and 2006, respectively. A total of 5,470 and 7,788 samples were cultured for Salmonella in 2000 and 2006, respectively. Overall, 6.2% of the samples and 34.2% of the farms were positive for Salmonella in 2000. In 2006, 7.2% of the samples and 52.6% of the farms were positive. Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Typhimurium var. 5- (formerly Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen), and Salmonella Agona were the three serotypes most often recovered in both study years. The most common antimicrobial resistance pattern for Salmonella Derby in the two study years was resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Most isolates were resistant to tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin in both study years. The proportion of Salmonella isolates that were susceptible to all antimicrobials (pansusceptible) was 38.1% in 2000 and 20.4% in 2006. The proportion of Salmonella isolates that were resistant to three or more antimicrobials (multidrug resistant) was similar in 2000 and in 2006 (52.8 and 57.7%, respectively).     

Effect of dextrans on cryopreservation of goat cauda epididymal spermatozoa using a chemically defined medium

Experiments were carried out to investigate the cryoprotecting potential of dextrans (ranging from 10 to 2000 kDa) using a synthetic model system developed recently in this laboratory. Goat spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis were extracted in a chemically defined medium (modified Ringer's solution) and assayed for motility using a phase-contrast microscope. The sperm cells were subjected to a freezing protocol in a computer-controlled biofreezer (cooling at 0.25 degrees C min(-1) to 5 degrees C; 5 degrees C min(-1) to -20 degrees C; 20 degrees C min(-1) to -100 degrees C) and plunged into liquid nitrogen. The frozen cells were thawed rapidly at 37 degrees C in a thermostatic waterbath. In the absence of dextran, all the spermatozoa lost their motility. The cryoprotecting efficacy of each dextran was found to be biphasic in nature. Initially, as the concentration of dextran was increased, the recovery of sperm motility also increased and reached an optimum value; however, with further increases in dextran concentration, the recovery of motility decreased sharply. Of all the sugar polymers tested, 10 kDa dextran showed the highest cryoprotecting efficacy, whereas the 2000 kDa sugar polymer was the least active. Dextrans of 10, 40, 73, 173, 252, 500 and 2000 kDa offered maximum cryorecovery of forward motility to the extent of approximately 23%, 21%, 19%, 18%, 16%, 15% and 8%, respectively. Optimum concentrations of these dextrans for cryoprotection of sperm motility were 8.42, 2.50, 1.09, 0.37, 0.31, 0.10 and 0.04 mmol l(-1), respectively. It thus appears that each dextran has a characteristic cryoprotection profile. The data show that the cryoprotecting efficacy and optimum cryoprotecting concentrations of dextrans are inversely related to their molecular mass. Dextran also served as a significant cryoprotectant in the presence of glycerol (0.87 mol l(-1)) and dimethyl sulphoxide (0.76 mol l(-1)), which are well known cryoprotectants; the action of the combined cryoprotectants was almost additive. The presence of glycerol or glycerol plus dimethyl sulphoxide caused a significant reduction (from 8.42 to 6.27 mmol l(-1)) in the optimum concentration of dextran. In the presence of the three cryoprotectants, recovery of sperm motility was as high as 58% (forward motility) and 60% (total motility).     

A general indication of the Contemporary background levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs in the ambient air over rural and remote areas of the United States

Long-term measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs were taken in rural and remote areas of the United States by the National Dioxin Air Monitoring Network (NDAMN). A total of 21 quarterly sampling moments occurred from June, 1998 to December, 2002 at 34 locations geographically distributed throughout the United States. Sampling sites were located in rural and remote areas to obtain background air concentrations of dioxin-like compounds. Results were reported as the toxic equivalent (TEQ) of the mix of PCDDs/ PCDFs (TEQDF) and the mix of coplanar PCBs (TEQPCB). At the studied rural sites the mean annual TEQDF for each of the NDAMN sampling years was 10.43, 11.39, 10.40, and 10.47 fg m(-3) for 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the rural mean TEQDF air concentrations across the sampling years (at 0.05 level of significance), although the mean concentration in sampling year 2000 increased 10% relative to the other sampling years. The 95th percent confidence interval of TEQDF air concentrations in rural areas of the United States is from 6.4 to 15.4 fg m(-3), indicating there is a 95% probability that the true mean falls within this range. Mean annual atmospheric concentrations (TEQDF) at the remote sites were 1.41, 0.99, 0.7, and 1.07 fg m(-3) in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively, The 95th percent confidence interval of TEQDF air concentrations suggest that the true mean annual atmospheric TEQDF concentration in remote areas of the United States is between 0.1 and 3 fg m(-3). The remote sites have average air TEQDF concentrations that are approximately 10 times lower than those of the rural sites. For the rural sites, there was close agreement in the mean annual air concentrations of coplanar PCBs (TEQPCB) among the years 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 (i.e., 0.62, 0.69, 0.59, and 0.7 fg m(-3), respectively). However, as is the case with PCDDs/PCDFs, there was a marked increase (i.e., approximately equal to 13%) in the annual rural mean air concentration in 2000 as compared to the other sampling years. The confidence intervals across the NDAMN sampling years suggests a 95% probability that mean TEQPcB atmospheric concentrations in rural and remote areas of the United States are within the range of 0.5-0.9 fg m(-3) and 0.1-0.5 fg m(-3), respectively. The congener distributional patterns of PCDDs/PCDFs in air were relatively constant at all locations, and match the profile of urban air. We propose the hypothesis that urban areas are regional sources of PCDDs/PCDFs and are affecting atmospheric levels in rural and remote areas of the United States.