LED充电台灯产品质量安全风险监测分析

近年来带锂离子电池的可移动式LED充电台灯引发爆炸、起火、燃烧等质量安全事件时有发生,为充分了解该类产品的质量状况,确保消费者的生命财产安全。本文选取了电商平台上销售的30批次样品进行试验、分析和评估,结果显示:样品存在标记缺失、结构不合格、耐热不合格、电池外部短路不合格等质量安全风险。依据国家相关的风险评估标准,将该类产品不同的监测项目应进行风险等级评划分,并针对风险等级程度对产品的质量提升要求提出了相关处置建议。     

Ethics and the FDA.

This paper discusses the role of ethics in the Food and Drug Administration's approval process. The fundamental reasons for having a regulatory agency for food and medical products are ethical: concern for the safety and welfare of consumers. These basic ethical principles require a substantial number of regulations, guidances, procedures, and policies. If consumers of medical products are to be protected, every step of the process by which medical products are developed, tested, and marketed must be regulated.     

Risk Assessment: Perchlorate as a National Security Threat

Sources of drinking water have been contaminated by military?related activity for decades, but such environmental pollution has not been recognized as a security threat in its own right. The case of perchlorate in the United States demonstrates the reflexive nature of environmental security risks, as well as the inconsistent burdens of proof required for responses to uncertain threats. A known endocrine disruptor, perchlorate blocks the uptake of iodide in the thyroid, and poses a differential risk to women, children, and other at?risk groups. Despite a conclusion by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) that known studies of perchlorate indicate no harm at low levels of ingestion (translated roughly to 27 parts per billion in water), newer research indicates a measure of concern for some tens of millions of residents in the southwestern U.S. In this article, we examine the decision?making process that translated risk assessment studies to regulatory levels, and explore how endocrine disrupting chemicals pose a methodological dilemma for chemical risk assessment policy.     

New Jersey Acts on Energy and Climate Change [Living with Technology]

An unusual aspect of this conference was its focus on state-level energy and climate policies. The lack of federal leadership on these issues within the U.S.A. has opened a window of opportunity at the state level for policy entrepreneurs. California acted in 2005 with an executive order establishing greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, ratified in 2006 by the state legislature. New Jersey acted in 2007, helped along by the fact-finding, target-setting effort leading to this conference. The thoughtful discussions and careful analysis that played out during 2006 and early 2007 played a role in giving policymakers and stake holders the confidence to act decisively. Thus, by February 2007, New Jersey's governor had penned an executive order setting two greenhouse gas targets: reduce emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and reduce emissions to 80% below current levels by 2050.     

Proposed guidelines for U.S. Scope 2 GHG reduction claims with renewable energy certificates

In the United States and Canada, individual states and provinces control their consumer energy markets. Under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) definitions the “market” for market-based GHG reporting is typically defined as the state or province that maintains regulatory control or the interconnected grid where consumption occurs. Under current guidance, many systems suggest the U.S. may be considered a single grid since it is a single country. However, consumers in different regions are physically unable to consume energy generated in some other regions. This paper argues that in the U.S. and Canada, the interconnected grid where consumption occurs could initially be considered the FERC grid, and optimally the localized eGRID defined by the U.S. EPA in the U.S. These definitions are important given the requirement in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) proposed climate rule to disclose Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) impact on carbon reporting. This paper outlines the justification for the proposed interpretation and serves as a public reference for market-based GHG market boundary definitions.     

食品接触用橡胶制品风险评估研究

本文通过GB 4806.11-2016《食品安全国家标准食品接触用橡胶材料及制品》中感官要求、总迁移量、高锰酸钾消耗量、重金属各项初筛指标对橡胶制品进行风险评估.实验结果表明,感官要求和总迁移量指标不合格风险较高,且乙醇模拟液对感官要求和总迁移量有很大影响,其中总迁移量与乙醇模拟液浓度成正比.对于重复使用的橡胶制品,各...     

U.S. energy,climate and nuclear power policy in the 21st century: The primacy of national security

This paper analyzes global and regional energy and CO₂ trends and concludes: 1) Domestic U.S. policies alone will not insulate the U.S. from the impacts of climate change; 2) The U.S. should triage climate change as a global threat by focusing on regions where CO₂ emissions are most acute; and 3) The U.S. civilian nuclear enterprise should be elevated in U.S. energy and climate policy in order to meet global climate and national security objectives.     

Inactivating microorganisms using a pulsed electric fieldcontinuous treatment system

High-voltage pulsed electric fields (PEFs) can be used to inactivate microorganisms in liquids. Applying PEF technology to food pasteurization is a promising nonthermal method, which may radically change food preservation processes and provide consumers with microbiologically safe, minimally processed, fresh-like products. A continuous-flow system in a laboratory-size prototype was constructed for the nonthermal pasteurization of liquid foods with PEF technology. Major components in the prototype include a high-voltage repetitive pulse generator, a coaxial liquid food treatment chamber, a fiber-optic temperature sensing instrument and a data acquisition system. Microbial inactivation tests were conducted in the continuous PEF treatment system. Repetitive high-voltage pulses with an exponential decaying waveshape were applied to the liquid food which was pumped through the treatment chamber. Test microorganisms selected for inactivation were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Over 6-order-of-magnitude reductions in the viability of selected microorganisms were achieved while the food temperature was maintained below 40°C     

隔爆型电机防爆安全质量问题分析

对防爆电机国家监督抽查检验中发现的涉及防爆安全的产品质量问题进行了论述,并对产生问题的原因加以分析,以引起生产企业对产品质量的重视.     

美国固态照明发展国家战略及其对我国的启示(续)

系统总结了美国支持固态照明特别是半导体照明发展的国家战略,阐述了美国支持固态照明发展的政策体系、执行机构和资金支持情况,分析了2012年美国固态照明技术发展的最新动态,预测了2020年前LED封装光效、产品光效和制造成本发展趋势,说明了美国支持固态照明产品商业化支持战略.最后,给出了我国固态照明发展的若干建议.     

Social responsibilities of the telecommunications business

The social responsibilities of large telecommunications corporations such as American Telephone and Telegraph, Korea Telecom Authority, and Nippon Telephone and Telegraph are outlined. Seven areas of concern that showed up in a content analysis of telecommunication corporations' annual reports are commented on: environmental, resource conservation, employees (equal opportunity, health and safety, quality of work life), human rights, consumers (product safety, truth in advertising, fair credit practices), community (enhancement of education, health care, the arts, recreation), and cooperation with local, state and national government. R&D, protection and privacy, and global concerns are also discussed     

美国固态照明发展国家战略及其对我国的启示

系统总结了美国支持固态照明特别是半导体照明发展的国家战略,阐述了美国支持固态照明发展的政策体系、执行机构和资金支持情况,分析了2012年美国固态照明技术发展的最新动态,预测了2020年前LED封装光效、产品光效和制造成本发展趋势,说明了美国支持固态照明产品商业化支持战略。在此基础上,提出了美国固态照明国家战略对我国的启示。     

Value-added medical-device risk management

The assessment of overall residual risk is the primary objective of performing risk-management activities and is required by ISO 14971:2000-Application of Risk Management to Medical Devices. Despite this requirement, much confusion remains among medical-device manufacturers and the various regulatory-approval bodies as to what is required. Today, many medical-device manufacturers do not formally address the subject. This paper will address the following questions: 1) What is overall residual risk? 2) Why is overall residual risk the most important measure of safety throughout the product life cycle? 3) How can overall residual risk be estimated? 4) What is an acceptable level of overall residual risk? 5) How can the concept of overall residual risk be used to manage safety after the product has been released? This paper will provide practical ideas that will allow medical-device manufacturers to begin assessing the overall residual risk of their products, and may also be helpful to regulatory bodies in formulating and communicating a consistent set of expectations. The concepts developed in the paper should be applicable to evaluating the safety of a wide variety of products as well.     

Globalizing manufacturing engineering education

The discipline of manufacturing engineering in the U.S. was established in the 1960s, a period when U.S. corporations and products dominated the global economy. Any form of engineering education that ignores the reality of multinational corporations, global supply chains, and international markets looks increasingly outmoded and provincial. The need to acknowledge the global aspects of engineering activity is beginning to be recognized in engineering education, and the need is especially acute in manufacturing engineering education. The shrinkage of the U. S. manufacturing sector portrayed by popular media is an supported by more intensive manufacturing engineering work in order to maintain the status quo of product value produced. The demand for well-educated manufacturing engineers worldwide is likely to increase in the long term. Very few U.S. manufacturing engineering programs explicitly recognize the global aspects of manufacturing at the course level.     

Underground power lines can be the least cost option when study biases are corrected

After nearly every major storm that causes widespread power outages, there are calls for undergrounding power lines in the United States. It is often pointed out that most other developed countries have significantly better power reliability due to the prevalence of underground networks. However, many studies of U.S. electric utilities have concluded that a broad undergrounding mandate would be too expensive and undergrounding can only be justified when factoring customers’ willingness to pay more for underground lines. We show that misleading national comparisons and improperly conducted U.S. studies have led to false conclusions about the economic efficiency of undergrounding power lines. Once data are standardized and properly disaggregated, the case for undergrounding improves significantly. We offer a basic methodology for conducting more accurate power line studies.     

Productivity of Energy: Engineering and Economic Factors

A simple and practical graphical method for making international or interregional comparisons of energy productivity has been developed and applied to some specific significant cases. The method is based on definitions of national energy productivity as gross domestic product (GDP) per unit of energy consumed, annual per capita energy consumption, and the product of these two numbers which is GDP per capita. In order to facilitate realistic assessment of comparisons of unlike economics, two indexes are defined for individual products and energy forms. The product value index is defined as the value of product (e.g., steel or cotton) per unit of energy consumed in production. The cost of fuel index is defined as the cost to the user per unit of energy content in fuels. Application of the method, using United Nations statistical data, shows that variations of about 2 to 1 in energy productivity are essentially uncorrelated to much larger variations of over 50 to 1 in annual per capita energy consumption.     

基于阻塞风险的需求侧购电策略

输电网的资源有限性使得电力市场环境中的各交易方都面临输电阻塞的风险。从需求侧用户的角度分析阻塞风险,提出不仅发电公司要有计及阻塞风险的策略性报价．用户也应当考虑阻塞给自己带来的风险,策略性地决定购电方案。针对阻塞给用户带来的风险．构造了需求侧的购电策略模型,用户可根据各种购电方案下的收益期望值和收益标准差决定购电量．并进行了实例分析。用户主动调节负荷,有利于实质上缓解输电网的阻塞问题。     

国产LVQB-550型SF_6电流互感器运行可靠性分析

介绍了首批国有知识产权的LVQB-550型SF6电流互感器的安全运行情况及生产形势,并从结构设计上分析了两种不同线圈支持方式的LVQB-550型产品在绝缘、电动稳定性、气密性及机械强度等方面的可靠性。为读者深入认识和选用该产品提供参考。     

Management of vaccine inventories as a critical health resource

Currently, there are a total of 33 vaccines that target human disease, and these are produced by ninemanufacturers [1]. The majority of vaccines are made by three companies: Sanofi-Pasteur (Aventis), Merck, and GlaxoSmithKline, with Sanofi-Pasteur being the largest supplier. In 2007, it shipped more than 1.6 billion doses of vaccine worldwide, including 130 million doses of influenza vaccine [2], which illustrates its global commitment to produce vaccines to meet the global demand if a pandemic were to occur. With a limited number of vaccine manufacturers in the United States, coupled with the fact that the major supplier of pandemic vaccine is not based in the United States, vaccine production should be considered a critical resource challenge for U.S. preparedness. The probability of a major healthrelated event causing a disruption in the vaccine supply chain should be of concern to health officials.