葡萄伤流与抗寒性关系研究

以2个鲜食品种(红地球、藤稔)的自根苗和嫁接苗、4种砧木(雄性变叶葡萄、贝达、101-14以及520A)、3个酿酒品种(贵人香、赤霞珠和黑比诺)为试材,进行不同的越冬处理,对伤流液产生情况及成分进行测定比较。结果表明:以少毛变叶葡萄LDP-294为砧木嫁接的红地球和以少毛变叶葡萄LDP-191为砧木嫁接的藤稔伤流液产生早,产生量多,且可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量高于自根苗;砧木品种中,贝达和雄性变叶葡萄伤流液产生时间早,产生量大,可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量较高;酿酒品种中,黑比诺伤流液中可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高。以LDP-294为砧木嫁接的红地球和以LDP-191为砧木嫁接的藤稔的抗寒性较强;砧木贝达和雄性少毛变叶葡萄表现出较好的抗寒性;3个酿酒品种中黑比诺表现出较强的抗寒性。初步看来在埋土越冬区,葡萄伤流液产生时间、产生量及可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,与葡萄抗寒性有一定正相关性。     

葡萄砧木新品种—华佳8号的选育

利用华东葡萄(Vitispseudoreticulata)与佳利酿(Carignane)杂交,从其后代中选出了一个生长势极强的单株,其根系发达,扦插育苗成活率为45% ～55.8% 。作为砧木与藤稔等葡萄品种嫁接亲和力强,试验表明,华佳8 号与藤稔这一砧穗组合的幼树生长势极强,总生长量是常规巨峰砧藤稔的3.7 倍,有明显的乔化作用。5 年累计亩产量是巨峰砧的1.5 倍,果穗与果实品质均超过巨峰砧。笔者认为华佳8 号是藤稔葡萄较为理想的砧木品种。     

SO4砧木的藤稔葡萄栽培管理要点

笔者1995年引入德国多抗性葡萄专用砧木SO4,藤稔嫁接在SO4砧木的苗于2000年开始应用在生产上,至2003年在浙江、上海、苏南、湖南、安徽、湖北、福建、重庆等地开始发展.     

‘巨峰’和‘红地球’与9个常见葡萄砧木嫁接成活率研究

我国各地葡萄栽培环境条件多种多样,而葡萄砧木品种众多,性状各异。有针对性的选择葡萄砧木及适宜的嫁接苗可以改善环境条件的制约,达到优质丰产的效果。本文从常用葡萄砧木的特性展开探讨,分析各砧木的主要性状,调查‘巨峰’与‘红地球’在9个葡萄常见砧木上的嫁接成活率、成苗率和生长量。结果表明,巨峰/110R嫁接组合、红地球/3309嫁接组合在嫁接成活率、成苗率以及生长量综合表现最佳,而红地球/5BB嫁接组合成苗率为0%,即‘红地球’不适宜与‘5BB’嫁接,‘110R’适宜作为‘巨峰’和‘红地球’两个品种的砧木。     

酿酒葡萄嫁接育苗过程中砧穗愈合和生根原理探析

本文从葡萄科植物生根特点、嫁接愈合和生根原理以及影响嫁接愈合和生根的因素等几个方面对酿酒葡萄工业化育苗过程中砧穗愈合和生根原理进行了初步探析。发现愈伤组织的形成是嫁接愈合生根的首要条件,其形成主要取决于外界环境条件(温度、湿度、氧气、光暗条件)和内在因素(砧木和接穗枝条质量、营养状况、病虫危害);根的形成主要利用愈伤组织脱分化形成新的植株根原基,根原基在适宜的条件下发育成新的根系;而砧穗愈合则是砧穗的愈伤组织相互连接,并重新形成新的疏导组织。     

河南野生葡萄属资源的考察收集

2006-2008年,连续3年对河南境内的野生葡萄资源进行了考察收集.主要收集的中国野生葡萄的种类有桑叶葡萄、秋葡萄、变叶葡萄、桦叶葡萄、匷薁和武汉葡萄6个种.桑叶葡萄和匷薁在河南省境内的分布范围极其广泛,密度很大,并且主要分布在浅山丘陵地区.变叶葡萄和秋葡萄在灵宝、三门峡境内山区分布较为广泛.桦叶葡萄在多个地区有发现,但出现的频率很低.武汉葡萄仅在信阳发现了1次.变叶葡萄和秋葡萄之间的过渡类型很多.其中变叶葡萄的变化类型极为丰富,从叶片裂片类型上看,有3裂变叶葡萄、5裂变叶葡萄和3～5裂变叶葡萄,从叶被绒毛密度分为有毛变叶葡萄、少毛变叶葡萄和无毛变叶葡萄等.     

河南野生葡萄属资源的考察收集

2006—2008年,连续3年对河南境内的野生葡萄资源进行了考察收集。主要收集的中国野生葡萄的种类有桑叶葡萄、秋葡萄、变叶葡萄、桦叶葡萄、婴奠和武汉葡萄6个种。桑叶葡萄和葜奠在河南省境内的分布范围极其广泛,密度很大,并且主要分布在浅山丘陵地区。变叶葡萄和秋葡萄在灵宝、三门峡境内山区分布较为广泛。桦叶葡萄在多个地区有发现,但出现的频率很低。武汉葡萄仅在信阳发现了1次。变叶葡萄和秋葡萄之间的过渡类型很多。其中变叶葡萄的变化类型极为丰富,从叶片裂片类型上看,有3裂变叶葡萄、5裂变叶葡萄和3～5裂变叶葡萄,从叶被绒毛密度分为有毛变叶葡萄、少毛变叶葡萄和无毛变叶葡萄等。     

高妻葡萄引种栽培初报

我县８０年代大面积栽培的巨峰葡萄,因坐果率低穗型松散和上市集中,价格逐年下降;９０年代以来先后推广栽培的藤稔葡萄抗病性强,坐果率高,果粒极大,但口感风味不及巨峰,且长途外运脱粒严重;红提、黑提品质优,耐贮耐运,但抗病性差,且始果期偏晚……针对上述问题,我们查阅了日本九９０代以来注册的葡萄新品种资料,于１９９５年春分别从韩国新世界育种园和日本植原葡萄研究所引入一批葡萄新品种枝条,其中高妻品种嫁接４００株,成活３９６株,１９９６年全部开花结果。１９９７年和１９９８年每６６６．７ｍ２产量控制在２０００…     

葡萄试管简易嫁接技术

通过葡萄试管嫁接及试管简易嫁接的研究表明,葡萄试管嫁接可用试管砧木苗,也可用种子实生砧木苗进行。对比了各自优点和不足,发现在无糖培养基上,试管简易繁殖砧木苗进行试管嫁接成活率低于种子砧木苗试管嫁接,更低于含糖培养基上的试管嫁接。同时,葡萄试管嫁接也要注意植物的极性。     

葡萄砧木耐盐碱性研究进展

盐碱胁迫是制约葡萄产业发展的重要因子之一,优良砧木的选用可提高植株的耐盐碱性,是葡萄耐盐碱栽培、优质丰产的基础。本文总结了近年来盐碱胁迫对葡萄砧木生长的影响、不同葡萄砧木的耐盐碱性、葡萄砧木对盐碱胁迫的生理响应与分子应答、以及盐碱胁迫对葡萄砧木嫁接后接穗的影响等方面的研究成果,指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对今后葡萄砧木耐盐碱方面的研究作出展望,为葡萄耐盐碱砧木品种的选育和利用提供参考,促进我国葡萄产业健康可持续发展。     

Yield-salinity relationships of different grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) scion-rootstock combinations

Three data sets derived from 5– or 6‐year field experiments at Merbein (Victoria), Dareton (New South Wales) and Loxton (South Australia) were used to assess the relationship between yield of own‐rooted or grafted grapevines and electrical conductivity of the saturated soil paste extract (ECe). This involved a non‐linear least squares fit method to determine the threshold of ECe at which yield begins to decline and the slope of the yield reduction with increasing ECe above that threshold. Threshold and slope are the two key parameters in this piece wise linear model of grapevine response to salinity. The soil ECe values were integrated to take account of both spatial and temporal variation in soil salinity within the profile. The ECe threshold for own‐rooted Sultana at Merbein in the Sunraysia region was found to be 2.3 0.2 dS/m and the slope of yield reduction above the threshold was 8.9 1.2 % per 1 dS/m increase in soil ECe. At Dareton, a similar threshold of 2.1 0.3 dS/m was found for own‐rooted Sultana, however the higher slope of the yield reduction (15.0 2.0 %) relative to the same vines at Merbein may have been related to the higher sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in irrigation water and its impacts on soil physical properties, especially in that part of the vineyard with a heavier soil type. The rootstock Ramsey resulted in a threshold of 3.3 0.2 dS/m and slope of 5.7 0.4% with the scion Colombard at Loxton, indicating a more tolerant combination of scion‐rootstock to salinity. The rootstocks 1103 Paulsen and R2 with Sultana as scion were the most salt tolerant, with no discernible yield reduction until ECe exceeded about 4 dS/m. Of four other rootstocks with Sultana as scion, compared with own‐rooted Sultana, J17–69, and R4 had similar threshold values (2.3 0.2 and 2.5 0.2 dS/m) and slopes of yield reduction (10.1 1.9 % and 8.0 0.5 %, respectively), while R1 had a similar threshold of 1.8 0.2 dS/m but a lower slope of yield reduction (4.3 0.9 %) than Sultana on own roots and R3, J17–69, R1 and R4 rootstocks. Comparatively, R3 rootstock responded differently by way of a higher threshold of 3.0 0.2 dS/m than own‐rooted Sultana and J17–69 and R1 rootstocks and a higher slope of yield reduction of 12.4 1.0 % relative to Sultana on own roots and R4 and R1 rootstocks. Based on our long‐term studies of yield‐salinity relationships on contrasting sites, the pre‐eminence of certain rootstocks in conferring tolerance to soil salinity has been confirmed. Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, and a new hybrid designated here as R3 were generally outstanding, with Ramsey varying only slightly in its comparative effectiveness when grafted to different scion varieties. An overall interaction between scion variety and rootstock genotype was thus evident in the form of yield‐salinity relationships.     

An assessment of rootstocks for Sunmuscat (Vitis vinifera L.): a new drying variety

Sunmuscat scions, either grafted onto one of seven rootstock, or as own-rooted vines, were grown under irrigation according to the practices of warm-climate viticulture in north-western Victoria. The trial was located within a commercial vineyard on a sandy loam soil, and represented a typical replant situation. Grapevine performance was assessed over five seasons, viz. 1999–2004 inclusive, in terms of yield per vine, berry weight, juice composition and vigour (based on trunk girth). The highest yielding rootstock over the trial period was 1103 Paulsen (28.9 kg /vine) followed by 140 Ruggeri and Ramsey (26.1 and 25.8 kg /vine respectively), S04 (22.5 kg /vine), Schwarzmann, 101-14 and Teleki 5A (19.9, 18.7 and 18.4 kg /vine respectively). Scions on their own roots returned lowest yield (15.5 kg /vine). Berry weights were largest for the three high yielding rootstocks (2.3 g) and smallest with own roots (2.0 g). Total soluble sugars in harvested fruit were largely unaffected by rootstock in most seasons, although taken over all seasons, fruit from scions grafted onto Ramsey rootstock had the lowest levels, while Teleki 5A had the highest levels (viz. 23.4^oBrix and 24.7^oBrix respectively). Comparative vigour for all seven graft combinations was inferred from trunk circumference. There was a 2-fold difference in rootstock girth below the graft union (viz. 265 mm for 1103 Paulsen, compared to 135 mm for S04), whereas differences in the scion girth above the graft union were minor (only 16%). Relative compatibility of scion and stock was inferred from 'girth ratio' of trunk circumference above compared with below the graft union. Girth ratio was highest for Sunmuscat scions grafted onto SO4 rootstock, and lowest for scions on 1103 Paulsen. Scion girth and vine yield were broadly correlated.     

Soil nitrogen utilisation for growth and gas exchange by grapevines in response to nitrogen supply and rootstock

This study investigated the response to nitrogen (0 or 100 kg N/ha) of field-grown Müller-Thurgau grapevines grafted on six rootstocks (Kober 5BB, Teleki 5C, Teleki 8B, Selection Oppenheim 4, Couderc 3309, Ruggeri 140). Half the nitrogen was applied four weeks pre-flowering and half at the end of flowering. Glutamine accounted for over 85% of xylem nitrogen, indicating that most soil nitrogen was assimilated by way of vine root metabolism. Nitrogen supply increased the translocation of glutamine, glutamate, NO₃^-_-, NH₄+, K+, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺and PO₄^3–in the xylem sap and decreased the ratio of organic to inorganic nitrogen. V. berlandieri × V. riparia crosses generally resulted in higher xylem solute concentrations compared with other rootstocks, but were less effective in total nitrogen assimilation. High soil nitrogen increased vine leaf area by stimulating lateral-shoot growth, increased leaf chlorophyll, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance, and delayed leaf senescence. There was no difference among rootstocks in scion leaf area, but rootstocks affected scion response to soil nitrogen level in terms of leaf chlorophyll content and leaf gas exchange; SO4 induced the strongest reaction to soil N, whereas Ru-140 elicited the least reaction. Chlorophyll content was highest for vines grafted on 5BB and lowest for C-3309. Photosynthesis response to both nitrogen and rootstock was regulated at the mesophyll level. There were few interactions between nitrogen and rootstocks, and their contribution to total variance was small relative to main effects. Thus, with the exception of SO4, differences due to rootstocks were mostly unaffected by soil nitrogen level.     

Rootstock effects on salt tolerance of irrigated field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana).: 1. Yield and vigour inter-relationships

Vegetative growth and yield of grapevines grown in the field on their own roots or grafted to a range of rootstocks were investigated under drip irrigation with water of three salinity levels (0.40, 1.75 and 3.50 dS/m) over a five‐year period. Rootstocks were Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, J17–69 and 4 hybrids (designated R1, R2, R3 and R4) derived from parentage involving Vitis champini, V. berlandieri and V. vinifera. Of measured yield components (bunches per shoot, bunches per vine, weight per bunch, weight per berry and total yield), only weight per berry was significantly reduced by high salinity (3.50 dS/m) in each year of the trial with the exception of Sultana on 1103 Paulsen and R2 in 1991 and Sultana on Ramsey in 1993. Weights of one‐year‐old pruning wood were also reduced by high salinity in all years for own roots and all rootstocks, with the exception of R2. Mean yield values at each salinity level over the five‐year period of the trial were highest for Sultana on Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen and R2. High salinity had no effect on five‐year mean yields of Sultana on Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen and R2. Yield (five‐year means) of Sultana on Ramsey and R2 at 1.75 dS/m were significantly higher than at 0.40 dS/m by 14.6% and 13.4% respectively. In contrast, 5‐year mean yields of Sultana on J17–69, own roots, R1, R3 and R4 at 3.50 dS/m were reduced by 54, 30, 20, 30 and 30% respectively. Yield of Sultana on J17–69, R1 and R4 rootstocks was reduced by 47, 20 and 24% respectively at 1.75 dS/m. When yield was regressed against bunches per vine and weight per bunch for Sultana on own roots and on Ramsey rootstock, bunches per vine was the main determinant of yield, while weight per berry showed a poor correlation with yield at all salinity levels. Rootstock ranking for salt tolerance based on yield at high salinity was the same as rankings for pruning wood weights at high salinity. The same occurred at medium salinity, demonstrating that vigour imparted by the rootstock was a major factor in Sultana salt tolerance as measured by yield. Mean root weighted soil saturation paste electrical conductivities (RWEC_e) (determined from soil saturation paste salinities and root length densities) were in the range 2.0–2.6 dS/m for the low salinity treatment, increasing to approximately 5.4 dS/m with increasing salinity of irrigation water. Yield reduction for own‐rooted vines for each 1.0 dS/m increase in RWEC_e above 2.6 dS/m was 9.3%.     

Rootstock effects on salt tolerance of irrigated field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana). 3. Fresh fruit composition and dried grape quality

Field‐grown vines of cv. Sultana on either their own roots or grafted to a range of rootstocks, were drip‐irrigated at one of three salinity levels (0.40, 1.75 and 3.50 dS/m) over a five year period. Rootstocks were Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, J17‐69 and 4 hybrids (designated R1, R2, R3 and R4) derived from parentage involving Vitis champini, V. berlandieri and V. vinifera. Grape juice total soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH were measured at harvest, while colour of dried fruit was measured before and after processing and again after six months storage. Damage index (an indicator of skin damage) was measured post‐processing; sugar crystal formation in dried grapes and dried grape compaction were measured post‐storage. There was a strong salinity x rootstock interaction for grape juice soluble solids concentration, soluble solids yield (the product of soluble solids concentration and fruit yield) and pH, but not for titratable acidity when analysed on the basis of 5 year means. Small increases (< 5%) in juice soluble solids concentration were recorded at medium salinity (1.75 dS/m) for the low vigour genotypes, Sultana on own‐roots and on J17‐69 rootstock, based on the 5 year means and Fisher's protected (interaction) LSDs. Moderate increases (< 10%) also occurred in years of low crop load e.g. 1993 at high salinity for the high vigour rootstock R2 and in 1995 at medium salinity for Sultana on own roots and at high salinity for Sultana on R1 rootstock. By contrast, decreases in soluble solids concentration occurred with increasing salinity for the high vigour rootstocks (Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen and R2) in years of high crop load e.g. 1992. Small (< 2%) increases in grape juice pH were recorded at high salinity for Sultana on R3 rootstock and moderate increases (< 7%) in grape juice titratable acidity were recorded at high salinity for Sultana on own roots and Sultana on J17‐69, R1, R2 and R4 rootstocks. Dried grapes from all treatments achieved a light amber colour (quality grade termed 5 crown light) and were generally of high quality. Sultanas from own‐rooted grapevines were redder (higher ‘a‐value’) than sultanas from 1103 Paulsen and Ramsey when assessed as unprocessed fruit, after processing (both years) and after 6 weeks storage. While soluble solids yields per vine were 23–31% lower at high salinity for Sultana on own roots and on R1, R3 and R4 rootstocks, they were unaffected by high salinity for Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen and R2 rootstocks. Moreover, soluble solids yields for Sultana on Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen and R2 rootstocks were 1.4 to 2.5‐fold higher than for Sultana on the other rootstocks at high salinity. This study has shown that over a 5 year period rootstocks such as Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen and R2 grafted with Sultana were tolerant of salinity, producing dried grapes of generally high quality.     

Rootstock effects on salt tolerance of irrigated field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana) 2. Ion concentrations in leaves and juice

Field vines of cv. Sultana, grown either on their own roots, or grafted to a range of rootstocks, were drip‐irrigated at three salinity levels (0.40, 1.75 and 3.50 dS/m) over a five‐year period. Rootstocks comprised Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, J17‐69 and 4 hybrids (designated R1, R2, R3 and R4) derived from parentage involving Vitis champini, V. berlandieri and V. vinifera. Concentrations of Cl^‐, Na+, K+, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were measured in petioles at flowering, and in laminae and grape juice at harvest, in each year of the trial. Vines on all rootstocks accumulated less chloride in either petioles at flowering or in laminae and juice at harvest compared with vines on own roots at all salinity treatments. By inference, all rootstocks behaved as chloride excluders relative to the roots of own‐rooted vines. 1103 Paulsen was the best chloride excluder based on lowest concentrations of accumulated Cl^‐ in petioles, laminae and grape juice at high salinity. Sultana on R3 rootstock at high salinity accumulated more Na+ in both laminae and grape juice (at harvest) than did Sultana on own roots or on any of the other rootstocks. Laminae K+ at harvest time was reduced at high salinity in Sultana on own roots and on all rootstocks. Concentrations of both Cl^‐ and Na+ in petioles at flowering and in laminae and grape juice at harvest showed no significant correlation with either yield (as kg of fresh grapes per vine) or vigour (as measured by fresh weight of one‐year‐old pruning wood per vine) for any salinity treatment. There was however, a strong positive correlation between yield and the subsequent weight of one‐year‐old pruning wood for all salinity treatments. There was also a negative correlation between Na+ concentrations in petioles at flowering and the subsequent weight of one year‐old‐pruning wood from the 0.40 dS/m treatment. Similar negative correlations were found between Na+ concentration in both laminae and grape juice at harvest time, and the subsequent weight of one‐year‐old pruning wood from the 0.40 dS/m treatment (but not from either the 1.75 or 3.50 dS/m treatments). Based on these findings and those from Walker et al. 2002a we conclude that a high innate vigour of a rootstock combined with moderate to high chloride and sodium exclusion ability represents the best combination for salt tolerance in Sultana grapevines as measured by yield at moderate to high salinity.     

赤霉素对葡萄无籽果形成和果实大小的影响

在不同时期用不同浓度赤霉素处理葡萄品种巨峰、藤稔和京亚,对其产生无籽果和果实大小进行了研究,结果表明,赤霉素处理均促进了葡萄无籽果的形成而且显著增加了单果重。巨峰和京亚均以花前80mg·L-1+花期40mg·L-1GA3处理无籽果率最高,分别为100%和82.3%,藤稔则以花前80mg·L-1+花期80mg·L-1GA3处理无籽果率最高,为66.7%;巨峰以花后200mg·L-1GA3处理单果重增加最为显著,而藤稔和京亚则以花前+花期GA3处理单果重增加最为显著。     

SO4和贝达砧木对鄞红葡萄生长与果实品质的影响

以SO4和贝达砧木嫁接鄞红葡萄,研究这两种砧木对鄞红葡萄生长和果实品质的影响.结果表明,与自根苗相比,嫁接SO4和贝达砧木的鄞红葡萄萌芽和结实状况良好,果实着色均匀,叶片叶绿素、可溶性固形物、总糖和产量均较自根苗增加,是平原水网地区鄞红葡萄的优良砧木.     

酿酒葡萄嫁接育苗中砧穗组合愈合性与生根率的研究

本文对5个优良酿酒葡萄品种和4种砧木嫁接组合的愈合性及生根率进行研究,结果发现,砧木品种101-14对试验的5个葡萄品种均具有较好的愈合性和生根率,是嫁接生产苗木的首选砧木品种,其次是砧木品种5BB,而SO4的表现相对较差。     

Effect of reduced irrigation on growth,yield, ripening rates and water relations of Chardonnay vines grafted to five rootstocks

Background and Aims: In the first decade of the 21st century, drought within the Murray–Darling Basin has reduced the amount of water available for irrigation. We investigated whether the response of vines to reduced irrigation was modified by rootstock. Methods and Results: Reduced irrigation (5 versus 8 ML/(ha·year)) was applied to Chardonnay vines grafted to five rootstocks (Ramsey, 140 Ruggeri, 1103 Paulsen, 110 Richter and K51‐40) for four seasons. It decreased the yield from 29.3 to 26.7 kg/vine, and increased the irrigation water use index (IWUI) from 4.7 to 6.6 t/(ha·ML), but gains in this index declined as the trial progressed. The values of mid‐afternoon leaf water potential were not affected by reduced irrigation, but leaf CO₂ assimilation declined from 13.1 to 11.7 µmol/(m²·s). These effects were independent of rootstock. Reduced irrigation did not increase soil salinity (ECe) or vine tissue Na and Cl concentrations. Vines on Ramsey and 1103 Paulsen rootstocks had higher yields, 32.2 and 30.0 kg/vine, respectively, and the highest IWUIs, 5.9 and 5.5 t/(ha·ML). In two of the three seasons, reducing irrigation did not affect the rates of ripening (°Brix/growing degree days) excepting vines on 1103 Paulsen. Ripening rates varied by 1.5‐fold between seasons. Conclusion: The yield and growth responses of Chardonnay vines to a 35% reduction in irrigation were not modified by rootstock. Significance of the Study: Reducing irrigation did not lead to a build‐up of soil salts. The response of vines to reduced irrigation on rootstocks rated as having good drought tolerance was the same as that for vines on a rootstock rated as having poor drought tolerance.