双催化剂床层在甲烷催化转化中的应用

采用双催化剂床层进行甲烷催化转化,同时制备乙烯和合成气。所得产物体积比适用于乙烯氢甲酰化制丙醛工艺。为避免氧气在第一个床层的过渡消耗,采用中等活性的Co/γ-Al_2O_3进行第一个床层上的甲烷部分氧化(POM)反应,第二床层则采用Na_2WO_4/Mn/SiO_2催化剂进行氧化偶联(OCM)反应。可以通过控制2种催化剂的用量来改变产品分布。当进料比V(CH_4)∶V(O_2)=3、进料速度为150 cm3/min、催化剂相对用量(Co/γ-Al2O3+Na2WO4/Mn/SiO_2)为(0.01+0.16)g时,可以得到产物设计比例V(CO)∶V(H_2)∶V(C2H4)=1.1∶1∶1.2,且CO和C_2H_4总收率约为18.5%。     

Co改性Mn/Cu/MgO催化剂对合成气制混合醇的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了Co改性的Mn/Cu/Mg氧化物催化剂,通过低温N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)、程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行表征,并研究了其CO加氢制混合醇的催化性能。结果表明:Co的加入促进了Co_2Mg和MnCo_2O_4相的形成,有利于Cu,Mn及Mg物种的分散;当Co和Cu的物质的量之比增加至0.3时,总醇中C_(2+)OH与C_1OH选择性之比由0.31增至3.12,C_(2+)OH时空收率由9.07 g/(kg·h)增至28.83 g/(kg·h);适量Co助剂的添加可有效提高催化剂的插碳能力,从而提高了C_(2+)OH在总醇中的选择性,催化剂稳定性能良好。     

CO加氢选择性合成C_2-含氧化物的Rh/V/SiO_2催化剂的反应特性

本研究从RhCl_3·3H_2O和VOCl_2·5H_2O及SiO_2出发制备了对C_2-含氧化物的生成具有良好活性和选择性的Rh/V/SiO_2催化剂。当V/Rh=0.5～1(原子比),还原温度在250～300℃时催化剂的活性和选择性都较佳。适当地提高反应的压力、温度和空速,可在选择性基本不变的条件下,使C_2含氧化物的生成速率大大提高。在6大气压、230℃和24000毫升/时·克催化剂下可获得C_2-含氧化物生成选择性达80％,生成速率达0.9克/时·克催化剂C_2-含氧化物的良好结果。     

合成气制C_(2+)醇Cu-Mn催化剂的Co改性研究

采用共沉淀法制备CuCoMnAl多组分金属催化剂,并在固定床反应器中考察该催化剂对合成气制C_(2+)醇反应的性能。实验结果表明,当n(Co)∶n(Cu)=0. 4时,生成C_(2+)醇的选择性达到18. 7%,其中乙醇所占比例50%,添加Co的催化剂改性效果显著。利用XRD、H2-TPR、BET和CO-TPD等分析方法对催化剂进行表征,考察催化剂的结构和表面性质对生成C_(2+)醇选择性的影响。结果表明,适量添加Co可使催化剂形成双级孔结构,生成了具有协同作用的Cu-Co结构,显著增加催化剂吸附CO的能力,促进合成C_(2+)醇活性位的形成。     

含镁添加剂的铁基费-托合成催化剂

采用连续共沉淀与喷雾干燥技术相结合的方法制备了一系列不同镁添加剂含量的微球状沉淀型Fe/Cu/K/Mg/SiO_2(Mg/Fe质量比0～0.11)催化剂.采用H_2/CO体积比为2的合成气在523 K、2.0 MPa、2 000 h~(-1)的条件下于固定床反应器上考察了这一系列催化剂的F-T合成(FTS)反应性能.结果表明,适量镁添加剂的加入可以提高催化剂FTS反应活性,增加稳定性,提高C_(5+)、总烃的时空产率和C_(5～11)汽油馏分段产物的选择性,降低CO_2的选择性,抑制铁基催化剂的水煤气变换(WGS)反应,但过高的Mg添加剂含量易使催化剂的稳定性变差,反应活性下降.结果表明,Mg/Fe=0.07的催化剂在该反应条件下,CO最高转化率达到90%,且具有良好的稳定性;在整个运行期间,有效烃(C_(5+)+C_(2～4)~=)选择性在83%左右,甲烷选择性维持在8%左右.     

酸活化蒙脱土负载钴催化剂的F-T合成性能及ZrO_2的助剂效应

考察ZrO_2助剂对酸活化蒙脱土(Acid-MMT)负载钴催化剂(Co/Acid-MMT)的F-T合成性能的影响。结果表明,ZrO_2的加入改变了Co的还原行为和产物分布,明显提高催化剂的分散度、还原度、CO转化率和C_(5+)选择性。随着ZrO_2含量增加,Co和Acid-MMT载体的相互作用逐渐减弱,同时Co和ZrO_2物种的相互作用逐渐增强,CO转化率和C_(5+)选择性逐渐降低。     

Fe-M(M=V、Cr、Mn)熔铁催化剂的费-托合成反应性能研究

采用高温熔融法制备了一系列Fe_3O_4-FeO基Fe-M(M=V,Cr,Mn)熔铁催化剂,考察了其在n(H_2)/n(CO)=1.5、反应温度320℃、反应压力2.0 MPa和空速11400 h~(-1)条件下的费托合成反应(FTS)催化性能,研究了V、Cr、Mn助剂对Fe_3O_4-FeO基熔铁催化剂FTS催化性能的影响。并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、H_2/CO/CO_2程序升温脱附(TPD)等手段对反应前后催化剂的物化性能进行表征。结果表明,Mn、V、Cr助剂的添加都增加了催化剂表面的碱性,提高了低碳烯烃选择性(C_2~=～C_4~=)。其中,添加V和Cr助剂后的催化剂,CO的转化率都有所降低,C_(5+)高碳烃选择性也大幅度降低。虽然V助剂的添加其产物中低碳烯烃选择性提高最多,但是其CO转化率大幅度下降。而Mn助剂添加后,其CO转化率最高,副产物CH_4选择性最低,且目标产物低碳烯烃选择性升高。因此,Mn是Fe_3O_4-FeO基熔铁催化剂费-托合成反应有利的助催化剂。     

钴基催化剂的制备及性能评价

以γ-Al_2O_3为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备F-T合成钴基催化剂,在F-T合成小型固定床反应装置评价催化剂。考察并优化了钴源、焙烧温度、钴负载量、反应温度和原料气空速等工艺条件对催化荆活性和F-T合成产物收率的影响,测试了Co/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的稳定性。结果表明,最佳制备条件:以硝酸钴为钴源,焙烧温度400℃,钴负载质量分数10%。在温度230℃、压力2 MPa、原料气组成n(H_2)∶n(CO)=2和反应空速1 800 h~(-1)的条件下,进行60 h运转实验,CO转化率可达69.1%,C_5~+烃收率高达89.6%。     

负载型磷钨钒杂多酸催化剂合成及其氧化降解甲基橙的性能研究

用Na_2HPO_4与NaVO_3和Na_2WO_4·12H_2O合成Keggin型催化剂H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40),并将H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴离子液体混合,制备[Bmim]_(3+x)PW_(12)-xV_xO_(40),以SiO_2为载体,制备负载型的杂多酸杂化分子材料催化剂[Bmim]_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/SiO_2,以H_2O_2为氧化剂,考察[Bmim]_5PW_(10)V_2O_(40)/SiO_2对染料甲基橙的降解脱色性能。结果表明,催化剂在用量为0.10 g(50%)、H_2O_2为5 m L、温度为60℃、p H为3对甲基橙(碱氮颜料)具有很好的降解效果,可达95.1%。并催化剂有很好的回收效果,可以多次重复使用。     

负载型磷钨钒杂多酸催化剂合成及其氧化降解甲基橙的性能研究

用Na_2HPO_4与NaVO_3和Na_2WO_4·12H_2O合成Keggin型催化剂H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40),并将H_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴离子液体混合,制备[Bmim]_(3+x)PW_(12)-xV_xO_(40),以SiO_2为载体,制备负载型的杂多酸杂化分子材料催化剂[Bmim]_(3+x)PW_(12-x)V_xO_(40)/SiO_2,以H_2O_2为氧化剂,考察[Bmim]_5PW_(10)V_2O_(40)/SiO_2对染料甲基橙的降解脱色性能。结果表明,催化剂在用量为0.10 g(50%)、H_2O_2为5 m L、温度为60℃、p H为3对甲基橙(碱氮颜料)具有很好的降解效果,可达95.1%。并催化剂有很好的回收效果,可以多次重复使用。     

Self-organized nano-crystallisation of BaF2 from Na2O/K2O/BaF2/Al2O3/SiO2 glasses

In glasses with the compositions (100 ? x)(2Na₂O·16K₂O·8Al₂O₃·74SiO₂)xBaF₂ (with x = 0 to 6), the glass transition temperature decreases with increasing BaF₂-concentration. Samples with x = 6 were thermally treated at temperatures in the range from 500 to 600 °C for 5–160 h. This leads to the crystallisation of BaF₂. The quantity of crystalline BaF₂ increases with increasing time of thermal treatment, while the mean crystallite size remains constant within the limits of error. The glass transformation temperature of partially crystallised samples increases with increasing crystallisation time and approaches a value equal to the temperature, at which the samples were treated. This is explained by the formation of a highly viscous layer enriched in SiO₂ which is formed during crystallisation. This layer acts as a diffusion barrier and hinders further crystal growth.     

Prediction of Immiscibility Boundaries of the Systems K2O-SiO2, K2O-Li20-SiO2, K20-Na2O-Si02, and K2O-BaO-SiO2

In earlier work, a prediction method of the immiscibility boundary of a ternary silicate glass system was developed involving two known binary immiscibility boundaries and a measured immiscibility temperature of one ternary glass composition. In the present work, the method is extended to the case where one of the two binary immiscibility boundaries is not known and is applied as an example to ternary silicate systems containing K₂O. First, the immiscibility boundary of the system K₂O-SiO₂ is estimated by measuring the immiscibility temperatures of three glasses in the system K₂O-Li₂O (or Na₂O)-SiO₂. Using this result the immiscibility boundaries of the systems K₂O-Li₂O-SiO₂, K₂O-Na₂O-SiO₂, and K₂O-BaO-SiO₂ are estimated. The results agree reasonably well with the experimentally determined immiscibility temperatures at selected compositions.     

Some Properties of the System Na2O-NaF-B2O2-H2O

It was first shown that the enamel slips which have the best suspnding characteristics contain equal amounts of Na₂O and B₂O₃ and at least a moderate amount of NaF. The solubilities of mixtures of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ were then investigated. The pH of these solutions and the primary crystalline phases separating on evaporation also were determined. The solubility data obtained at room temperature were summarized. When the solutions were evaporated, NaF was the first crystalline phase to separate from a large proportion of the mixtures investigated. It was concluded that the desirable handling characteristics of enamels whose mill liquors contain the proper proportion of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ are not due to the formation of complex salts but to the following combination of properties: (1) the presence of salts with a moderate solubility which changes very slightly with temperature, (2) a moderate pH of about 10 in a probably well-buffered solution, (3) a relatively stable crystalline material, NaF, as a primary phase, and (4) a secondary phase which crystallizes slowly with relatively little shrinkage.     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

Crystallization of zeolite L from Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

Zeolite L powder was prepared from the substrate mixture of Na₂O-K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system at temperatures of 373-443 K. In order to investigate the factors which influence the synthesis outcome, a reference system which yields zeolite L in a reproducible manner was chosen and subjected to controlled changes in synthesis parameters. The crystalline zeolite L samples obtained were characterized by elemental chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was established that phase purity, morphology, and the size of crystals of crystalline product were affected by molar ratios of the substrate, such as SiO₂/Al₂O₃, (K₂O+Na₂O)/SiO₂, Na₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O), and H₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O). Amorphous silica powder (Zeosil) was the preferred silica source, and the crystallization rate was promoted by introducing gel aging, seeding, and rapid heating rate.     

Chemical Durability of Na2O-K2O-CaO-SiO2 Glasses

The mixed-alkali effect on chemical durability was evaluated for bulk and powdered Na₂O-K₂O-CaO-SiO₂ glasses. Two contributions to this effect are discussed, i.e. those of glass structure and corrosion solution. The magnitude of the mixed-alkali effect depends on the pH of the corroding solution. For pH<9, alkali-ion leaching is the major mode of glass corrosion, and the mixed-alkali effect is large. However, for pH≥9 congruent glass dissolution is the rate-controlling corrosion mechanism, and the effect is diminished. When ion exchange is the rate-controlling corrosion mechanism the magnitude of the mixed-alkali effect depends on the extent of reaction. Since the kinetics of corrosion are influenced by the ratio of glass surface area to solution volume ( SA/V ), results obtained when this ratio is large may be misleading if extrapolated to smaller ratios. Physical evidence of the mixed-alkali effect in bulk glasses was obtained using scanning electron microscopy and ir reflection spectroscopy.     

O_2/N_2、O_2/CO_2和O_2/CO_2/NO气氛下煤粉燃烧NO_x排放特性

利用滴管炉研究了O2/N2、O2/CO2和O2/CO2/NO气氛下煤燃烧过程中NOx的排放特性。实验结果表明,在O2/N2和O2/CO2气氛下,高温或高O2浓度均使NO排放量增加。O2/CO2气氛下NO排放量比O2/N2气氛下NO排放量低大约30%~40%。在O2/CO2/NO气氛下,温度不同时,O2浓度变化对NO排放量的影响规律不同,对循环NO降解的影响规律也不同。高温不利于循环NO降解。随停留时间的延长NO排放量出现两个峰值。     

复合固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化合成乳酸正丁酯的研究

合成了几种不同Zr、Al原子比的SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3复合固体超强酸,将其用于催化乳酸与正丁醇的酯化反应,均有较好的催化活性,尤以ZrAl=12的催化效果最好,经济性优于ZrO2超强酸催化剂.其最佳反应条件为酸醇摩尔比为13,催化剂用量为乳酸质量的10%,反应时间2～2.5h,酯化率达96.9%.该催化剂具有制备容易、催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用的优点.