Impact of ascorbic acid on the oxidative colouration and associated reactions of a model wine solution containing (+)−catechin,caffeic acid and iron

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the oxidative reactions and associated colouration changes relevant to white wine in a synthetic wine system consisting of different combinations of 200 mg/L caffeic acid, 150 mg/L (+)?catechin and 1000 mg/L ascorbic acid, in the presence of 1.5 mg/L iron(II). Method and Results: Reactions were monitored by UV/VIS, CIELab, LC‐DAD and LC‐MS techniques. When ascorbic acid was less than 90% depleted in samples, it induced yellow/green colouration but prevented brown colouration that would otherwise result from catechin‐ and caffeic acid‐derived yellow and red pigments. However, during the loss of ascorbic acid, in the presence of either catechin and/or caffeic acid, reactions were still occurring to ‘prime’ the system for rapid colour formation. When the ascorbic acid was more than 90% depleted, the samples with catechin and/or caffeic acid had an increased rate of brown colouration compared with those to which ascorbic acid was not added. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that ascorbic acid is an effective anti‐browning agent provided it persists in the wine after bottling, but if depleted, serious brown colouration ensues. Significance of the Study: Findings detailed in this report will provide useful guidelines for the more effective use of ascorbic acid as an anti‐browning agent in bottled wine.     

Xanthylium salts formation involved in wine colour changes

Summary The reaction of (+)-catechin in wine-like model solution was investigated. First appearance of colourless dimeric compounds consisting of two flavanol units linked by carboxy-methine bridge was observed. Their isolation and further incubation was found to yield two types of yellowish pigments showing visible absorption maxima at 440 and 460 nm, respectively. Mass spectroscopy (MS) spectral analysis showed that the first type were xanthylium salt pigments formed by dehydration of the colourless compounds followed by an oxidation process. The loss of a water molecule was shown to take place between two A ring hydroxyl groups of the colourless dimers. The second type were shown to be ester derivatives of the first ones. Thus ethylester of xanthylium salt was obtained and fully characterized by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Esterification was found to involve the colourless compound before dehydration and thus a general scheme for xanthylium salt formation was postulated. The proposed scheme constitutes a new xanthylium formation pathway as up to now only anthocyanin-flavanol reactions were supposed to form xanthylium salt derivatives during wine ageing. This work also provides new support to the contribution of xanthylium salt in colour evolution observed during wine ageing which is generally expressed in an increase of absorption in the 400–500 nm, region of xanthylium salt absorption maxima.     

On the bioavailability of flavanols and anthocyanins: flavanol-anthocyanin dimers

The bioavailability of flavanols, anthocyanins and anthocyanin-derived pigments like flavanol-anthocyanin dimers already reported to occur in food products is a major unsolved issue. The absorption of the flavanol-anthocyanin dimer (+)-catechin-(4,8)-malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Cat-Mv3glc) through Caco-2 cells was assessed by performing transepithelial transport assays. The ability of Cat-Mv3glc to cross Caco-2 cells was compared with that of malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv3glc), (+)-catechin (Cat) and procyanidin B3 (Cat-Cat), in order to evaluate the influence of some structural features on the transport efficiency. The flavanol-anthocyanin dimer was absorbed in this intestinal model although with a lower efficiency than the monomers Cat and Mv3glc. On the other hand, Cat-Mv3glc was found to cross the intestinal barrier model more significantly than Cat-Cat. This feature may be related to the presence of the glucose moiety in its structure. Overall, this study brings more insights into the bioavailability of anthocyanins and flavanols and represents the first report on the bioavailability of flavanol-anthocyanins.     

云杉树皮乙酸乙酯萃取物组份分离与鉴定(Ⅱ)——儿茶素五聚体的鉴定

通过制备色谱,从云杉树皮乙酸乙酯萃取物组份中,分离得到化合物CB,CB的纯度由色谱技术确认。经元素分析,化学分析以及光谱分析(IR、UV、c、d,NMR)鉴定。已经证实:化合物 CB为以 4—8位连接起来的儿茶素的5聚体,其聚合物4位均为S构型。结构式(一)如下:鞣性试验表明,CB具有明显的鞣性。属于典型的鞣质。本论文的结果表明:云杉大分子鞣质的一部分是以儿茶素为母体缩合而成的儿茶类鞣质。     

Some characteristics and a comparison 6f the activities of o-dihydroxyphenoloxidase activity from five yam (Dioscorea spp.) species

o-Dihydroxyphenoloxidase (E.C. 1.14.18.1) (o-DPOase) was extracted from acetone-extracted freeze-dried yam tubers, and fractionated by (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose to give two forms from Dioscorea alta L. (cv. UM680) and three forms from D. rotundata Poir. (cv. Nwopoke). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one of the forms from each species to contain two protein bands with o-DPOase activity. o-DPOase from D. alata showed activity with catechol, (+)-catechin, (?)-epicatechin and chlorogenic acid, but not with tyrosine, as substrate, o-DPOase from D. rotundata showed activity only with catechol and (+)-catechin. K_m values for D. rotundata enzymes, calculated assuming a two-substrate reaction, were between 0.2 and 0.8 mM for oxygen and 70 and 120 mM for catechol. The enzyme was most active between pH 5.5 and pH 7.0, and showed slight activation after holding for 2 minutes at 40 or 50°C. After heating to above 60°C the enzyme showed evidence of irreversible denaturation. Theo-DPOase activity extracted from ten cultivars of five species of D. alata L., D. bulbifera L., D. cayenensis Lam., D. dumetorum Pax, and D. rotundata Poir. were compared.     

(＋)-儿茶素与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对乙醇诱导HepG2细胞脂代谢紊乱及氧化应激的影响

目的：体外对比(＋)-儿茶素（(＋)-catechin,(＋)-Cat）与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG）对乙醇诱导的HepG2细胞脂代谢紊乱及氧化应激的差异。方法：以HepG2细胞为实验对象,乙醇作用组（ETOH组）加入作用浓度300 mmol/L乙醇,(＋)-Cat＋ETOH组加入200 μmol/L (＋)-Cat和300 mmol/L乙醇,EGCG＋ETOH组加入200 μmol/L EGCG和300 mmol/L乙醇;另设相同浓度的(＋)-Cat组、EGCG组及正常组,各组均在37 ℃培养24 h。检测各组HepG2细胞甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）浓度;油红O染色观察各组HepG2细胞的脂滴状态;荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法检测各组HepG2细胞固醇调节元件结合蛋白1（sterol regulatory element binding protein 1,SREBP-1）、二脂酰甘油转移酶2（diacylglyceryltransferase 2,DGAT2）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α（peroxisomal proliferators activate receptors α,PPARα）、肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1（carnityltransferase 1,CPT1）mRNA相对表达水平。结果：ETOH组细胞发生氧化应激,同时TG含量明显高于正常组、(＋)-Cat组和EGCG组;(＋)-Cat＋ETOH组和EGCG＋ETOH组细胞氧化应激反应得到明显改善,同时TG含量显著低于ETOH组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,并且显著下调SREBP-1和DGAT2 mRNA表达量（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,上调PPARα和CPT1 mRNA表达量（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）。结论：(＋)-Cat与EGCG均能改善乙醇诱导的HepG2细胞氧化应激反应和脂代谢紊乱,且EGCG的效果更好。     

枸杞酒发酵过程中的褐变

通过测定枸杞酒发酵过程中和陈酿过程中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化规律,总酚、黄酮、10种单体酚、VC和美拉德反应中间产物五羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)的变化规律以及对应时期的褐变度变化,找到引起褐变的主要原因.结果显示,单体酚芦丁、绿原酸、阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸和对香豆酸在发酵液中含量较多,对褐变度影响...     

果酒发酵中褐变机理及其控制的研究进展

在果酒的发酵过程中,褐变现象导致了果酒的色泽、香味发生变化,降低了产品的感官特性,严重影响了果酒的品质,是果酒生产中长期存在的棘手问题。因此,探究果酒褐变的机理,并同时寻求能够有效控制果酒褐变的方法有着重要的意义。本文对近些年来该领域的研究情况进行了报道,并从果酒褐变的机理和褐变现象的控制两个方面作一综述,以期为果酒行业的发展提供有益参考。     

雪莲果发酵酒的防褐变技术研究

在不影响雪莲果果酒发酵过程和品质的前提下,通过添加抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、蜂蜜、菠萝汁等抗褐变剂来解决雪莲果果酒生产中的褐变问题,得到营养成分损失少、风味佳、色泽鲜亮的雪莲果果酒。结果表明,抑制雪莲果褐变程度的先后顺序为柠檬酸>抗坏血酸>菠萝汁雪莲混合比,蜂蜜在雪莲果酒陈酿期会产生深色物质,不适宜作为雪莲果果酒的抗褐变剂。影响感官的顺序分别为菠萝汁雪莲混合比>抗坏血酸>柠檬酸,最后得出抑制雪莲果酒褐变的最佳组合为抗坏血酸的添加量1.00%,柠檬酸的添加量0.75%,菠萝雪莲混合比为1:4。     

苹果酒的酶促与非酶促氧化褐变研究

通过对苹果、苹果酒中酚类物质、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的测定表明,氧化褐变贯穿苹果酒生产的始终;酶促氧化在苹果酒生产加工前期占优势,非酶促氧化则一直存在。以(-)-表儿茶素为例,实验中比较了这2种氧化褐变,酶促氧化反应速率是非酶促氧化的约800倍,酶促褐变程度(1.5731/120min)也远大于非酶促褐变(0.4742/316h),且两者的氧化产物也有所不同。苹果酒的氧化褐变是酶促氧化与非酶促氧化综合作用的结果。     

Sensory evaluation of bitterness and astringency of 3R(−)-epicatechin and 3S(+)-catechin

Bitterness and astringency of the monomeric flavan-3-o!s ( + )-catechin and (?)-epicatechin were rated using time-intensity (T-I) methodology. Three concentration levels (0.5. 0.9 and 1.2 g liter^?1) oi each compound were assessed, and the parameters time to maximum intensity (TMAX), intensity at the maximum (IMAX) and total duration (TTOT) were extracted from the T-I curves. No differences in TMAX for either bitterness or astringency were found between these chiral isomers or as a function of concentration within a compound. Epicatechin had a significantly higher bitter IMAX than catechin at all three concentration levels, and had a significantly longer TTOT at the two higher concentrations. Epicatechin was more astringent than catechin. but this was only significant at one concentration. Astringency TTOT was longer for epicatechin, although this was nonsignificant at the lowest concentration. The three concentrations of catechin were significantly different for both bitterness and astringency IMAX and TTOT. Epicatechin showed evidence for the astringency response plateauing above the 0.9 g litre^?1 level. n-Propylthiouracil status had no effect on perception of either bitterness or astringency.