Grain refinement of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys by tantalum element adding

90W-TNi-3Fe and (90-x)W-xTa-7Ni-3Fe (x= 1,3,5,7,10) specimens were attained by liquid phase sintering. A model describing the process of liquid forming and spreading was proposed to point out the differences between alloys doped with tantalum and traditional tungsten heavy alloys. Tantalum priority of entering matrix and a relative high solubility in liquid matrix depress tungsten solubility in liquid matrix, which decreases kinetic rate constant K and consequently results in the reduction of W grain size. The grain refinement is influenced by Ta content and becomes more obvious when Ta content is over 5%. The sample with less than 3%Ta has dominant W and matrix phases. While besides W and matrix phases, intermetallic phases emerge in 85W-5Tai-TNi-3Fe sample. Ta is superfluous and forms a new tantalum phase when more than 7% Ta is added into alloys.     

Microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys by using ultra-fine tungsten powders

The microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders (medium particle size of 700 nm) and original tungsten powders (medium particle size of 3um) were investigated respectively. Commercial tungsten powders (original tungsten powders) were mechanically milled in a high-energy attritor mill for 35 h. Ultra-fine tungsten powders and commercial Ni, Fe powders were consolidated into green compacts by using CIP method and liquid-phase sintering at 1465℃ for 30 rain in the dissociated ammonia atmosphere. Liquid-phase sintered tungsten heavy alloys using ultra-fine tungsten powders exhibit full densification (above 99% in relative density) and higher strength and elongation compared with conventional liquidphase sintered alloys using original tungsten powders due to lower sintering temperature at 1465℃ and short sintering time. The mechanical properties of sintered tungsten heavy alloy are found to be mainly dependent on the particles size of raw tungsten powders and liquid-phase sintering temperature.     

Effect of tungsten content on microstructure and quasi-static tensile fracture characteristics of rapidly hot-extruded W-Ni-Fe alloys

Tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) with three different compositions (90W-7Ni-3Fe, 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe and 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe, wt.%) were heavily deformed by one-pass rapid hot extrusion at 1100 °C with an extrusion speed of ~ 100 mm/s and an extrusion ratio of ~ 3.33:1. The influence of tungsten content on the microstructure and tensile fracture characteristics of the as-extruded alloys was investigated in detail. The results show that the tungsten particles in the as-extruded 95W have the largest shape factor compared to the as-extruded 90W and 93W alloys and this implies that the tungsten particles in the as-extruded 95W alloy were subjected to the heaviest plastic deformation. In addition, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness (HRC) are significantly improved after rapid hot extrusion. The as-extruded 95W alloy processes the highest strength (1455 MPa) and hardness (HRC40) but the lowest elongation (5%), followed by the as-extruded 93W (UTS1390MPa; HRC39; 7%) and 90W alloys (UTS1260MPa; HRC36; 10%). The fracture morphology shows the distinct fracture features between the as-sintered alloys and the as-extruded alloys. For the as-sintered alloys, the fracture modes are various while transgranular cleavage of tungsten particles is the main characteristic in the as-extruded alloy. Meanwhile, the fracture modes of the three as-extruded alloys vary slightly with the tungsten content. TEM bright field images indicate that many lath-like subgrains with the width of 150-500 nm are present in the three as-extruded alloys, particularly in the as-extruded 93W and 95W alloys. Furthermore, the dislocations are absent in the γ-(Ni, Fe) phase. This means that dynamic recovery-recrystallization process took place during rapid hot extrusion.     

Influences of sub-micrometer Ta and Co dopants on microstructure and properties of tungsten heavy alloys

Tungsten heavy alloys are aggregates of particles of tungsten bonded with Ni/Fe or Ni/Cu via liquidphase sintering. The sub-micrometer Ta Co powder was added to this aggregate to strengthen the bonding phase. It is found that the main fracture pattern of the alloys is cleavage of tungsten grains and ductile rupture of bond phase,leading to improved tensile strength and elongation. Dopant Ta can act as grain size inhibitor in tungsten heavy alloys.     

退火温度对FeCuNbSiB纳米晶合金磁性能的影响

用熔体快淬法制备出3种FeCuNbSiB纳米晶合金带材,绕制成50 mm×32 mm×20 mm的环形磁环,随后在530~620℃下进行等温退火,研究退火温度对合金磁性能的影响。结果表明:随着退火温度的增加,合金内部晶化相的晶粒尺寸和体积分数有所增加。在550~600℃等温退火后合金具有相对较低的矫顽力(Hc为1.0~1.5 A/m,测试条件:Bm=100 mT,f=10 kHz)和损耗值(Pm为1.4~1.8 W/kg,测试条件:Bm=300 mT,f=10 kHz),特别是经过570~590℃退火后合金在1 kHz^50 kHz频率范围内具有最佳的磁导率。同时,在1 kHz^10 MHz频率范围内,不同测试频率下合金阻抗值对应的最佳退火温度也不同。     

Tensile properties and fracture behavior of Ti2AlNb based alloys at room temperature

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热处理对A356铝合金组织结构和力学性能的影响

用两种不同的热处理制度对稀土和锶综合细化变质的A356合金进行处理,一种是长时间标准处理制度T6（535℃固溶4h＋150℃时效15h）,另一种是短时间的热处理制度ST（550℃固溶2h＋170℃时效2h）。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及室温拉伸实验等手段分析热处理制度对A356合金微观组织和拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明：在550℃下固溶2h可以获得Mg、Si过饱和且分布均匀的α（Al）固溶体,并使共晶硅相球化;再经170℃人工时效2h后,可以达到传统T6处理的时效析出效果。拉伸实验结果表明,A356铝合金经传统T6处理得到了最高的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率;通过ST短时热处理后,其拉伸强度、屈服强度及伸长率分别可以达到T6处理时的90%,95%和80%。     

Al含量对 Ni-Al-C合金凝固组织和性能的影响

研究了Al含量对Ni-Al-C系自润滑材料凝固组织的影响,测试了合金的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:当Al含量为4.25%时,凝固组织中的石墨含量较高,且以共晶石墨形态为主,基体为单相-γNi(Al);随着Al含量的增加,凝固组织中的石墨含量有所降低,共晶石墨减少,初生相中石墨占多数并有球化的趋势;当Al含量为6.85%时,合金基体由-γNi(Al)固溶体和少量(γ γ′)共晶组织组成;当Al含量为8.13%~9.94%时,凝固组织由γ-′Ni3Al相、(γ γ′)共晶相和石墨组成,-γNi(Al)固溶体消失;当Al含量为12.74%时,合金基体转变为单相γ-′Ni3Al,其网状晶界由高硬度的Ni3AlC0.5相生成。Al含量较低的合金具有较好的韧性,提高Al含量有利于提高材料的强度和耐磨性。Al含量为8.13%的合金基体组织主要由(γ γ′)共晶组成,晶粒尺寸显著细化,其综合力学性能显著提高,摩擦因数小,磨损率低。     

Effects of sintering conditions on mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloys

The effects of sintering conditions on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloys were investigated. W, Ni and Fe powders were mechanically alloyed in a tumbler ball mill at a milling speed of 75 rpm, ball-to-powder ratio of 20∶1 and ball filling ratio of 15%. The mechanically alloyed powders were compacted and solid-state sintered at a temperature of 1300°C for 1 hour in a hydrogen atmosphere. The solid-state sintered tungsten heavy alloy was subsequently liquid-phase sintered at 1470°C with varying sintering times from 4 min to 90 min. The solid-state sintered tungsten heavy alloy showed fine tungsten particles of 3 μm in diameter and high relative density above 99%. The volume fraction of the W-Ni-Fe matrix phase was measured, as 11% and tungsten/tungsten contiguity was 0.74 in solid-state sintered tungsten heavy alloys. Mechanically alloyed and two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloys showed tungsten particles of 6–15 μm and a volume fraction of the W-Ni-Fe matrix phase of 16% and tungsten/tungsten contiguity of 0.40. The solid-state sintered tungsten heavy alloy exhibited a yield strength of about 1100 MPa due to its finer tungsten particles, while it showed low elongation and impact energy due to its large tungsten/tungsten contiguity. The yield strength of two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloys increased with the decreasing of tungsten particle size and volume fraction of the W-Ni-Fe matrix. This article is based on a presentation made in “The 4th International Conference on Fracture and Strength of Solid”, held at POSTECH, Pohang, Korea, August 16–18, 2000 under the auspices of Far East and Ocean Fracture Society (FEOFS)et al.     

Tensile and fracture toughness properties of SiC<Subscript>p</Subscript> reinforced Al alloys: Effects of particle size,particle volume fraction,and matrix strength

The goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, and matrix strength on the monotonic fracture properties of two different Al alloys, namely T1-Al2124 and T1-Al6061, reinforced with silicon carbide particles (SiC_p). From the tensile tests, an increase in particle volume fraction and/or matrix strength increased strength and decreased ductility. On the other hand, an increase in particle size reduced strength and increased the composite ductility. In fracture toughness tests, an increase in particle volume fraction reduced the toughness of the composites. An increase in matrix strength reduced both K _crit and δ_crit values. However, in terms of K _Q (5%) values, the Al6061 composite showed a value similar to the corresponding Al2124 composite. This was mainly attributed to premature yielding caused by the high ductility/low strength of the Al6061 matrix and the testpiece dimensions. The effect of particle size on the fracture toughness depends on the type of matrix and toughness parameter used. In general, an increase in particle size decreased the K _Q (5%) value, but simultaneously increased the amount of plastic strain that the matrix is capable of accommodating, increasing both δ_crit and K _crit values.     

Effect of trace tungsten on the microstructure of TiAl alloys containing Nb and B

New TiAl alloys, containing 45 at.% A1, 7 at.% Nb, x at.% W, and 0.15 at.% B （x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.7） were prepared by arc melting and drop casting consequently. Using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and electron superprobe technologies, the effects of tungsten on the microstructural evolution of the TiA1 alloys, including the colony size and lamellar spacing, were analyzed. It was found that cellular structures and dendrites were formed in the as-cast TiA1 alloys, and heavy metals, such as niobium and tungsten, tend to segregate strongly at the interface of the cellular structures and dendrites. Trace tungsten can effectively impede the grain growth and narrow the interlamellar spacing. 0.4 at.% tungsten is more effective in refuting the microstructure of the TiAI alloys.     

Effect of second phase precipitation behavior on mechanical properties of casting Al-Cu alloys

The effect of the second phase precipitation behavior on the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the modified casting Al-Cu alloys was investigated. The tensile strength of the alloys increases firstly and then decreases due to the appearance of θ＇ precipitation phases, which increases firstly and then become coarser with the aging time increasing from 10 h to 20 h at 155 ℃. The strength of the alloys reaches the peak, resulting from ,Ω and θ＇ precipitation phases, and decreases due to ,Ω phases becoming coarser and θ＇ precipitation decreasing with the aging time increasing from 10 h to 20 h at 165 ℃. ,θ phase becoming coarser and θ＇ precipitation decreasing result in the strength of the alloys drastically decreasing after aging at 175 ℃ for 20 h. The ductility remains high level with increasing aging time at 155 ℃. The ductility irregularly changes as aging time prolongs at 165 ℃. The ductility is very low and at the same time gradually decreases with increasing aging time at 175 ℃. The Al-Cu alloy with a promising combination of tensile strength and ductility of about 474 MPa and 12.0% after aging at 165℃ for 10 h is due to a dense, uniform distribution of,Ω precipitation phases together with a heterogeneous distribution of θ＇ precipitations.     

Tensile properties of some copper- and zinc-based alloys: Effects of strain rate and test temperature

This study analyzes the effects of test temperature and strain rate on the tensile properties of some copper-and zinc-based alloys. The copper-based alloys comprised a leaded-tin and an aluminum bronze, whereas the zinc-based alloys were added with various quantities of aluminum. The aluminum bronze attained maximum room-temperature tensile strength, whereas that of the leaded-tin bronze was the least. Among the zinc-based alloys, the one comprising 27.5 mass% aluminum exhibited superior tensile strength, followed by those alloyed with 11.5, 37.5, and 47.5 mass% aluminum in a descending order. Increasing strain rate tended to improve the tensile strength of the alloys. Tensile strength was reduced with an increase in test temperature irrespective of the alloy composition. The aluminum bronze possessed maximum strength regardless of temperature. The leaded-tin bronze attained least strength property at low temperatures, whereas higher test temperatures led to superior strength than the zinc-based alloys. The temperature sensitivity of the strength of the zinc-based alloys decreased with their aluminum content. Tensile elongation of the alloys tended to increase with an increase in strain rate and test temperature. Leaded-tin bronze was least affected in either case. The alloy also attained least elongation irrespective of test conditions. The aluminum bronze showed maximum elongation, at least at high strain rates. In the case of the zinc-based alloys, intermediate range of aluminum concentration led to better elongation. The elongation property of the alloys was affected by temperature in different manners. In a few cases, the elongation initially increased followed by a reduction beyond a specific test temperature, whereas, in other cases, a continuous increase with temperature was noted. The observations made have been discussed in terms of the nature of different microconstituents of the alloys whose effectiveness changes with test conditions. The response of the samples has been further substantiated with their fractographic features and subsurface characteristics.     

Microstructural control of and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed tungsten heavy alloys

93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe tungsten heavy alloys with controlled microstructures were fabricated by mechanically alloying of elemental powders of tungsten, nickel and iron by two different process routes. One was the full mechanical alloying of blended powders with a composition of 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe, and the other was the partial mechanical alloying of blended powders with a composition of 30W-56Ni-14Fe followed by blending with tungsten powders to form a final composition of 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe. The raw powders were consolidated by die compaction followed by solid state sintering at 1300°C for 1 hour in a hydrogen atmosphere. The solid state sintered tungsten heavy alloys were subsequently liquid phase sintered at 1445∼1485°C for 4-90 min. The two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using mechanically alloyed 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe powders showed tungsten particles of about 6-15 μm much finer than those of 40 um in a conventional liquid phase sintered tungsten heavy alloy. An inhomogeneous distribution of the solid solution matrix phase was obtained in the two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using partially mechanically alloyed powders. The two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloy using mechanically alloyed 93W-5.6Ni-l.4Fe powders showed larger elongation of 16% than that of 1% in the solid state sintered tungsten heavy alloy due to the increase in matrix volume fraction and decrease in W/W contiguity. Dynamic torsional tests of the two-step sintered tungsten heavy alloys showed reduced shear strain at maximum shear stress than did the sintered tungsten heavy alloys using the conventional liquid phase sintering.     

Influence of low temperature working on microstructure and mechanical properties of AI-7Si-(Fe) alloys

Changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7Si-(Fe) alloys by low temperature working have been investigated. The size and shape of eutectic Si and intermetallic AlSiFe compound were controlled by the low temperature working process. This process consisted of repeated cold working at 77 K and recovery treatment at 793 K. By applying this process to the Al-7Si-1Fe alloy, the eutectic Si and acicular Fe compound(β-AlSiFe) phases were broken down to the size of 2-3 μm, with spherical shape. The refined particles were uniformly distributed, and a fine microstructure was obtained. The strength and elongation of Al-7Si-1Fe alloy increased as the temperature was lowered due to the microstructural refinement. This elongation was well reflected in the fracture surface.     

Co掺杂对Ni-Mn-Sn铁磁形状记忆合金磁性质的影响(英文)

采用第一性原理计算揭示了Co掺杂对Ni-Mn-Sn形状记忆合金磁性质的影响。结果表明,掺杂Co使Ni-Mn-Sn合金中两相饱和磁化强度差增大的原因在于其奥氏体的Mn-Mn磁交换作用由反铁磁性转变为铁磁性。奥氏体的顺磁态与铁磁态的能量差对Ni-Co-Mn-Sn的磁转变有重要影响。此外,Co掺杂对磁性的影响与Mn 3d态的改变有关。     

Effect of eutectic phase on damping and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-Ni hypoeutectic alloys

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was applied to systematically investigate the low frequency damping properties of as-cast hypoeutectic Mg-Ni alloys. The results show that the as-cast hypoeutectic Mg-Ni alloys exhibit high damping capacities. The strain amplitude dependent damping curve has its own special characteristic, in which the damping is strongly related to the strain amplitude. The effect of the eutectic phase on damping and the mechanical properties of as-cast hypoeutectic Mg-Ni alloys were also discussed in detail.     

Effects of Sc content on the mechanical properties of Al-Sc alloys

The effects of Sc content on the mechanical properties of Al-Sc alloys were investigated. The results show that the strengths of all the tested alloys with 0.1 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, and 0.4 wt.% Sc additions increase initially with an increase in annealing time, due to the increase in volume fraction and size and the decrease in particle interspacing of Al₃Sc particles. After reaching peak values, the strengths of all the tested alloys start to decrease with increasing annealing time due to the coarsening and increase in particle interspacing of Al₃Sc particles. It has also been shown that the alloy with 0.3 wt.% Sc has a higher strength and a lower elongation than the alloys with 0.1 wt.% and 0.4 wt.% Sc. The increase in strength and the decrease in elongation of the alloy with 0.3 wt.% Sc are due to the smaller particle interspacing of Al₃Sc particles, resulting in a strong inhibition of dislocation movement during deformation.     

Determination of latent heat and changes in solid fraction during solidification of Al-Si alloys by the CA-CCA method

Effects of Si content and the presence of various minor elements, e.g. Mg, Ti, Sr and P, on the latent heat of Al-Si alloys have been analysed by the CA-CCA method. The results indicate that the latent heat of Al-Si alloys increases with increasing Si content. For hypo-eutectic and eutectic alloys, Sr-modified and Ti-grain refined alloys release more latent heat than non-treated alloys. However, for hyper-eutectic alloys, the latent heat values are lower for P-refined and Ti-grain refined alloys than for non-treated alloys. In addition, the introduction of Mg into Al-Si alloys increases the latent heat. Linear and higher order regression formulae for fitting the latent heat with Si content have been obtained in this study. The results of the measured latent heat through both the CA-CCA method and the DTA method and the theoretical latent heat values calculated by the simple mixture rule have been compared.

Furthermore, the changes in solid fraction during solidification of Al-Si alloys with various compositions have also been determined by the CA-CCA method by taking into account the difference in latent heat between the Al and Si phases. Finally, the fluidity lengths of Al-Si(Mg) alloys have been related to latent heat, percent eutectic and superheat.