受烟草花叶病毒侵染程度不同的烤烟叶片光合特性的变化

研究了受烟草花叶病毒(TMV)侵染程度不同的烤烟叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明,受TMV侵染的烟株叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均有不同程度的下降,同时叶绿素荧光参数Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qp和NPQ也有所下降。受TMV侵染的叶片的净光合速率(Pn)明显下降,在轻度感病条件下,引起Pn下降的主要原因是气孔限制;在重度感病条件下,引起Pn下降的主要原因是非气孔限制。     

烟草花叶病毒强、弱毒株对烟草植株的影响

分别接种烟草花叶病毒强毒株（TMV-W）、诱变获得的两个弱毒株（TMV-017、TMV-152）于普通烟（品种为K326）。间接ELISA法测定了强，弱毒株在接种叶上的增殖速率，同时考察了叶绿素a、叶绿素b，叶绿素，可溶蛋白含量的变化。实验发现强毒株在接种后第2d就可检测到，而弱毒株在第3d被检测到，弱毒株在烟草植株体内的稳定浓度低于强毒株，分别受强，弱毒株侵染的烟草叶片中的叶绿素a,叶绿素b，叶绿素含量都有所下降，但强毒株引起的下降幅度最大。受强，弱毒株分别侵染的烟叶中可溶性蛋白含量均发生变化，初期都有所升高，之后，弱毒株随着侵染时间的延长而有所下降，而强毒株下降后又有所回升。     

壳寡糖及其衍生物抗烟草花叶病毒机理的初步研究

为了开发一种低毒高效的新型抗烟草花叶病毒抑制剂,利用合成的新型寡糖希夫碱衍生物进行了抗烟草花叶病毒的药效研究。结果表明:(1)在珊西烟上,采用枯斑寄主半叶法进行抗烟草花叶病毒的药剂筛选,壳寡糖及其衍生物都能有效减少叶片感染烟草花叶病毒的枯斑数,以枯斑抑制率为66.39%的水杨醛席夫碱的预防效果最好;(2)在普通烟K326上,壳寡糖及其衍生物可降低侵染病毒烟草中的叶绿素下降幅度,还可以提高叶片中的防御酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性,脯氨酸的含量也得到了积累。     

壳寡糖希夫碱配合物对感染TMV的烟叶中叶绿素和相关防御酶活性的调控效应

研究了壳寡糖希夫碱配合物药剂对烟草TMV抑制作用。结果表明:在珊西烟上施用壳寡糖希夫碱配合物药剂后叶片感染TMV的枯斑数减少;（2）施用3,5-二氯水杨醛壳寡糖希夫碱合铜于普通烟后,其受TMV侵染后烟叶中的叶绿素含量下降幅度降低,烟叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性均提高。      

连作对东北地区烤烟生长和叶片光合特性的影响

为探明烤烟连作对叶片光合特性的影响,以连作1年和连作5年的烤烟为研究对象,研究了连作条件下烤烟生长、叶片叶绿素含量和光合特性的变化特点.结果表明,连作降低了烤烟叶绿素含量和光合能力,减缓了烟株生长,降低了烤烟产量.连作1年烟田对烤烟的生长和光合影响不大,而连作5年显著降低了烤烟叶片的叶绿素含量,主要是叶绿素a含量,限制了烤烟叶片对光能的捕获、传递和利用.连作5年降低了烤烟叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,但胞间CO₂浓度却没有明显的降低,并且连作5年使烤烟叶片的表观量子效率、光饱和点、光饱和时最大光合速率、羧化效率、CO₂饱和点和CO₂饱和时最大光合速率均有不同程度的降低,而光补偿点和CO₂补偿点却显著增加.这说明连作不但降低了烤烟叶片光能利用效率,也限制了对CO₂的同化能力,引起烤烟叶片光合降低是由于气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用的结果.因此,较长年限的连作降低了烤烟叶片的光化学能力和碳同化能力,限制了烤烟光合生产力,造成连作减产.     

钾对甘蔗抗花叶病机理的研究

采用土培后接种病毒的方法研究钾对甘蔗抗花叶病生理的机理。结果表明:(1)不同施钾水平下,SCMV-A 侵染的蔗株均显著矮化,叶片蔗糖含量和蔗茎蔗糖产量均显著降低,而还原糖则相反;(2)施钾可增加病株和健株的蔗茎和蔗糖产量,部分减少由SCMV-A所引起的产量损失;钾对受SCMV-A侵染的蔗株叶片和蔗茎中ATP酶活性以及+1～+6叶片中K、Ca、Mg含量均有一定的影响。     

油菜短柄叶光合衰退及其对产量的影响

以中双9号、中油杂11号和华油杂14号油菜为材料,测定花后短柄叶光合速率及生理指标,探讨短柄叶光合衰退与叶绿素含量等因素之间的关系及其对油菜产量的影响。结果表明,油菜短柄叶光合速率随叶片衰老而逐渐降低,1,5-二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPCase）、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈现出下降趋势,膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛（MDA）在叶片光合功能衰退过程中含量逐渐上升。油菜叶片光合衰退与RuBPCase含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量和SOD活性存在显著相关关系,表明光合速率的下降可能与油菜叶片衰老过程中N含量、叶绿素降解及蛋白质合成受抑制相关;SOD和CAT水平逐渐降低及MDA含量升高也表明,叶片衰老过程中氧自由基胁迫抑制光合作用。叶片光合作用与油菜单株产量的相关关系分析结果表明,油菜短柄叶光合速率,特别是短柄叶衰退的中后期光合速率是影响油菜产量的重要因素。     

茎瘤芥叶片中叶绿素的稳定性

采用丙酮溶液提取茎瘤芥叶片中的叶绿素,利用紫外-可见分光光度计研究光照、温度、pH值、氧化剂、还原剂和金属离子对茎瘤芥叶片叶绿素稳定性的影响。结果表明：茎瘤芥叶片叶绿素的稳定性受到多种因素的影响,光照、H2O2、VC、酸碱性条件以及Mg2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Ca2+等金属离子均影响茎瘤芥叶片叶绿素的稳定性。在10～70℃茎瘤芥叶片叶绿素稳定,80℃茎瘤芥叶片叶绿素稳定性下降。中性条件、Na2SO3的存在均对茎瘤芥叶片叶绿素有增色作用。     

地表球囊霉对霞多丽耐盐性影响的研究

在盆栽条件下,研究了4个盐胁迫水平(0、0.10、0.15、0.20 mol·L-1NaCl)下地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)对霞多丽耐盐性的影响.结果表明,接种处理的叶片含水量、叶绿素含量以及叶片光合特性均高于不接种对照;且随着盐胁迫强度的升高,地表球囊霉对霞多丽植株根系侵染呈递减趋势,但霞多丽对菌根的依赖性更强.霞多丽菌根接种苗相对丰富的水分吸收及其向叶片中的分配是增强其耐盐性的主要原因.     

土壤施硒对烤烟光合特性及其同化物积累的影响

采用盆栽试验调查了不同硒浓度(0、1、2.5、5、10、15 mg/kg)施入土壤后,烤烟光合特性及其同化物积累的变化情况。结果表明,适量硒浓度可以降低烤烟叶片净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素含量的下降率,延缓光合功能的衰退,同时延长光合同化产物的积累时间;过量硒浓度会提高Pn和叶绿素含量的下降率,加速光合功能的衰退,缩短光合同化产物的积累时间。土壤施硒对烤烟叶片光合功能及其同化产物积累的影响主要发生在烟株成熟期(移栽60 d以后),且随着叶片生育进程的推进,影响的程度越大。在烟株生育前期,施硒提高叶片Pn的原因可能是减少了气孔限制,而在生育后期,过量硒浓度引起Pn下降的主要因素是非气孔限制,叶绿素含量下降可能是一个重要原因。在本试验条件下,适宜的土壤施硒浓度为2.5和5 mg/kg。     

纸浆TCF漂白中碳水化合物的保护

本文综述了纸浆的氧气漂白、臭氧漂白、过氧化氢漂白、光催化漂白、过氧酸漂白中碳水化合物的保护措施.     

转基因抗草甘膦大豆的光合及荧光特性

本文比较了转基因抗草甘膦大豆40-3-2与常规栽培大豆荷豆13在光合、叶绿素荧光以及繁殖适合度参数上的差异,以评价在我国农田生境中转基因大豆相对于本土栽培种是否具备更强的入侵性或杂草化特征。结果表明,40-3-2花期叶片净光合速率低于同期的荷豆13,但水分利用策略优良,即蒸腾速率低、水分利用效率高,环境适应能力强。叶绿素荧光测定显示40-3-2全天只有轻微的光抑制现象,其光系统Ⅱ能够在高温和强光照条件下维持较高的光化学效率,而荷豆13叶片在正午时有强烈的光抑制。尽管如此,在没有除草剂选择压条件下,在生长和繁殖适合度上40-3-2相对于荷豆13无竞争优势,入侵性风险较低。     

黄茶闷黄过程中主要化学成分变化的动力学模型

研究黄茶闷黄过程中主要化学成分与色差在不同温度、不同含水量条件下随闷黄时间的变化规律,确定引起黄茶黄变的关键化学成分为叶绿素a、EGCG和ECG,并建立了叶绿素a、EGCG和ECG随闷黄时间、闷黄温度之间的动力学模型,以预测黄茶闷黄过程中的黄变程度。结果表明:叶绿素a、EGCG及ECG与零级动力学方程的拟合程度较优,基于各模型的预测值与实际实验值之间的相对误差小于5%,说明该模型有效,并通过预测的模型计算出了各条件下的反应速率常数K,发现随着温度和含水量的增加,叶绿素a、EGCG和ECG的反应速率常数K逐渐增大,采用Arrhenius方程对反应速率常数k和温度T进行非线性拟合,得到了叶绿素a、EGCG和ECG的活化能Ea与频率因子A,判断出相同条件下叶绿素a反应最易进行,其次是ECG、EGCG。     

The interfacial factor in the heat-induced conversion of chlorophyll to pheophytin in green leaves

The rates of the conversion of chlorophyll to pheophytin in the green leaves of common vegetables and other plants at different temperatures in buffered electrolyte systems were studied. Kinetic measurements showed that the conversion only occurred above a threshold temperature of 50–60 °C and was most probably a pseudo-first order reaction. Rates were found to be proportional to √[H⁺]. The dependence of the rate of conversion upon species, temperature and electrolyte type can be explained on the basis of a heat-induced metamorphosis of the chloroplasts to a smectic mesophase which occludes the chlorophyll. The rate of the reaction then depends on the transfer of hydronium ions across the interface and can be largely controlled by modifying the interfacial potential.     

Surface photochemistry of pesticides: an approach using diffuse reflectance and chromatography techniques

The photochemistry of pesticides triadimenol and triadimefon was studied on cellulose and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in controlled and natural conditions, using diffuse reflectance techniques and chromatographic analysis. The photochemistry of triadimenol occurs from the chlorophenoxyl moiety, while the photodegradation of triadimefon also involves the carbonyl group. The formation of 4-chlorophenoxyl radical is one of the major reaction pathways for both pesticides and leads to 4-chlorophenol. Triadimenol also undergoes photooxidation and dechlorination, leading to triadimefon and dechlorinated triadimenol, respectively. The other main reaction process of triadimefon involves alpha-cleavage from the carbonyl group, leading to decarbonylated compounds. Triadimenol undergoes photodegradation at 254 nm but was found to be stable at 313 nm, while triadimefon degradates in both conditions. Both pesticides undergo photochemical decomposition under solar radiation, being the initial degradation of rate per unit area of triadimefon 1 order of magnitude higher than the observed for triadimenol in both supports. The degradation rates of the pesticides were somewhat lower in beta-CD than on cellulose. Photoproduct distribution of triadimenol and triadimefon is similar for the different irradiation conditions, indicating an intramolecular energy transfer from the chlorophenoxyl moiety to the carbonyl group in the latter pesticide.     

Effects of limonene on the growth and physiology of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L) and carrot (Daucus carota L) plants

Monoterpenes are plant‐based alternatives for pest control in sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the phytotoxic effects of the monoterpene limonene on white cabbage (cv Rinda and Lennox) and carrot (cv Parano and Splendid) plants. The effects of increasing concentrations (from 10 to 120 ml l^?1) of limonene on visible leaf injuries, growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were studied. Limonene concentrations of 90 and 120 ml l^?1 were significantly phytotoxic in both cabbage and carrot, depending on the cultivar. However, there were major differences in limonene responses between the cultivars in both species. In carrot, lower shoot and root biomass was related to lower chlorophyll fluorescence (indicating lower efficiency of the photochemical processes) in cv Splendid, whereas in cv Parano it was related to lower stomatal conductance (indicating reduced gas exchange), suggesting that the mechanism behind the phytotoxicity may be different in different cultivars. In cabbage, better limonene tolerance and faster recovery processes in cv Lennox compared with cv Rinda were evident through increasing efficiency of photochemistry (chlorophyll fluorescence), and in the higher stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis rates, providing energy for defence and repair action. Since direct phytotoxic effects were detected on carrot and cabbage with limonene, we conclude that critical threshold concentrations for cultivated plants should be determined before monoterpenes are widely used as repellents and deterrents. These thresholds should, as far as possible, be species‐ and cultivar‐specific in order to provide full protection of plants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Photochemistry of 4-chlorophenol on cellulose and silica

The photochemistry of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) was studied on silica and cellulose, using time-resolved diffuse reflectance techniques and product degradation analysis. The results have shown that the photochemistry of 4-CP depends on the support, on the concentration, and also on the sample preparation method. Transient absorption and photoproduct results can be understood by assuming the formation of the carbene 4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene in both supports. On cellulose, at concentrations lower than 10 micromol g(-1), the carbene leads to the unsubstituted phenoxyl radical, and phenol is the main degradation product. At higher concentrations a new transient resulting from phenoxyl radicals coupling was also observed, and dihydroxybiphenyls are also formed. The reaction of the carbene with ground-state 4-CP was also detected through the formation of 5-chloro-2,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl. 4-Chlorophenoxyl radical and degradations products resulting from its coupling were also detected. Oxygen has little effect on the photochemistry of 4-CP on cellulose. On silica the transient benzoquinone O-oxide was formed in the presence of oxygen. Benzoquinone and hydroquinone are the main degradation products. In well-dried samples the formation of hydroquinone is reduced. At higher concentrations the same products as detected on cellulose were observed. 4-CP undergoes slow photochemical decomposition under solar radiation in both supports. The same main degradation products were observed in these conditions.     

Reactive uptake of ozone by chlorophyll at aqueous surfaces

We report the results of two complementary studies of the heterogeneous reaction between gas-phase ozone and aqueous chlorophyll. In the first experiment, the chlorophyll is present at the air-water interface and its concentration is measured as a function of time, using laser-induced fluorescence, to obtain the surface kinetics. Under most experimental conditions, these are well described using a Langmuir-Hinshelwood formalism. The second experiment was carried out in a wetted-wall flowtube apparatus and measured the uptake coefficient of ozone by the chlorophyll solution. The uptake coefficient decreases with increasing ozone concentration, consistent with the surface mechanism found in the fluorescence experiment. The two experiments agree that the uptake coefficient for ozone by such chlorophyll samples is approximately 2-5 x 10(-6) with unpolluted boundary layer ozone concentrations. At low wind speed, the reaction between ozone and chlorophyll at the sea surface may represent the driving force for ozone deposition at the ocean surface, significantly increasing its deposition velocity there.     

真空干燥过程中甘蓝叶绿素降解动力学的研究

研究甘蓝叶绿素在真空干燥过程中的降解规律,并建立其降解动力学模型。研究发现甘蓝在真空干燥过程中,叶绿素含量降低,颜色发生显著变化。其叶绿素降解符合一级反应动力学模型,降解活化能为15.9kJ/mol,降解模型为C=C0/exp[5.1×t×exp(-1917/T)],并对甘蓝叶绿素降解的模型进行验证,结果显示模型与实测值相对偏差仅为6.21%,该模型合理可信。     

The Shrinkage Properties of Continuous-filament Yarns

After a study of the photochemistry of wool keratin, a mechanism is proposed for the reactions that lead to the sunlight yellowing of wool. The involvement of singlet-excited oxygen is confirmed by both direct and indirect methods.