基于污染负荷控制的屋面初期径流弃除量探讨

初期径流污染是城市面源污染的主要组成部分,但目前对初期径流的定义、弃除量等都没有统一的说法,而且影响初期效应的因素多而复杂,并与地区特性紧密相关。通过对北京雨水利用示范区降雨及屋面径流水质监测数据的分析,初步探讨了不同初期径流弃除量对污染负荷的削减效果。在不同降雨特性下,屋面产流后弃除2 mm雨量可削减20%～45%的污染负荷,故建议北京市屋面初期径流弃除量标准按2 mm雨量考虑。     

Effectiveness of water protection policy in China: A case study of Jiaxing

The rapid economic growth in China has caused ever-increasing pollution and gradual deterioration of surface water quality over the whole territory of China since 1978. Along with it, there have been 130 environmental protection policies publicized and enacted. Unfortunately, even though these contradictory phenomena have coexisted for almost three decades, the cause analysis and the effective evaluation of policy measures are still rare. The Jiaxing region, a lowland located at the Taihu Lake watershed, is a typical representative of this dilemma and was proposed as a case study area for an assessment on the effectiveness of the environmental policy measures mentioned above. The pollutant loads originating from point pollution sources were discharged into rivers at fixed in-stream sites, while pollutant loads from non-point pollution sources in rural areas were assumed to be rushed into rivers by stormwater runoff. The environmental policy measures concerning water quality in the Jiaxing region were specified quantitatively as parameters for estimating the variation of pollutant loads. The base case and other three cases with the effects of policy measures were then simulated by the surface water quality models. The results show that a significant improvement of the surface water quality can be achieved by controlling the non-point pollution in rural areas and the point pollution over the whole area, if the water protection policies are sustainable and executed completely, and if the local government is active in their administrative, supervising and educational responsibilities and the farmers assume voluntary activities on rural pollution control.     

Using satellite imagery for stormwater pollution management with Bayesian networks

Urban stormwater runoff is the primary source of many pollutants to Santa Monica Bay, but its monitoring and modeling is inherently difficult and often requires land use information as an intermediate process. Many approaches have been developed to estimate stormwater pollutant loading from land use. This research investigates an alternative approach, which estimates stormwater pollutant loadings directly from satellite imagery. We proposed a Bayesian network approach to classify a Landsat ETM(+) image of the Marina del Rey area in the Santa Monica Bay watershed. Eight water quality parameters were examined, including: total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, heavy metals, and oil and grease. The pollutant loads for each parameter were classified into six levels: very low, low, medium low, medium high, high, and very high. The results provided spatial estimates of each pollutant load as thematic maps from which the greatest pollutant loading areas were identified. These results may be useful in developing best management strategies for stormwater pollution at regional and global scales and in establishing total maximum daily loads in the watershed. The approach can also be used for areas without ground-survey land use data.     

Land-use based stormwater pollutant load estimation and monitoring system design

Accurate quantification of the amount, quality and sources of urban stormwater runoff are a prerequisite for effective stormwater management. The goal of this study was to estimate city-scale stormwater pollutant export, examine the effect of data sources on export estimates, and develop an optimization method for stormwater monitoring. The results were presented for the city of Lahti in southern Finland, where site mean pollutant concentrations (SMCs), annual pollutant loads, and monitoring guidelines for specific land use types were determined for total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients (total nitrogen TN and total phosphorus TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni). Depending on the data source, differences between estimated pollutant exports ranged from -89% to 215%. Lack of reference data for every urban land use type and differences in land use classification schemes were identified as key factors limiting the accuracy of pollutant load estimation.     

城市雨水径流面污染负荷的计算模型

对城市雨水径流的污染负荷进行定量分析评价是制定控制策略和实施有效总量控制的基础，为此建立了一种计算城市径流面污染负荷的数学模型，它具有参数少、因果关系清楚、简便直接等特点。利用该模型可对城市径流非点源污染进行量化分析并合理确定初期雨水径流控制量，这为城市径流污染控制决策的制定提供了一种有效的分析方法。     

Characterisation of diffuse pollutions from forested watersheds in Japan during storm events - its association with rainfall and watershed features

Forest areas have been identified as important sources of nonpoint pollution in Japan. The managers must estimate stormwater quality and quantities from forested watersheds to develop effective management strategies. Therefore, stormwater runoff loads and concentrations of 10 constituents (total suspended solids, dissolved organic carbon, PO(4)-P, dissolved total phosphorus, total phosphorus, NH(4)-N, NO(2)-N, NO(3)-N, dissolved total nitrogen, and total nitrogen) for 72 events across five regions (Aichi, Kochi, Mie, Nagano, and Tokyo) were characterised. Most loads were significantly and positively correlated with stormwater variables (total event rainfall, event duration, and rainfall intensity), but most discharge-weighted event concentrations (DWECs) showed negative correlations with rainfall intensity. Mean water quality concentration during baseflow was correlated significantly with storm concentrations (r=0.41-0.77). Although all pollutant load equations showed high coefficients of determination (R(2)=0.55-0.80), no models predicted well pollutant concentrations, except those for the three N constituents (R(2)=0.59-0.67). Linear regressions to estimate stormwater concentrations and loads were greatly improved by regional grouping. The lower prediction capability of the concentration models for Mie, compared with the other four regions, indicated that other watershed or storm characteristics should be included in the prediction models. Significant differences among regions were found more frequently in concentrations than in loads for all constituents. Since baseflow conditions implied available pollutant sources for stormwater, the similar spatial characteristics of pollutant concentrations between baseflow and stormflow conditions were an important control for stormwater quality.     

我国城市道路雨水径流污染状况及控制措施

道路是城市汇水面的重要组成部分,也是城市受纳水体非点源污染的主要污染源之一,道路雨水径流污染问题日益引起人们的重视.总结了道路雨水径流污染物成分、来源,对国内外道路雨水径流的EMC进行了对比分析,基于对我国城市道路排水现状的调研分析和部分雨水径流水质数据,对我国几个主要城市道路雨水径流年污染负荷进行了估算,并归纳推荐了一些针对我国道路排水现状的适用性控制措施,同时对我国城市雨水径流污染控制提出了几点建议.     

Spatial analysis of urban stormwater quality: Ramallah district as a case study, Palestine

Urban runoff pollution sources are formidable obstacles to achieving water source goals in numerous municipalities. Ramallah district currently holds one of the highest rates of urbanization in Palestine causing a significant increase in surface runoff. Consequently, this causes increased flooding and a significant decrease in water quality due primarily to the accumulation of pollutants. To date, most research has focused on specifying temporal variations of stormwater quality parameters that include high uncertainties and also increase the risk of pollution control structures' failure. Spatial variations of the runoff quality are the key factor in nonpoint source pollution studies. This research investigates the spatial variability of urban runoff quality parameters in relation to land use of urban catchments. The research estimated pollutant concentration for improved and efficient design of pollution control structures for each land use.     

深圳市光明新区低影响开发市政道路解析

城市道路雨洪综合管理是目前国内外研究的热点问题。深圳市在低影响开发雨洪综合管理方面进行了有益的探索与实践,其应用已初见端倪。对比了低影响开发市政道路与传统市政道路在排水系统设计方面的差异,详细剖析了深圳市光明新区已建低影响开发市政道路示范工程,并对其径流量控制与污染物控制效果进行评估。结果表明,该道路在暴雨设计重现期为2年一遇的情况下,年降雨量的66%可入渗消纳,转化为地下水资源;道路雨量综合径流系数可降低至0.36。污染物控制方面,该道路径流污染物控制量达392立方米,雨水经绿化带植生滞留槽入渗后,其中的TSS、TN、TP、重金属等污染物可得到不同程度的削减。     

Towards the determination of an optimal scale for stormwater quality management: Micropollutants in a small residential catchment

Stormwater and atmospheric deposits were collected on a small residential urban catchment (0.8 ha) near Paris in order to determine the levels of certain micropollutants (using a preliminary scan of 69 contaminants, followed by a more detailed quantification of PAHs, PCBs, alkylphenols and metals). Atmospheric inputs accounted for only 10%–38% of the stormwater contamination (except for PCBs), thus indicating substantial release within the catchment. On this small upstream catchment however, stormwater contamination is significantly lower than that observed downstream in storm sewers on larger adjacent urban catchments with similar land uses. These results likely stem from cross-contamination activity during transfers inside the sewer system and underscore the advantages of runoff management strategies at the source for controlling stormwater pollutant loads. Moreover, it has been shown that both contamination levels and contaminant speciation evolve with the scale of the catchment, in correlation with a large fraction of dissolved contaminants in upstream runoff, which differs from what has been traditionally assumed for stormwater. Consequently, the choice of treatment device/protocol must be adapted to the management scale as well as to the targeted type of contaminant.     

Design of stormwater monitoring programs

Stormwater runoff is now the leading source of water pollution in the United States, and stormwater monitoring programs have only recently been developed. This paper evaluates several stormwater monitoring programs to identify ways of increasing the likelihood of identification of high-risk dischargers and increasing data reliability for assisting in the development of total maximum daily loads. No relationship was found between various types of industrial activity or landuse and water quality data. Stormwater data collected with grab samples has much greater pollutant concentration variability than in potable water or wastewater monitoring programs. Industrial land use is an important source of metals. For grab samples, sampling time during the storm event will affect results. Data from California, which has distinct dry periods, showed a seasonal first flush, whereas data from areas with more uniform rainfall throughout the year did not show a seasonal first flush. Selecting a subset of sites from each monitored category using a flow-weighted composite sampler is an alternative strategy, and may result in lower overall cost with improved accuracy and variability in mass emissions, but may not be less successful in identifying high-risk dischargers.     

Infiltration Systems: A Sustainable Source‐Control Option for Urban Stormwater Quality Management?

Source control is regarded as a key principle in supporting concepts of sustainable management and integrated pollution control for diffuse non-point stormwater runoff, with infiltration procedures being a prime component of such source-control systems. The potential conflicts between the benefits of groundwater recharge and the risks to long-term groundwater quality uncertainties associated with infiltration disposal are considered. The long-term performance of a number of infiltration systems is reported in terms of their pollutant removal efficiencies, and the utility of an infiltration acceptability matrix approach is reviewed.     

与黑臭水体治理协同的海绵城市建设案例实践

在城市黑臭水体治理的同时,合理落实海绵城市建设理念是最新政策要求。以深圳市光明区鹅颈水为例,介绍了黑臭水体治理与海绵城市建设协同建设实践。在鹅颈水水体治理中,雨水径流源头污染控制与“控源截污、内源治理、生态修复、活水提质、长制久清”等黑臭水体治理工作协同,在河道整治、绿化景观、雨污水分流改造、正本清源等工程中落实海绵城市技术措施,充分发挥海绵城市技术措施对雨水径流的源头削减、过程控制、末端处理作用,实现了“绿色”基础设施与“灰色”基础设施的协同。鹅颈水河道治理实施效果表明,流域内的光明水质净化厂进水水量及进水污染物浓度实现双提升,河道已经稳定消除黑臭现象,水环境和水景观均明显好转。     

浅谈城市雨水处理问题

随着城市化迅速发展.点污染源已基本得到了控制,而由雨水径流引起的非点污染源已对城市水环境构成严重威胁.借鉴国外雨水处理利用的研究及应用成果,结合我国城市建设实际情况,提出了城市雨水处理的建议.     

A preliminary model for predicting heavy metal contaminant loading from an urban catchment

The toxicity of heavy metals to biota in urban catchments has been regarded as a very important non-point source pollution issue. Numerous studies on heavy metal pollution in urban receiving waters have found that metal transport by surface runoff is closely correlated to the partitioning of the metal forms between dissolved and particulate phases, where sediment plays an important role in the transport process. Sediment cycling on urban streets, metal binding form, and rainfall character in the catchment area are considered to be the key factors for metal transport. A preliminary model is developed based on these considerations. Starting from classical build-up and wash-off processes for the suspended sediment (SS) on the urban impervious surface, the model links the transport of suspended sediment to the transport of metal species. Monitoring data from a small highway catchment were used in the model development. A total of 47 rain events over 1 year were monitored intensively at short time intervals (5-10 min) for hydrological data, rainfall intensity, and stormwater quality. In developing the model, lead was used for the metal load prediction, as it has been a common fuel additive for urban transportation. Agreement between model results and monitoring data indicates that the model can be used in predicting metal load from impervious urban areas, such as streets and roadways, on a long-term basis.     

针对城市雨洪控制利用的不同目标合理设计调蓄设施

我国城市非点源污染、径流排放量增加、洪涝频繁等雨洪问题突出,传统的城市雨水排放设计理念已远远不能符合"绿色基础设施"理念的新型城市雨水系统的设计要求."调蓄"是城市雨洪控制利用系统中十分重要且广泛应用的一类措施,实践中需要根据项目的具体条件和雨洪控制利用系统的设计要求,针对控制径流污染、利用雨水、削减径流排放和控制洪涝等不同目标设计调蓄设施.介绍了调蓄的概念、设施的种类及其应用,据此分析说明了不同控制目标的调蓄设施设计原理及标准,为科学合理地设计城市雨洪控制利用系统及调蓄设施的设计提供参考.     

Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands

Data from 35 studies on 49 wetland systems used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface waters were examined and compared in order to identify any obvious trends that may aid future stormwater treatment wetland design efforts. Despite the intermittent nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs from stormwater runoff, our analysis demonstrates that steady-state first-order plug-flow models commonly used to analyze wastewater treatment wetlands can be adapted for use with stormwater wetlands. Long-term pollutant removals are analyzed as functions of long-term mean hydraulic loading rate and nominal detention time. First-order removal rate constants for total phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrate generated in this fashion are demonstrated to be similar to values reported in the literature for wastewater treatment wetlands. Constituent removals are also demonstrated via regression analyses to be functions of the ratio of wetland area to watershed area. Resulting equations between these variables can be used as preliminary design tools in the absence of more site-specific details, with the understanding that they should be employed cautiously.     

城市面源污染最佳管理方案及其在上海市的实践

随着上海城区点源污染逐步得到控制，面源污染已受到高度关注。对国外在该领域的研究成果和经验进行了总结，着重介绍了城市面源污染最佳管理措施（BMPs），并且给出了措施的筛选和方案决策的方法。结合上海市城区面源污染现状和管理措施的执行情况，探讨了适合上海城区的面源污染综合管理方案，介绍了相关措施的执行情况和今后的规划。     

人工湿地污水处理的机理及研究方向

结合国内外研究实例,综合阐述了人工湿地对污水中氮、磷和有机物等污染物质的去除机理以及在此方面国内的研究现状,分析了提高人工湿地处理能力的方法和途径,说明了利用自然过程进行污染物降解的人工湿地可以成为许多地区的污水处理方式,并且对这一技术的研究方向进行了探讨。     

The Management and Control of Urban Runoff Quality

W ater QUALITY problems from impermeable urban surface runoff are presenting increasingly significant effects at both the short-term, acute, and longer term, chronic, timescale. The paper identifies the anachronisms in, and the diversity of, historical organizational responsibilities for urban runoff as being a principal mitigating factor in limiting satisfactory, cost-effective, catchment control. It is recommended that effective source control procedures for stormwater runoff control must form the basis for best practical options for achieving integrated pollution control in urban catchments.