Investigation of collaborative research trends in Indian medical sciences: 1900–1945

The decade beginning 1925 is important in the history of medical science in modern India. This is evident from the bibliometric study of the publications in theIndian Medical Gazette, from 1900 to 1945. The paper studies the evolution of collaboration in the field of medical sciences during this period. In order to do so the study determines the: (i) pattern of collaboration in basic and applied research in medical science; (ii) trends in the multiplicity of authors; and (iii) the type of collaboration for the period 1900–1945. The collaborative and authorship trends discussed in the paper suggests that medical science was still in the developing stage in India in the period 1900–1945, and there was a possibility of its expansion in the near future.     

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of twin-roll-cast Mg–2.9Al–0.9Zn alloy: A study with processing map

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of twin-roll-cast of Mg–2.9Al–0.9Zn–0.4Mn (AZ31) alloy has been studied using the processing map. The tensile tests were conducted in the temperature range of 150–400 °C and the strain rate range of 0.0004–4 s⁻¹ to establish the processing map. The different efficiency domains and flow instability region corresponding to various microstructural characteristics have been identified as follows: (i) the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) domain in the range of 200–280 °C/≤0.004 s⁻¹ with fine grains which provides a potential for warm deformation such as deep drawing; (ii) the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) domain around 400 °C at high strain rate (0.4 s⁻¹ and above) with excellent elongation which can be utilized for forging, extrusion and rolling; (iii) the grain boundary sliding (GBS) domain at slow strain rate (below 0.004 s⁻¹) above 350 °C appears abundant of cavities, which result in fracture and reduce the ductility of the adopted material; and (iv) the flow instability region which locates at the upper left of the processing map shows the metallographic feature of flow localization.     

Citation networks in information science

The method of co-citation analysis is used to build citation networks in information science. As data base the first 13 volumes (1961–1973) of the leading Soviet journal in the field (Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya Informatsiya) were used. The results reveal the topical structure of information science, the communities of authors and the names of single leading scientists. The evaluation of scientists' work is based on two measures: productivity (with or without co-authorship) and popularity (popularity of authors and popularity of papers).     

Use of bibliographic data bases for scientometric studies

The paper is a review of different applications of various bibliographic data bases to bibliometric and scientometric research such as identifying the leading journals in certain fields, investigating the structure and development of particular fields including trend analysis and forecasting, as well as the study of the contribution of various countries to world science as reflected in scientific literature presented in information files. The paper also covers the results of investigation of Polish scientific literature, as presented in the foreign data bases, in the fields of information science (LISA, ISA, INSPEC, 1977–1983), chemistry (CASearch, 1978–1985), physics (INSPEC, 1979–1985), science-various disciplines (SCISEARCH, 1980–1984). Along with many advantages of using bibliographic data bases for scientometric research some limitations are also described which may originate in data bases content, and have to be taken into account while designing such a type of investigation.     

Processing maps for hot-working of powder metallurgy 1100 Al-10 vol % SiC-particulate metal-matrix composite

The hot-working characteristics of the metal-matrix composite (MMC) Al-10 vol % SiC-particulate (SiC_p) powder metallurgy compacts in as-sintered and in hot-extruded conditions were studied using hot compression testing. On the basis of the stress-strain data as a function of temperature and strain rate, processing maps depicting the variation in the efficiency of power dissipation, given by = 2m/(m+1), where m is the strain rate sensitivity of flow stress, have been established and are interpreted on the basis of the dynamic materials model. The as-sintered MMC exhibited a domain of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) with a peak efficiency of about 30% at a temperature of about 500°C and a strain rate of 0.01 s^–1. At temperatures below 350°C and in the strain rate range 0.001–0.01 s^–1 the MMC exhibited dynamic recovery. The as-sintered MMC was extruded at 500°C using a ram speed of 3 mm s^–1 and an extrusion ratio of 101. A processing map was established on the extruded product, and this map showed that the DRX domain had shifted to lower temperature (450°C) and higher strain rate (1 s^–1). The optimum temperature and strain rate combination for powder metallurgy billet conditioning are 500°C and 0.01 s^–1, and the secondary metal-working on the extruded product may be done at a higher strain rate of 1 s^–1 and a lower temperature of 425°C.     

Modeling multinational publication: Development of an on-line fractionation approach to measure national scientific output

This study of multinational publication (publications involving authors from more than one country) focuses on a viable method of fractionation, which can be used in on-line bibliometric research. Fractionation occurs when the credit for co-authored papers is added only partially to the total of publications of countries or authors. We attempted to find an empirical relation between the share of a country's papers in some field that is multinationally co-authored and the degree of fractionation which results. A linear regression analysis yielded a significant correlation of –0.95. The fractionation method is the first that can be applied to publication data collected on-line. A comparison is made with fractionation by first author (i.e., first address) counting. Application of the method to British scientific output for 1984–1989 suggests that British output was stable. The fractionation method can be applied to both natural and life sciences and to social and behavioral sciences. Findings suggest that similar processes of multinational publication are prevalent in both types of science. Implications of the model are discussed.     

Specialties and disciplines in science and social science: An examination of their structure using citation indexes

The technique of co-citation cluster analysis is applied to a special three-year (1972–1974) file of theSocial Sciences Citation Index. An algorithm is devised for identifying clusters which belong to a discipline based on the percentage of source documents which appear in a disciplinary journal set. Clusters in three disciplines (economics, sociology and psychology) are identified using this algorthm. Clusters in a specialty of natural science (particle physics) obtained from the 1973Science Citation Index are compared and contrasted with the three groups of social sciences clusters. Certain common structural characteristics of the social science and natural science groups suggest that knowledge is developing in parts of the social science disciplines in a manner similar to the natural sciences.Prepared for presentation at the joint meeting of The Society for Social Studies of Science and the Research Committee on the Sociology of Science of the International Sociological Association, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, November 4–6, 1976.     

The use of bibliometric and knowledge elicitation techniques to map a knowledge domain: Software Engineering in the 1990s

Summary Parallel mappings of the intellectual and cognitive structure of Software Engineering (SE) were conducted using Author Cocitation Analysis (ACA), PFNet Analysis, and card sorting, a Knowledge Elicitation (KE) method. Cocitation counts for 60 prominent SE authors over the period 1990 - 1997 were gathered from SCISEARCH. Forty-six software engineers provided similar data by sorting authors’ names into labeled piles. At the 8 cluster level, ACA and KE identified similar author clusters representing key areas of SE research and application, though the KE labels suggested some differences between the way that the authors’ works were used and how they were perceived by respondents. In both maps, the clusters were arranged along a horizontal axis moving from “micro” to “macro” level R&D activities (correlation of X axis coordinates = 0.73). The vertical axis of the two maps differed (correlation of Y axis coordinates = -0.08). The Y axis of the ACA map pointed to a continuum of high to low formal content in published work, whereas the Y axis of the KE map was anchored at the bottom by “generalist” authors and at the top by authors identified with a single, highly specific and consistent specialty. The PFNet of the raw ACA counts identified Boehm, Basili, and Booch as central figures in subregions of the network with Boehm being connected directly or through a single intervening author with just over 50% of the author set. The ACA and KE combination provides a richer picture of the knowledge domain and provide useful cross-validation.     

Effects of strain on the workability of a high strength low alloy steel in hot compression

Based on the experimental results from the hot compression tests of 42CrMo steel, the efficiencies of power dissipation and instability parameter were evaluated. The effects of strain on the efficiency of power dissipation and instability parameter of 42CrMo steel have been discussed in detail. Processing maps were constructed by superimposition of the instability map over the power dissipation map. The dynamic recrystallization domains and instable zones were identified in the processing map. The effects of strain on microstructural evolutions were correlated with the processing maps. According to the 3D processing maps, the optimum domain of hot deformation is in the temperature range of 1050–1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–3 s⁻¹, with its peak efficiency of 32% at about 1140 °C and 0.23 s⁻¹, which are the optimum hot working parameters.     

Access and retrieval of information as coordinates of scientific development and achievement in Nigeria

In the pioneering study on the quantitation of science in the first generation Nigerian Universities between 1975–79 using the scientific indicator of publication count of publishing scientists derived from ISI database, the data showed a real growth in scientific output. The growth correlated well with Federal Government funding of the Universities and the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The decline and often erratic funding stemmed the rate of growth in most of the Universities. In spite of the modest growth recorded for the fastest growing science of Biochemistry, where nutrition was identified as the major front of research, high infant morality rate (an index of under-development) was unabated. Retrieval of information to aid prosecution of relevant research and lack of access to scientific information have resulted in intellectual isolation of Nigerian scientists and inapplicability of research findings. Apart from India, the pathetic state of scientific growth and relevance in Nigeria is typical of the Developing Countries (DC). The situation calls for awareness of the importance of science indicators in strengthening the coverage of third world science and for support of science in the DC. Refining of science indicators for suitability to measuring science in these countries is also advocated.Paper presented at the International Conference on Science Indicators for Developing Countries, Paris, 15–19 October, 1990.     

Limiting State of High-Pressure Chambers

The authors present a procedure of estimation of the limiting state of a multilayer high-pressure chamber whose inner layer is made of materials that differ in plasticity. The problem has been solved in the Lamé–Gadolin–Belyaev formulation using the Pisarenko–Lebedev strength criterion. It has been found that to the limiting state represented by the onset of plastic yielding there corresponds a pressure which can be three and more times higher than the tensile yield limit of material of the inner layer. The use of steels in the inner layer is shown to offer considerable advantages over carbides.     

Some problems of measuring the impact of R&D upon the efficiency of social production

A critical analysis of works by Soviet authors, devoted to the problem of assessing the contribution of science to the efficiency of social production, is carried out. The computational results of two different versions of production function and a factor analysis technique are also presented, based on the same statistical data of the 8th and the 9th Five-Year-Plan periods. The numerical value of economic efficiency of investment in R & D, which was determined by relating the benefits from R & D to the associated expenditures, has been found to be 2.1–11 times higher than the profitability of plant investment. The classification and analysis of the major factors, contributing to the growth of public production efficiency, using a multiple correlation technique, show, that a 1% increase in R & D expenditures is associated with a 0.43% rise in labor productivity which also confirms the higher productivity of R & D investments.     

Beyond invisible colleges: Inspirations and aspirations of post-1972 social studies of science

A ten-year perspective on studies of scientific specialties-theory, method, and focus-from the social studies of science literature is presented. The inspirationprovided byPrice's work on invisible colleges andCrane's 1972 monograph of the same name is traced conceptually through the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. A decade later the literature on specialties is seen to aspire to interdisciplinary knowledge of scientific growth, fragmentation, consolidation, and supersession.This essay is based upon the introduction to my Sociology of Sciences: An Annotated Bibliography on Invisible Colleges, 1972–1981 (Garland, 1983).     

Authorship patterns in life sciences,preclinical basic and clinical research papers

The present paper examines the multiple authorship in research papers in biomedical sciences from the more basic aspects to clinically oriented research. Seventeen journals were chosen for analysis — nine from the general and life sciences categories and eight from medical sciences group with clinical orientation. All these were high impact journals as per the Science Citation Index and come in the top ten journals in their respective desciplines. The average authors/paper was significantly higher (P<0.001) in medical journals –4.299 (range 3.21–5.35) as compared to general biomedical journals –3.298 (range 3.21–5.35). Data from highly cited papers (1961–78) also indicate that papers in clinical sciences have higher average authors (2.71) as compared to preclinical basic research (2.25: P<0.26) and more basic research areas like biochemistry and molecular biology (2.208; P<0.02). The team size in research in clinical subjects is therefore appreciably larger as compared to basic biomedical sciences. Also the general and biomedical sciences articles were relatively longer (average 7.75 pages; range 2.69–10.07) as compared to medical papers with a clinical orientation (avarage 4.24 pages; range 1.80–12.92; P<0.001).     

Deformation mechanism map for creep in YBa2Cu3O7−x

A deformation mechanism map with grain size and stress as variables was constructed for creep in YBa₂Cu₃O_7–xat 850 and 950 °C. Theoretical models of Nabarro-Herring, Coble, and power-law creep were used for the construction. The values of various physical constants for creep of YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x were taken from the literature, or estimated with appropriate assumptions. The constructed map showed that the Nabarro-Herring creep would dominate at high temperatures in the practical range of grain size and stress, and that the power-law creep would occur at large stress (> 1 GPa) and grain size. A review of previous creep studies showed that the map is in close agreement with the experimental results. Discrepancies in the values of stress exponent and activation energy for creep of YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x given in the literature are explained by the use of the constructed map.     

Mapping the backbone of science

Summary This paper presents a new map representing the structure of all of science, based on journal articles, including both the natural and social sciences. Similar to cartographic maps of our world, the map of science provides a bird’s eye view of today’s scientific landscape. It can be used to visually identify major areas of science, their size, similarity, and interconnectedness. In order to be useful, the map needs to be accurate on a local and on a global scale. While our recent work has focused on the former aspect,1 this paper summarizes results on how to achieve structural accuracy. Eight alternative measures of journal similarity were applied to a data set of 7,121 journals covering over 1 million documents in the combined Science Citation and Social Science Citation Indexes. For each journal similarity measure we generated two-dimensional spatial layouts using the force-directed graph layout tool, VxOrd. Next, mutual information values were calculated for each graph at different clustering levels to give a measure of structural accuracy for each map. The best co-citation and inter-citation maps according to local and structural accuracy were selected and are presented and characterized. These two maps are compared to establish robustness. The inter-citation map is then used to examine linkages between disciplines. Biochemistry appears as the most interdisciplinary discipline in science.     

The science-industry interface in the petroleum industry: Correlation of time series of indicators and their spectra,and growth modelling

Petroleum production and exploration, used as petroleum industry indicators, and accumulation of petroleum-related geoscience literature, used as a science indicator, were compared by several means to gauge the degree of interaction between science and the industry in the period 1934–1990. Methods of comparison employed were: time domain correlations and crosscorrelation; correlations of spectra using coherence and crosspower spectra, and growth-modelling of the indicators. A fifty-year exploration cycle was found, beginning about 1945. Principal features of this cycle seem to coincide with prominent features in the time series for geoscience literature, and both of these variables are correlated with petroleum production. All three variables appear to have been determined ultimately by economic and political events which affected the petroleum industry. All of them show long-period cycles which coincide with the fourth Kondratiev cycle and the beginning of the fifth Kondratiev. The longest time series used (petroleum production in the United States, 1860–1990) shows long-period cycles matching the third, fourth and fifth Kondratiev cycles.     

Information science as "Little Science":The implications of a bibliometric analysis of theJournal of the American Society for Information Science

This paper considers the status of information science as science through an exploration ofone of the leading journals in the field – the Journal of the American Society for InformationScience (JASIS) from its initial publication as American Documentation (AD) in 1950 through theclosing issue of its Silver Anniversary year in December 1999. It is a bibliometric examination ofAD/JASIS articles. Based on our analysis of articles published in AD and JASIS from 1950 to1999, we find that there has been a slow but perhaps inevitable shift based first on the single nonfundedresearcher and author to a much wider research and publishing participation amongauthors, regions, corporate authors, and countries. This suggests not only cross-fertilization ofideas, but also more complex research questions. A small trend toward greater external fundingfurther reinforces this hypothesis. Information may no longer be "little" science, but it is also not"big" science.     

Distribution of publications as an indicator for the evaluation of scientific programs

This article describes investigations into the publication behaviour of scientific authors from the GDR. The obtained data revealed that — analogous to the Lotka-distribution — not only a fifth of all authors produce half of the publications of a certain institute, but that these authors also have a quicker reaction time and receptivity to new international research problems. These findings may make it possible to substantiate proposals by guiding scientists in the direction of themes, respectively to help the science policy in the process of the elaboration of new research programs.     

Publication practices in various sciences

From a study of Papers published in 1990 in major journals in eight sciences (astrophysics, biology, chemistry, geophysics, mathematics, physics, psychiatry, and radiology) we learn the following. The median numbers of authors per paper range from 1.0 (in mathematics) to 3.7 (in the medical fields). Only a few percent (0–5%) of the papers have more than eight authors. Nearly half (30–55%) of the papers in American journals are partly or totally from abroad, except in the medicinal fields (10%). The fractions of papers with authors from two or more countries are as high as 26% (in astrophysics and geophysics). Mean paper lengths range from 4.6 1000-word pages in the medical fields to 8–13 pages in the observational sciences (astrophysics, biology, geophysics) and mathematics. The fraction of papers revised range from 8% in mathematics to 100% in geophysics. The mean publication times (submission to publication) range from 200 days in physics to 600 days in mathematics.