Contraction of aluminum alloys during and after solidification

A technique for measuring the linear contraction during and after solidification of aluminum alloys was improved and used for examination of binary and commercial alloys. The effect of experimental parameters, e.g., the length of the mold and the melt level, on the contraction was studied. The correlation between the compositional dependences of the linear contraction in the solidification range and the hot tearing susceptibility was shown for binary Al-Cu and Al-Mg alloys and used for the estimation of hot tearing susceptibility of 6XXX series alloys with copper. The linear thermal contraction coefficients for binary and commercial alloys showed complex behavior at subsolidus temperatures. The technique allows estimation of the contraction coefficient of commercial alloys in a wide range of temperatures and could be helpful for computer simulations of geometrical distortions during directchill (DC) casting.     

Semianalytical Solution of Wave-Controlled Impact on Composite Laminates

Based on a structural model for wave-controlled impact, a modified Hertzian contact law was used to investigate the impact responses of composite laminates. The original nonlinear governing equation was transformed into two linear equations using asymptotic expansion. Closed-form solution can be derived for the first linear homogeneous equation, which is the equation of motion for single degree of freedom system with viscous damping. The second linear nonhomogeneous equation was solved numerically. The overall impact responses for wave-controlled impacts can be obtained semianalytically and agree well with the numerical solutions of nonlinear governing equations. The proposed methodology is useful for providing guidance to numerical simulation of impact on complex composite structures with contact laws fitting from experimental data.     

激光光谱原位统计分布分析技术测定汽车板表面线状缺陷中异常元素

用激光光谱原位统计分布分析方法(LIBSOPA)获得汽车板表面线状缺陷样品元素分布的信息。运用激光光谱定量分析、深度扫描和一维表面线扫描结合的方法得到缺陷部位和非缺陷部位的元素含量信息,然后与实际样品位置信息对应,从而得到垂直线状缺陷方向各相关元素的分布分析数据。采用激光光谱原位统计分布分析方法获得的汽车板表面线状缺陷异常元素的数据与其他方法（扫描电镜,辉光光谱法）的分析结果相符。该方法具有激发斑点小、微损分析、原位分析等优点,尤其在分析镀层覆盖下的线状缺陷方面优势明显,可以用于汽车用薄板表面线状缺陷异常元素的甄别,为改进生产工艺提供了新的判据。     

Linear Contraction Behavior of Low-Carbon,Low-Alloy Steels During and After Solidification Using Real-Time Measurements

A technique for measuring the linear contraction during and after solidification of low-alloy steel was developed and used for examination of two commercial low-carbon and low-alloy steel grades. The effects of several experimental parameters on the contraction were studied. The solidification contraction behavior was described using the concept of rigidity in a solidifying alloy, evolution of the solid fraction, and the microstructure development during solidification. A correlation between the linear contraction properties in the solidification range and the hot crack susceptibility was proposed and used for the estimation of hot cracking susceptibility for two studied alloys and verified with the real casting practice. The technique allows estimation of the contraction coefficient of commercial steels in a wide range of temperatures and could be helpful for computer simulation and process optimization during continuous casting.     

蒙特卡洛法在多点校准线性测量系统不确定度评定中的应用

多点校准线性测量系统相比单点或两点校准具有更宽的测定范围和更高的准确度、可靠性,在化学分析、物理测试等多个领域都有着广泛的应用。实验提出了蒙特卡洛法(MCM)评定多点校准线性测量系统不确定度的数学模型和仿真模拟方法,并以电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测量低合金钢中锰含量为例,介绍了MCM评定测量不确定度的详细步骤和应用方法。首先采用MCM法,根据输入量的概率分布类型,通过模拟抽样分析进行测量不确定度评定,再采用GUM法进行评定。实验结果显示,试样中锰含量的平均测量结果为(0.919±0.012)%,k=1.96,与GUM法计算得到的扩展不确定度一致。给出的方法实现了MCM法在多点校准线性测量系统不确定度评估中的应用,一定程度上解决了标准样品参考值与线性校准波动性引入不确定度量值的导入问题,有助于进一步推动不确定度评估与应用的创新与发展。     

基于多元线性回归的焦炭强度预测研究

选取配合煤的主要质量指标,运用多元线性回归法建立预测方程,然后对预测方程的回归系数做f检验,剔除对焦炭强度影响不显著的指标,重新做多元线性回归分析,得出简单、准确的预测方程。应用检验结果表明,所得方程回归效果良好,可以较好地预测焦炭强度,预测值的相对误差在5％以内。     

The effect of screw insertion torque on tendons fixed with spiked washers

The long-term success of a hamstring tendon graft depends not only on the type of device that is used for fixation but also on the mechanical interlocking of the soft tissue between the fixation device and bone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of screw insertion torque on the structural properties of soft tissue fixed to bone with a spiked metal washer. Two bovine tendons, one similar in size to a human semitendinosus tendon and the other similar in size to a human gracilis tendon, were secured to a bovine femur using a figure-of-8 technique with screws and metal spiked washers. A single load to failure was applied at 25 mm/sec. A significant positive linear correlation was observed between fixation screw insertion torque magnitude and the ultimate failure load value. An increase in the fixation screw insertion torque produced an increase in the ultimate failure load value. Similarly, there was a significant positive linear correlation between fixation screw insertion torque magnitude and the average maximum linear load value. No relationship was detected between screw insertion torque magnitude and the linear stiffness values of the tendon-fixation construct, indicating that a reproducible model was used. This study demonstrates that screw insertion torque is an important variable that controls the initial strength of soft tissue fixation to bone.     

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB acts as a chemoattractant for human malignant mesothelioma cells via PDGF receptor beta-integrin alpha3beta1 interaction

Linear amplification, or primer directed single-strand DNA synthesis, is commonly used in applications such as cycle sequencing and mapping replication block sites in DNA. Although linear amplification reactions would be expected to synthesize full-length single-stranded DNA, the synthesis is often prematurely terminated. We describe the optimization of a linear amplification protocol for synthesizing a full-length (985-nt) single-stranded pBR322 segment. The enzyme activities of five DNA polymerases commonly used in PCR amplification, namely, AmpliTaq, Stoffel fragment, Tth, Pfu, and Vent, were tested either singly or in combination. The results indicate that the additive action of small amounts of proofreading DNA polymerases to a nick-translating polymerase is optimum for linear amplification. From these results, a linear amplification protocol was developed to map DNA synthesis-blocking sites generated by the reaction of (+/-) anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide, or anti- or syn-dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-9,10-diol-11,12-epoxide with H-ras DNA surrounding the oncogenic codon 61 region. The results indicate that the central A of H-ras codon 61 (CAA) reacts with these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Molecular pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis based on the rescued knockout mouse model

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast has progressed rapidly and is commonly used to study function in many regions of the human brain. This paper introduces a method for characterizing the linear and nonlinear properties of the hemodynamic response. Such characterization is essential for accurate prediction of time-course behavior. Linearity of the BOLD response was examined in the primary visual cortex for manipulations of the stimulus amplitude and duration. Stimuli of 1, 2, 4, and 8 s duration (80% contrast) and 10, 20, 40, and 80% contrast (4 s duration) were used to test the hemodynamic response. Superposition of the obtained responses was performed to determine if the BOLD response is nonlinear. The nonlinear characteristics of the BOLD response were assessed using a Laplacian linear system model cascaded with a broadening function. Discrepancies between the model and the observed response provide an indirect measure of the nonlinearity of the response. The Laplacian linear system remained constant within subjects so the broadening function can be used to absorb nonlinearities in the response. The results show that visual stimulation under 4 s in duration and less than 40% contrast yield strong nonlinear responses.     

Structure/antigenicity relationship of cyclic and linear peptides mimicking the V3 loop of HIV2 envelope glycoprotein

We report the structure and antigenicity of the third variable region (V3) of the HIV2 envelope glycoprotein by the use of linear and cyclic peptides. To this end, a peptide mimicking this region was synthesized and purified, both as an iodoacetamidated linear peptide and a disulphide-bridged cyclic peptide. The cross-reactivity of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced against the envelope glycoprotein gp140 with the linear and cyclic peptides was tested with ELISA. The results showed that the cyclic peptide is a better ligand for the 3 mAbs 125-F, 125-J and 125-K. The avidity of the mAb/peptide interaction was further analysed by determining the concentration of linear or cyclic peptide leading to 50% inhibition of mAb-peptide complex formation (K0.5). The K0.5 value of mAb 125-F, which displayed the best reactivity with gp140, was estimated to be 5 times higher for the linear (K0.5 = 1.5 x 10(-6) M) than for the cyclic peptide (K0.5 = 3 x 10(-7) M). This indicates a higher affinity of mAb 125-F for the cyclic peptide. mAb 125-J, which exhibited a lower avidity for the gp140 compared to mAb 125-F, had a similar affinity for the cyclic and the linear peptides (K0.5 = 3 x 10(-7) M). mAb 125-K had the lowest reactivity with gp140 and its binding to adsorbed peptide could not be inhibited by the soluble linear or cyclic peptide used up to 10(-5) M. These results suggest that cyclic peptides may have a higher propensity for adopting a native-like structure for the peptide/antibody interaction. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments at 25 degrees C in phosphate buffer pH 5.4, however, showed that neither peptide displayed a well-defined structure.     

An experimental study on the use of the Hilbert operator as a method of signal preprocessing for the determination of oxygen saturation in retinal vessels

For the non-invasive measurement of the oxygen saturation in human retinal vessels, the light reflected by a vessel and its surroundings is evaluated. Differences in the absorption and scattering properties of the optical media provide so-called vessel profiles, but the central vessel section is often disturbed by a regular reflex. In order to eliminate this reflex, a method based on the Hilbert transform is presented, which can be used for the determination of logarithmic differences between the reflected light on and that beside the vessel. The data for our investigations were produced by simulation of the radiation transport in multi-layered tissue. A linear regression between expected and measured values based on 40 pairs was used for the evaluation of the proposed method. A linear relationship was shown to exist.     

基于人工神经网络预报汽车齿轮钢的端淬值

采用人工神经网络建立了关于国内某特殊钢帮生产的汽车齿轮钢的淬透性与化学成分之间关系的非线性网络模型，并验证了该模型的准确性。该方法不同于以线性回归为基础推导出的经验公式，它具有容错性好，通用性强等优点，可用于预报要求多点控制淬透性的汽车齿轮钢，这无疑为汽车齿轮钢的淬透性预报提供了一种可靠的新途径。     

多层线性模型在碳钢土壤腐蚀规律中的应用研究

针对材料在自然土壤环境中的腐蚀预测问题,提出应用多层线性模型对材料的腐蚀规律进行研究.多层线性模型是分析具有层次结构数据的新型统计技术,对于地区间土壤腐蚀规律的差异性特点和单地区实验观测样本不足的问题,可以为不同的区域分别建立腐蚀率模型,使模型假设与实际更为吻合.以碳钢在土壤中的腐蚀数据为研究对象,建立了腐蚀率的多层线性模型.实验验证了该模型可以准确地拟合和预测碳钢在土壤的腐蚀率变化,优于指数平滑算法和差分自回归移动平均算法.      

Evaluation of a Dielectric Sensor for Measurement of Soil-Water Electrical Conductivity

The salinity status of soil can be obtained through the measurement of the pore-water electrical conductivity σp. In the present study the WET sensor’s capability in predicting σp through the simultaneous measurements of the soil bulk electrical conductivity (σb) and the soil dielectric constant (K) is investigated. The estimation of σp is based on a model by Hilhorst, which relates σp to the two other quantities K and σb and an extra fitting parameter K0 which is incorporated in the software of the device. The study involved experimental measurements in the laboratory using four different soils with a large range in soil texture and volumetric water content θ. In each soil type four different electrical conductivity aqueous solutions were used. The results exhibited a rather strong linear relationship between K and σb. The slope of this linear relationship appeared to depend on both the soil type and the electrical conductivity of the pore water. The value of K0 seems to be soil specific and increases when the salinity level increases. The σp prediction according to the linear model of Hilhorst deviates for almost all soils tested, except for the case of the sandy soil. Besides the linear model of Hilhorst, the Malicki and Walczak linear model was also tested for all soils under investigation and the model of Munoz-Carpena et al. was tested for sand. Malicki and Walczak model performance at predicting σp values was approximately the same as the Hilhorst model for sand and slightly better for sandy loam. In general, one could argue that the linear models could predict σp with some accuracy for the cases of coarse porous media.     

An aptitude?×?strategy interaction in linear syllogistic reasoning.

Results of a study with 144 graduate and undergraduate students support the hypothesis that the efficiency of each of 4 alternative strategies for solving linear syllogisms—problems such as "John is taller than Bill; Bill is taller than Pete; who is tallest?"—would depend on Ss' patterns of verbal and spatial abilities. The research also had 3 subsidiary goals. The 1st was to determine whether it is possible to train Ss to use various classes of strategies for solving linear syllogisms; it was found that such training is possible. The 2nd goal was to compare the average efficiencies of 4 alternative strategies adopted spontaneously by Ss. It was found that one strategy (used spontaneously by only a small number of Ss but easily trainable) is more efficient than the alternative strategies that Ss seem to use spontaneously. The 3rd was to provide a series of converging operations for testing the validity of one particular account of linear syllogistic reasoning—a spatial–linguistic mixture model—for Ss receiving no explicit instruction in the solution of linear syllogisms. The validity of this model for the untrained Ss was supported. It is concluded that componential analysis (a series of conceptual and methodological techniques for investigating intelligent performance) can provide a useful means for studying interactions between aptitudes and experimental treatments. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preparative separation of plasmid and bacterial artificial chromosome DNA by density gradient electrophoresis in the presence of linear polymers

A density gradient apparatus was used to examine the separation of different physical forms and sizes of DNA. A gradient of sucrose was used to stabilize thermal convection during electrophoresis in the column (2.2 cm in diameter). Linear polymers were added to the density gradient and screened for their ability to separate the supercoiled, nicked circular, and linear forms of the plasmid pBR 322. The influence of different concentrations and molecular weights of the polymers was examined on the separation. Polyethylene oxide with a molecular weight of 5,000,000 and a concentration of 0.2% w/v achieved the best separation results for the different physical forms of the plasmid. The order of separation of the different physical forms of the plasmid were linear (fastest), supercoiled, and nicked circular (slowest). These conditions were also used to separate a preparation of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA. A rapidly moving form, presumably the supercoiled form, was resolved from a large amount of E. coli genomic DNA and from sheared forms of the BAC DNA.     

Association of infantile convulsions with paroxysmal dyskinesias (ICCA syndrome): confirmation of linkage to human chromosome 16p12-q12 in a Chinese family

The effectiveness of five model-independent procedures for the estimation of lag times (Tlag) was evaluated. Two new methods utilize early concentrations which are weighted by a term exponential in time. They estimate Tlag by weighted linear regression. One of these approaches evaluates also the time when maximum concentration is reached (Tmax). In addition, three older, empirically used procedures are considered. Two methods apply either the first two or three quantifiable concentrations and estimate the lag time by linear regression. Finally, the last unquantifiable concentration is often used as a measure of lag time. Simulations demonstrated that this procedure had large bias and generally high standard deviation. In contrast, the new methods showed small variation and negligible bias. The procedures applying linear regression had intermediate characteristics. Lag times were evaluated effectively by an average of two observations between Tlag and Tmax.     

Septic thrombosis of the basilic, axillary, and subclavian veins caused by a peripherally inserted central venous catheter

The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrasonographic measurement of multiple cross-sectional areas combined with linear dimensions of the bladder could be used as a method of estimating bladder volume in the dog, and, if so, to compare the accuracy of this estimation with that described previously using linear measurements alone. Fifty-two live dogs undergoing investigation for urological disease and 37 fresh canine cadavers were used for bladder volume determination. Maximal length, depth, width, and area were measured from the maximal longitudinal and transverse sonograms in each living animal. In cadavers, the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder was measured at one centimeter intervals, and the measurements were summed. Based on sequential partial regression analysis, the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length were the best predictors of actual bladder volume in living animals. However, based on the cadaver experiment, the best predictor of actual bladder volume was summed parasagittal area alone, and, in cadavers, this was a much better predictor of actual bladder volume than the combination of the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length. The formula derived in living dogs using the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length gave a less accurate estimation of bladder volume than a previously published formula where only linear measurements were used.     

双卧轴强制式混凝土搅拌机叶片的磨料磨损研究

双卧轴强制式混凝土搅拌机是一种高效、快速的混凝土搅拌器械,广泛用于各种混凝土工程中。以某型号双卧轴强制式混凝土搅拌机为研究对象,根据磨料磨损机理推出搅拌叶片线磨损率的计算公式,通过Fluent软件的计算和相关后处理工作得出搅拌叶片表面线磨损率的分布。分析结果表明,搅拌叶片的顶端附近处线磨损率最大,磨损最为严重;根据线磨损率的数值可预估搅拌叶片的使用寿命。研究对于预估整机的使用寿命提供了一定的理论依据和数值依据,对搅拌臂的布局和搅拌叶片材料的选择和处理也提供了一定的科学依据。     

Area-metric analysis of dye leakage for evaluation of sealing ability of root canal obturation techniques

Root canal sealing ability of obturation techniques has been assessed in vitro with various methods. The majority of the methods employ microleakage tracers and particularly dyes. In vitro measurements of dye penetration are either linear or volumetric. Area-metric analysis is a three dimensional registration method of dye leakage. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate in cleared teeth area-metric analysis as opposed to linear analysis of dye penetration. Forty freshly extracted single rooted human teeth were used. Instrumentation was carried out using Hedstroem files with a step back technique. The root canals were obturated using Roth sealer and qutta-percha cones and lateral condensation technique. The roots were then subjected to dye leakage tests under vacuum of 50 mmHg for 20 min. India ink was used as the tracer. The roots were randomly divided in two groups. In Group A the roots were cleared and linear measurements of the dye penetration were recorded The roots in Group B were ground stepwise transversally and subjected to area metric analysis. The results showed that area-metric analysis enabled sufficient recordings of the dye leakage patterns and the volume of the dye penetration could also be calculated.