超疏水表面微通道内水的流动特性

在铝制微通道内壁上制造出超疏水表面,水滴在其表面上的接触角达到153°。对水在内径同为0.60 mm的超疏水微通道和超亲水微通道中流动的压降进行实验测定与对比,得出水在超疏水微通道内的流动阻力降有明显降低,降低的最大值可达25%。研究了水在超疏水微通道内的流动特性,发现水由层流向湍流转变发生在Reynolds数为2500左右,且在层流范围内fRe值基本保持不变。通过计算得出了不同流量下水在超疏水表面微通道壁面处的滑移速度和滑移长度,结果显示滑移速度和滑移长度均随流量的增大而增大。     

基于超临界流体密度的烷基化内扩散影响动力学

利用烷基化反应实验数据和超临界流体密度计算数据,开展了考虑内扩散影响的烷基化反应动力学研究,采用优化计算方法进行模型参数估值,确定了烷基化反应速率常数、有效扩散系数、催化剂失活速率常数.研究结果表明,基于PengRobinsn(PR)方程计算流体密度的动力学模型在显著性水平α=0.01下有较高的实验数据拟合精度和模型可信度,说明该方法是计算超临界流体密度的较好方法.从有效因子大小可以看出,烷基化反应总体上处于中孔扩散阻力区.     

微通道内PCL-PEG-PCL载姜黄素纳米粒的制备及体外释药评价

目的:制备姜黄素载药纳米粒。方法:开环聚合法制备PCL-PEG-PCL三嵌段聚合物,微通道界面沉淀法制备姜黄素载药纳米粒,透射电镜观察纳米粒子形貌特征,动态光散射(DLS)测定粒径及其分布,HPLC测定纳米粒子的包封率和载药量,同时考察其体外释药性能。结论:姜黄素纳米粒平均粒径200 nm左右,粒径分布较窄,平均包封率(92.76±0.58)%,载药量(10.76±1.17)%,TEM观察纳米粒呈规则球形,10 d体外累积释药量76%。     

热壁作用下超薄纳米流体的剪切流动特性

以Couette流动为原型,在壁面Pt原子、液相Ar原子和纳米Cu颗粒相互作用的基础上,考虑与温度相关壁面Pt原子的热振动,建立了热壁作用下超薄纳米流体剪切流动的分子动力学模型。研究发现,壁面Pt原子的振动对纳米流体系统中各颗粒运动的影响显著,Ar原子和纳米Cu颗粒沿膜厚方向呈不均匀分布。由于膜厚方向Ar原子的非均匀分布及纳米Cu颗粒的影响,液膜各层的切向速度在膜厚方向上呈非线性变化,且存在明显的边界速度滑移。壁面剪切速度增大,边界速度滑移率增大,系统温度对速度滑移亦有影响。获得了纳米流体的剪切黏度,其随纳米颗粒体积分数的增大而增大。     

滑移壁面蛇形微通道两相流数值模拟

基于Fluent平台,采用CLSVOF方法对滑移壁面蛇形微通道气液两相流动进行了数值计算。计算选用的方法与理论结果具有较好的一致性,同时可以表明疏水壁面会产生滑移现象,且在高度较小的微通道内滑移效果更显著,从而减小通道内流体流动阻力,实现减阻;不同壁面性质通道内流体流动情况的计算结果表明,滑移壁面对截面速度分布趋势几乎没有影响,但上下壁面疏水性不同会影响通道截面最大速度分布。此外接触角及相对粗糙度对滑移特性影响较大,合理设计壁面润湿性及微粗糙元结构可以最大限度发挥滑移现象引起的减阻效果;与无滑移壁面相比,滑移壁面微通道内传热效果更好,且随滑移速度的增大,通道换热增强。     

微注塑充模过程中壁面滑移对熔体流动影响的研究*

针对微型塑料件注塑充模过程中,壁面滑移对流动的影响不可忽略的情况,运用流体分析软件Fluent,以微阶梯圆形截面通道为模型,在考虑和不考虑壁面滑移的情况下,对微注塑充模流动过程中壁面滑移的影响进行了数值模拟。分析了细通道近壁面处熔体的剪切速率和黏度,发现考虑壁面滑移时近壁面处的剪切速率略大,黏度略低。研究了熔体在粗通道和细通道中沿径向的流动速度和温度分布,以及沿微通道流动方向上的压力分布。结果表明,考虑壁面滑移时熔体流动速度较大,与壁面接触的熔体流动速度不再为零,且微通道截面尺寸越小,这种现象越明显;考虑壁面滑移时近壁面处熔体温度略高,并且粗通道中的这种现象更明显一些;壁面滑移对微通道中的压力分布几乎没有影响。总体而言,壁面滑移有利于微注塑充模。     

竖直流动沸腾滑移汽泡速度预测及运动机理

为了建立合理的机理模型,需要深入了解滑移汽泡的运动特征。文中通过对竖直流动沸腾下近壁滑移汽泡进行受力分析,建立了滑移汽泡动量守恒方程式,获得了近壁滑移汽泡的速度,并与Maity的实验数据进行了比较分析。模型预测结果表明,随着时间的延长,滑移汽泡的速度逐渐增大,但增大的趋势逐渐变缓慢;汽泡浮升时,滑移汽泡速度高于液相入口主流速度,表明该种情况下,曳力和附加质量力由促使汽泡滑移的动力变为阻力;当滑移汽泡速度大于当地液相速度时,剪切升力使得汽泡靠近壁面,而由于汽泡形状变化所产生的流体惯性力可能是汽泡从壁面浮升的动力。     

壁面润湿性对微通道内Taylor流动特性的影响

壁面润湿性不仅影响着Taylor气泡的形状,同时对通道内流体流动、相变换热等有着关键的作用。采用VOF模型对T型微通道内气液两相Taylor流动进行三维数值模拟,重点研究了接触角改变对Taylor气泡流体动力学特性的影响。模拟结果与他人实验数据对比基本吻合,验证了模型的有效性。结果表明：随着接触角增大,气泡周围液含量逐渐降低,相界面也由外凸形变为内凹形。壁面越接近润湿（或疏水）状态,气液接触面的曲率就越大;当120°≤θ≤150°时Taylor气泡稳定性变差。当θ≥150°时“拖曳流态”出现,分析指出在大接触角下气体更易贴附壁面导致接触区内流场发生变化,形成的涡流减弱了水对气相的水平剪切作用,进而引起流型转变。接触角对通道内压力有着重要影响,通道中心轴向压力曲线以θ=90°为过渡,润湿状态下呈凸函数递减且p _G>p _L,疏水状态下气液进口处的压力分配改变,曲线趋势相反。     

微通道内表面性质对其内流体流动特性的影响

通过对玻璃微通道内壁表面进行羟基化处理、溶胶-凝胶法纳米SiO2颗粒沉积以及疏水分子自组装等改性处理,制备得到了具有不同内壁表面润湿性和粗糙度的微通道;系统研究了微通道内表面性质对其内流体流动特性的影响。结果表明,在微通道内表面浸润性相同(同为亲水或疏水)时,粗糙表面会比光滑表面给微通道内的流体流动带来更大的阻力,而且流体流动推动力越大时其影响越大;当微通道内表面粗糙度相同时,亲水表面会比疏水表面给微通道内的流体流动带来更大的阻力,而且流体流动推动力越大时其影响越显著;相比之下,微通道内表面浸润性对其内流体流动的影响比其粗糙度的影响更大。研究结果可以为微流动系统或微流体机械的设计和应用提供指导。     

倾斜对窄矩形通道内流动阻力特性影响

在绝热强迫循环条件下,进行了窄矩形通道内的流动阻力特性实验研究,结果表明：在层流区,矩形通道内的摩擦阻力系数与Shah & London关系式吻合很好。在加热自然循环条件下,为探究倾斜与摩擦阻力特性的关系,进行了压力0.2 MPa,欠热度40～60 K,倾斜角度-30°～30°的单相流动阻力特性实验研究。结果表明：在倾斜条件下,基于Navier-Stocks方程的摩擦阻力预测值不再适用于单面加热窄矩形通道;在层流区,正倾会使单面加热窄矩形通道内的流动阻力增大,且阻力系数随倾斜角度增加而显著增大;反倾时,阻力系数随倾斜角度改变无明显变化;密度差驱动产生的二次流动使得低Reynolds数下的摩擦阻力系数变大。     

Slip velocity and slip layer thickness in flow of concentrated suspensions

The rheological characterization of highly filled suspensions consisting of a Newtonian matrix (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene), mixed with two different sizes of aluminum powder (30% and above by volume) and two different sizes of glass beads (50% and above by volume), was performed using a parallel disk rheometer with emphasis on the wall slip phenomenon. The effects of the solid content, particle size, type of solid particle material, and temperature on slip velocity and slip layer thickness were investigated. Suspensions of small particles of aluminum (mean diameter of 5.03 μm) did not show slip at any concentration up to the maximum packing fraction. However, suspensions of the other particles exhibited slip at the wall, at concentrations close to their maximum packing fraction. In these suspensions, the slip velocity increased linearly with the shear stress, and at constant shear stress, the slip velocity increased with increasing temperature. The slip layer thickness increased proportionally with increasing size of the particles for the glass beads. Up to a certain value of (filler content/maximum packing fraction), ϕ/ϕ_m, the slip layer thickness divided by the particle diameter, δ/D_P, was 0, but it suddenly increased and reached a value that was independent of ϕ/ϕ_m and the temperature. On average, the ratio of δ/D_P was 0.071 for aluminum and 0.037 for glass beads. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 515–522, 1998     

Independent prediction of slip velocity and hold-up in liquid/liquid extraction columns

The correlation of slip velocity using a large bank of published data for pulsed perforated-plate, Karr reciprocating-plate, rotating disc and spray extraction columns is presented. Based on more than 3,700 data points with and without mass transfer, empirical equations not including hold-up for each of the columns are suggested which reproduce the slip velocity data over a wide range of variables. Explicit correlations for hold-up in both the loose and dense-packed regions of operation in spray columns are also presented which do not involve slip velocity. The equations presented are more exact and simpler to use than previous empirical correlations; these often involve the characteristic velocity which is difficult to accurately predict.     

超疏水表面有滑移时的层流换热分析

在考虑速度滑移的前提下,对于圆管形微通道内温度边界层充分发展的恒热流量对流传热,推导了速度和温度分布表达式,并进一步得到对流传热系数和Nusselt数计算式。此外,还针对超疏水表面不同结构参数下的滞留空气层,提出了超疏水表面的有效导热模型,推导出超疏水表面不同结构参数下的热阻。最后将传热系数与超疏水表面热阻进行耦合,得出超疏水表面有效传热系数及其与超疏水表面结构参数的关系。计算结果表明:超疏水表面上流体的滑移使得管内温度更加均匀,传热系数或Nusselt数有所增加,恒热流条件下最多可以增加1.8倍;超疏水表面热阻随肋间距和肋高的增加而增大;超疏水表面的表观传热系数随肋间距或孔宽的增加而显著降低,随肋高或孔深的增加,表观传热系数也降低,其幅度与肋间距以及肋高与肋间距之比有关;各种结构参数条件下均存在表面滞留空气层的临界厚度,在此厚度以下表面有效传热系数不低于普通表面无滑移时的数值。因此,需要综合考虑超疏水表面的结构参数,包括肋高、肋间隙等,才能使超疏水表面有利于传热。     

催化裂化用短接触旋流反应器内气固滑移特性

利用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型对短接触旋流反应器分离腔内气固滑移特性进行了数值模拟,主要研究了切向气固滑移速度的分布规律,并考察了操作参数和物性参数对分离腔内切向滑移速度的影响。计算结果表明,分离腔内切向气固滑移速度沿径向呈“驼峰”分布;当气相入口速度增大或者剂气比减小时,切向气固滑移速度变小,颗粒切向速度增大,离心力增大,有利于提高气固分离效率;颗粒密度对切向滑移速度分布影响不大;颗粒粒径较大时,在排尘口易出现堵塞,不利于长周期运行;建立了截面平均切向气固滑移速度计算模型,计算值与模拟结果误差在±7.0%以内。     

分子动力学模拟剪切速度对纳米间隙中角鲨烷界面滑移的影响

采用聚合物一致性力场(PCFF),分别在7种剪切速度V和3种油膜厚度h下对纳米间隙中润滑剂角鲨烷进行分子动力学模拟,分析固液界面的密度、分子和流速的分布,探究纳米薄膜润滑的润滑机理和剪切速度对界面滑移的影响。结果表明,纳米间隙中润滑剂存在分层现象,各层间距相近,并非越远离固体壁面层间距越大,层间距约为角鲨烷分子单个C-C键距离的3~4倍;随着油膜厚度的减小,纳米间隙中润滑剂层状分布越明显,固化层密度越大;当油膜厚度为3.44 nm时,固液界面滑移现象明显,滑移长度b值随着V先增大后减小,当V为22.8 m·s^-1时,b达到最大值4.35 nm;根据模拟和计算结果,给出滑移长度与剪切速度的关系公式。     

Effect of slip boundary conditions on the simulation of microparticle velocity fields in a conical fluidized bed

The hydrodynamic performance of micrometric TiO₂ particles has been experimentally studied in a conical fluidized bed and the results compared with numerical simulations. Local solid velocities in the bed have been measured by means of an optical fiber technique under different operating conditions of particle loading and air velocity. The radial profiles of axial solid velocities have been simulated to assess the sensitivity of grid size, and different drag models, namely, those by Syamlal and O'Brien, Ahmadi and Ma, Arastoopour et al., and Gidaspow, for no‐slip, partial‐slip, and free‐slip boundary conditions (BCs). The different drag models record almost similar results, but those provided by the Gidaspow and Ahmadi–Ma models, together with free‐slip BCs, are in somewhat better agreement with the experimental data for conical fluidized beds with smooth walls. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4502–4518, 2013     

Influence of slip on the flow of a yield stress fluid around a flat plate

This experimental study deals with the influence of slip on the non‐inertial flow of a viscoplastic fluid around a flat plate moving at a constant velocity. The bulk and interfacial properties of the fluid have been finely characterized. The drag force has been analyzed with regards to the flow velocity and for two tribological conditions: adherence and slip. This force decreases with the velocity and is reduced in the presence of slip. Kinematic fields have also been measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), to determine the influence of both the velocity and the tribological conditions on the liquid and solid regions of the flow. The results highlight no significant influence of the flow velocity on the thickness of the boundary layer and rigid zones. The wall shear stresses along the plate obtained from force measurements and slip velocities are then compared to rheometrical measurements. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1356–1363, 2016     

Surface wettability effect on fluid transport in nanoscale slit pores

The surface wettability effect on fluid transport in nanoscale slit pores is quantitatively accessed by using non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation incorporating with density functional theory (DFT). In particular, the slip lengths of benzene steady flows under various wetting conditions are computed with NEMD simulations and a quasi‐general expression is given, while the structural properties are investigated with DFT. By taking into account the inhomogeneity of fluid density inside pore, we find that the conventional flux enhancement rate is associated with both the molecule slipping and geometrical confinement, and it becomes drastically high in solvophobic pores especially when the pore size is of several fluid diameters. In good agreement with experimental results, we further show that the wettability effect competes with pore size effect in determining the flux after pore inner surface modification, and a high flux can be achieved when the deposited layer is solvophobic yet thin. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1704–1714, 2017     

Dispersed phase holdup and slip velocity of phases in a pulsed packed column in conditions with and without mass transfer

Dispersed phase holdup and slip velocity of phases were measured in a pilot plant pulsed packed column with a diameter of 76.2 mm for two different chemical systems in conditions with and without mass transfer. The effects of pulsation intensity, dispersed and continuous phases flow rates, interfacial tension and solute concentration on dispersed phase holdup and slip velocity of phases were investigated. A new empirical correlation in terms of the above‐mentioned parameters developed from the measurements is given for the prediction of slip velocity. The dispersed phase holdup was calculated by means of this correlation and very good agreement between calculated and experimental values was obtained.